Functional gastrointestinal disorders are commonly encountered in clinical practice, and pain is their commonest presenting symptom. In addition, patients with these disorders often demonstrate a heightened sensitivit...Functional gastrointestinal disorders are commonly encountered in clinical practice, and pain is their commonest presenting symptom. In addition, patients with these disorders often demonstrate a heightened sensitivity to experimental visceral stimulation, termed visceral pain hypersensitivity that is likely to be important in their pathophysiology. Knowledge of how the brain processes sensory information from visceral structures is still in its infancy. However, our understanding has been propelled by technological imaging advances such as functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Positron Emission Tomography, Magnetoencephalography, and Electroencephalography （EEG）. Numerous human studies have non-invasively demonstrated the complexity involved in functional pain processing, and highlighted a number of subcortical and cortical regions involved. This review will focus on the neurophysiological pathways （primary afferents, spinal and supraspinal transmission）, brainimaging techniques and the influence of endogenous and psychological processes in healthy controls and patients suffering from functional gastrointestinal disorders. Special attention will be paid to the newer EEG source analysis techniques. Understanding the phenotypic differences that determine an individual＇s response to injurious stimuli could be the key to understanding why some patients develop pain and hyperalgesia in response to inflammation/injury while others do not. For future studies, an integrated approach is required incorporating an individual＇s psychological, autonomic, neuroendocrine, neurophysiological, and genetic profile to define phenotypic traits that may be at greater risk of developing sensitised states in response to gut inflammation or injury.展开更多
Electroencephalogram (EEG) is an efficient tool in exploring human brains. It plays a very important role in diagnosis of disorders related to epilepsy and development of new interaction techniques between machines an...Electroencephalogram (EEG) is an efficient tool in exploring human brains. It plays a very important role in diagnosis of disorders related to epilepsy and development of new interaction techniques between machines and human beings,namely,brain-computer interface (BCI). The purpose of this review is to illustrate the recent researches in EEG processing and EEG-based BCI. First,we outline several methods in removing artifacts from EEGs,and classical algorithms for fatigue detection are discussed. Then,two BCI paradigms including motor imagery and steady-state motion visual evoked potentials (SSMVEP) produced by oscillating Newton's rings are introduced. Finally,BCI systems including wheelchair controlling and electronic car navigation are elaborated. As a new technique to control equipments,BCI has promising potential in rehabilitation of disorders in central nervous system,such as stroke and spinal cord injury,treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and development of novel games such as brain-controlled auto racings.展开更多
Childhood cerebral palsy （CP） is one of the most serious and common diseases of the central nervous system. It results in high morbidity and treatment cost, and cannot be cured. It has a detrimental effect on fami...Childhood cerebral palsy （CP） is one of the most serious and common diseases of the central nervous system. It results in high morbidity and treatment cost, and cannot be cured. It has a detrimental effect on families of children with CP, seriously affects the quality of life, causes significant mental stress, and places a great economic burden on society. At present, physical training and drug therapy are mainly used to treat CP in children at home and abroad. However, plentiful evidence has shown that the efficacy of drugs, surgery, and therapies used over the previous decades is limited. The use of more appropriate comprehensive treatment that involves improving the quality of life to social participation is helpful and meaningful for children with CP and their carers. Based on the literature and guidelines from home and abroad, this article analyzes the main treatments used, including rehabilitation treatment, drug therapy, stem cell therapy, surgical treatment, and the treatment of complications, and compares the advantages and disadvantages of various treatments. It provides a reference for patients with CP to help choose treatment methods and a new idea for research on the treatment of CP .展开更多
Objective: To observe the effect of acupuncture on cerebral glucose metabolism in stroke patients. Methods:Changes of cerebral glucose metabolism before and after acupuncture stimulation were observed in six cases of ...Objective: To observe the effect of acupuncture on cerebral glucose metabolism in stroke patients. Methods:Changes of cerebral glucose metabolism before and after acupuncture stimulation were observed in six cases of stroke patients by using positron emission tomography (PET) scanner. Elecrocacupuncture (EA,4 Hz, continuous waves and duration of 20 min) was applied to Baihui (百会 GV 20) and right Qubin (曲鬓 GB 7). 18 Fluorine deox yglucose (18FDG), a developer (radioactive form of glucose) for showing the levels of the brain functional activity was given to the patients intravenously. SPM software was used to deal with the data of each pixel point by unilateral t-test (Ts: P = 0.05), then, the regions showing increase/decrease of the glucose metabolism were obtained. Results: After acupuncture stimulation, significant increase of glucose metabolism was found to be in the first somatic motor cortical region (Ml), supplementary motor area (SMA), premotor area (PMC), and the superior parietal lobule (LPs) on the healthy side of the brain; while the decrease of glucose metabolism found in MI, PMC and LPs on the focus side. In addition to the cerebral regions related to the motor function, changes of glucose metabolism were also found in the parietal lobule and basal ganglion area, central parietal gyrus, superior parietal gyrus, putamen, cerebellum, etc. .Conclusion: Acupuncture of Qubin (GB 7) and Baihui (GV 20) can activate motor-related cerebral structures in the bilateral cerebral hemisphere and induce excitement reaction of the potentially correlative motor area so as to compensate or assist the injured motor area to play a role in improving motor function in stroke patients.展开更多
Delivering pharmacologic agents directly into the brain has been proposed as a means of bypassing the blood brain barrier.However,despite 16 years of research on a number of central nervous system disorders,an effecti...Delivering pharmacologic agents directly into the brain has been proposed as a means of bypassing the blood brain barrier.However,despite 16 years of research on a number of central nervous system disorders,an effective treatment using this strategy has only been observed in the brain tumor glioblastoma multiforme.Within this study we propose a novel system for delivering drugs into the brain named the simple diffusion (SDD) system.To validate this technique,rats were subjected to a single intracranial (at the caudate nucleus),or intraperitoneal injection,of the compound citicoline,followed two hours later by a permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO).Results showed that 12 h after pMCAO,with 0.0025 g kg-1 citicoline,an infarct volume 1/6 the size of the intraperitoneal group was achieved with a dose 1/800 of that required for the intraperitoneal group.These results suggest that given the appropriate injection point,through SDD a pharmacologically effective concentration of citicoline can be administered.展开更多
Meningiomas are the most common primary tumors in central nervous system. While recent studies have revealed genetic clues to lower grade human meningiomas, the molecular determinants driving the progression and recur...Meningiomas are the most common primary tumors in central nervous system. While recent studies have revealed genetic clues to lower grade human meningiomas, the molecular determinants driving the progression and recurrence of anaplastic meningi- oma, the most malignant subtype with a low prevalence but high morbidity, are still poorly understood. It has been proposed that high recurrence rates of malignant meningiomas are linked to cancer stem cells. Indeed, tumor stem-Uke cells have been iso- lated from various meningioma subtypes, but never been obtained from anaplastic meningioma, in this study, we successfully isolated stem-Uke cells from human anaplastic meningioma. These cells are capable of forming spheres and initiating xenograft tumors that recapitulate anaplastic meningioma phenotypes, and thus could serve as an in vitro model for malignant meningi- omas. KLF4, a transcription factor known for its role in sternness maintenance, was identified as one of the most frequently mutated genes in the benign secretory meningioma. Interestingly, we found that KLF4 is downregulated in anaplastic meningi- oma compared with low-grade meningioma subtypes. By manipulating KLF4 expression in anaplastic meningioma stem-like cells, we demonstrated that KLF4 acts as a tumor suppressor during malignant progression in meningioma, affecting apoptosis, prolif- eration, invasion, and cell cycle. These results suggest a potential therapeutic value of KLF4 for clinical intervention of anaplastic meningioma.展开更多
OBJECTIVE： To observe the effect of tonifying liver and kidney-essence herbs on expression of a nerve regeneration inhibitor, Nogo for neuron A （No- go-A）, and its associated signaling molecule, low-af- finity neur...OBJECTIVE： To observe the effect of tonifying liver and kidney-essence herbs on expression of a nerve regeneration inhibitor, Nogo for neuron A （No- go-A）, and its associated signaling molecule, low-af- finity neurotrophin receptor p75 （p75TR）, in rats with cerebral ischemic stroke （CIS）, with the aim of exploring the possible mechanism of tonifying liver and kidney-essence herbs in recovery following in- jury to the central nervous system. METHODS： A cerebral ischemic stroke model in SD rats was established with the suture-occlusion method. Successful model rats were divided into placebo and herb groups at random; sham-operat- ed and control groups were set up simultaneously.Each of these groups was divided into six sub- groups at random. Expression of Nogo-A and p75TR was evaluated with immunofluorescence microsco- py at days 3, and weeks1, 2, 3, 4 and 8 after adminis- tration. RESULTS： Tonifying liver and kidney-essence herbs suppressed the expression of Nogo-A and p75T （P〈0.05 and P〈0.01, respectively）. CONCLUSION： Suppressing the expression of No- go-A and p75NTR is possibly one of the mechanisms underlying the ability of tonifying liver and kid- ney-essence herbs to promote recovery of the in- jured central nervous system.展开更多
基金Supported by A Medical Research Council Career Establi-shment Award and the Rosetrees Trust
文摘Functional gastrointestinal disorders are commonly encountered in clinical practice, and pain is their commonest presenting symptom. In addition, patients with these disorders often demonstrate a heightened sensitivity to experimental visceral stimulation, termed visceral pain hypersensitivity that is likely to be important in their pathophysiology. Knowledge of how the brain processes sensory information from visceral structures is still in its infancy. However, our understanding has been propelled by technological imaging advances such as functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Positron Emission Tomography, Magnetoencephalography, and Electroencephalography （EEG）. Numerous human studies have non-invasively demonstrated the complexity involved in functional pain processing, and highlighted a number of subcortical and cortical regions involved. This review will focus on the neurophysiological pathways （primary afferents, spinal and supraspinal transmission）, brainimaging techniques and the influence of endogenous and psychological processes in healthy controls and patients suffering from functional gastrointestinal disorders. Special attention will be paid to the newer EEG source analysis techniques. Understanding the phenotypic differences that determine an individual＇s response to injurious stimuli could be the key to understanding why some patients develop pain and hyperalgesia in response to inflammation/injury while others do not. For future studies, an integrated approach is required incorporating an individual＇s psychological, autonomic, neuroendocrine, neurophysiological, and genetic profile to define phenotypic traits that may be at greater risk of developing sensitised states in response to gut inflammation or injury.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51005176)Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China(No.20100201120003)
文摘Electroencephalogram (EEG) is an efficient tool in exploring human brains. It plays a very important role in diagnosis of disorders related to epilepsy and development of new interaction techniques between machines and human beings,namely,brain-computer interface (BCI). The purpose of this review is to illustrate the recent researches in EEG processing and EEG-based BCI. First,we outline several methods in removing artifacts from EEGs,and classical algorithms for fatigue detection are discussed. Then,two BCI paradigms including motor imagery and steady-state motion visual evoked potentials (SSMVEP) produced by oscillating Newton's rings are introduced. Finally,BCI systems including wheelchair controlling and electronic car navigation are elaborated. As a new technique to control equipments,BCI has promising potential in rehabilitation of disorders in central nervous system,such as stroke and spinal cord injury,treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and development of novel games such as brain-controlled auto racings.
文摘Childhood cerebral palsy （CP） is one of the most serious and common diseases of the central nervous system. It results in high morbidity and treatment cost, and cannot be cured. It has a detrimental effect on families of children with CP, seriously affects the quality of life, causes significant mental stress, and places a great economic burden on society. At present, physical training and drug therapy are mainly used to treat CP in children at home and abroad. However, plentiful evidence has shown that the efficacy of drugs, surgery, and therapies used over the previous decades is limited. The use of more appropriate comprehensive treatment that involves improving the quality of life to social participation is helpful and meaningful for children with CP and their carers. Based on the literature and guidelines from home and abroad, this article analyzes the main treatments used, including rehabilitation treatment, drug therapy, stem cell therapy, surgical treatment, and the treatment of complications, and compares the advantages and disadvantages of various treatments. It provides a reference for patients with CP to help choose treatment methods and a new idea for research on the treatment of CP .
文摘Objective: To observe the effect of acupuncture on cerebral glucose metabolism in stroke patients. Methods:Changes of cerebral glucose metabolism before and after acupuncture stimulation were observed in six cases of stroke patients by using positron emission tomography (PET) scanner. Elecrocacupuncture (EA,4 Hz, continuous waves and duration of 20 min) was applied to Baihui (百会 GV 20) and right Qubin (曲鬓 GB 7). 18 Fluorine deox yglucose (18FDG), a developer (radioactive form of glucose) for showing the levels of the brain functional activity was given to the patients intravenously. SPM software was used to deal with the data of each pixel point by unilateral t-test (Ts: P = 0.05), then, the regions showing increase/decrease of the glucose metabolism were obtained. Results: After acupuncture stimulation, significant increase of glucose metabolism was found to be in the first somatic motor cortical region (Ml), supplementary motor area (SMA), premotor area (PMC), and the superior parietal lobule (LPs) on the healthy side of the brain; while the decrease of glucose metabolism found in MI, PMC and LPs on the focus side. In addition to the cerebral regions related to the motor function, changes of glucose metabolism were also found in the parietal lobule and basal ganglion area, central parietal gyrus, superior parietal gyrus, putamen, cerebellum, etc. .Conclusion: Acupuncture of Qubin (GB 7) and Baihui (GV 20) can activate motor-related cerebral structures in the bilateral cerebral hemisphere and induce excitement reaction of the potentially correlative motor area so as to compensate or assist the injured motor area to play a role in improving motor function in stroke patients.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos. 30972811 and 81071148)Natural Science Foundation of Beijing(Grant No. 7093137)
文摘Delivering pharmacologic agents directly into the brain has been proposed as a means of bypassing the blood brain barrier.However,despite 16 years of research on a number of central nervous system disorders,an effective treatment using this strategy has only been observed in the brain tumor glioblastoma multiforme.Within this study we propose a novel system for delivering drugs into the brain named the simple diffusion (SDD) system.To validate this technique,rats were subjected to a single intracranial (at the caudate nucleus),or intraperitoneal injection,of the compound citicoline,followed two hours later by a permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO).Results showed that 12 h after pMCAO,with 0.0025 g kg-1 citicoline,an infarct volume 1/6 the size of the intraperitoneal group was achieved with a dose 1/800 of that required for the intraperitoneal group.These results suggest that given the appropriate injection point,through SDD a pharmacologically effective concentration of citicoline can be administered.
基金This study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China （81372707, 81072070）, Shanghai Committee of Sdence and Technology （15140902200, 16140903000）, and the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai （15ZR1405600）.
文摘Meningiomas are the most common primary tumors in central nervous system. While recent studies have revealed genetic clues to lower grade human meningiomas, the molecular determinants driving the progression and recurrence of anaplastic meningi- oma, the most malignant subtype with a low prevalence but high morbidity, are still poorly understood. It has been proposed that high recurrence rates of malignant meningiomas are linked to cancer stem cells. Indeed, tumor stem-Uke cells have been iso- lated from various meningioma subtypes, but never been obtained from anaplastic meningioma, in this study, we successfully isolated stem-Uke cells from human anaplastic meningioma. These cells are capable of forming spheres and initiating xenograft tumors that recapitulate anaplastic meningioma phenotypes, and thus could serve as an in vitro model for malignant meningi- omas. KLF4, a transcription factor known for its role in sternness maintenance, was identified as one of the most frequently mutated genes in the benign secretory meningioma. Interestingly, we found that KLF4 is downregulated in anaplastic meningi- oma compared with low-grade meningioma subtypes. By manipulating KLF4 expression in anaplastic meningioma stem-like cells, we demonstrated that KLF4 acts as a tumor suppressor during malignant progression in meningioma, affecting apoptosis, prolif- eration, invasion, and cell cycle. These results suggest a potential therapeutic value of KLF4 for clinical intervention of anaplastic meningioma.
基金Suppored by Special Project on Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the PRC(No.06-07LB21)
文摘OBJECTIVE： To observe the effect of tonifying liver and kidney-essence herbs on expression of a nerve regeneration inhibitor, Nogo for neuron A （No- go-A）, and its associated signaling molecule, low-af- finity neurotrophin receptor p75 （p75TR）, in rats with cerebral ischemic stroke （CIS）, with the aim of exploring the possible mechanism of tonifying liver and kidney-essence herbs in recovery following in- jury to the central nervous system. METHODS： A cerebral ischemic stroke model in SD rats was established with the suture-occlusion method. Successful model rats were divided into placebo and herb groups at random; sham-operat- ed and control groups were set up simultaneously.Each of these groups was divided into six sub- groups at random. Expression of Nogo-A and p75TR was evaluated with immunofluorescence microsco- py at days 3, and weeks1, 2, 3, 4 and 8 after adminis- tration. RESULTS： Tonifying liver and kidney-essence herbs suppressed the expression of Nogo-A and p75T （P〈0.05 and P〈0.01, respectively）. CONCLUSION： Suppressing the expression of No- go-A and p75NTR is possibly one of the mechanisms underlying the ability of tonifying liver and kid- ney-essence herbs to promote recovery of the in- jured central nervous system.
