血管性头痛与脑动脉血流变化

本文采用ＴＣＤ技术测定了２００例血管性头痛患者的脑动脉血流变化，结果发现，间歇组（１００例）平均脑动脉血流速度明显快于恨作组（１００例），它们之间有非常显著性差异（Ｐ〈０．０１）。

Protective Effect of Tetrandrine and Fructose-1,6-diphos phate on the Model of Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Rats

The effect of tetrandrine (Tet) on the infarction area and volume of rat brain induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was investigated. The treatment with Tet 7.5, 12.0 or 15.0 mg·kg 1 , or with fructose 1,6 diphosphate (FDP) 200 and 350 mg·kg 1 ip immediately after MCAO, respectively, significantly reduced the infarction area and volume in a dose dependent manner. MK801 and FDP also displayed a protective effect on brain ischemia. A combination of Tet and FDP administered immediately after MCAO, produced a more potent protective effect than those treated with Tet or FDP alone. When Tet or FDP was administered 1 h and 2 h after MCAO, respectively, they could still significantly reduce the infarction area and volume of brain tissue. But, there was no significant protective effect when these two compounds were given 3 h after MCAO.

Curative Effect of Naoxintong Capsule in Treating Senile Cerebral Arteriosclerosis

Objective： To observe the curative effect of Naoxintong capsule in treating senile cerebral arteriosclerosis. Methods：60 cases of senile cerebral arteriosclerosis were randomly divided into the contrast group and the treatment group with 30 cases each group. Same medicine was used in two groups. The treatment group was added with Naoxintong capsule. The cerebrovascular hemodynamics index （CVDI） of fight carotid was compared before and after therapy. Results： CVDI of the treatment group after therapy was significantly different from that before therapy （ P 〈 0.05 ～ 0.01 ）. Conclusion： Naoxintong capsule has certain curative effect in treating senile cerebral arteriosclerosis.

Effects of Electroacupuncture on the Contents of NO,ET and T-AOC in the Brain Tissues of the Cerebral Hemorrhage Model Rats

In the cerebral hemorrhage model rats established by injection of collagenase and heparin into caudate nucleus, the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) on the contents of nitric oxide (NO) and endothelin (ET),and total anti-oxidation capability (T-AOC) in the brain tissues were investigated. It is found that the content of NO in the Shuigou EA group lowered, ET decreased and the T-AOC raised significantly in both the Fengfu EA group and the Shuigou EA group (all P＜0.05) as compared with the model group,indicating that acupuncture can reduce the contents of ET and NO, and increase the T-AOC in the brain tissues of the rats with cerebral hemorrhage.

Auditory evoked potentials recorded in monkeys with hallucinatory-like behaviors induced by bromocriptine

Objective Bromocriptine and other dopamine D2 receptor agonists can affect a range of behaviors in nonhuman primates, particularly those behaviors associated with motor and mental function, such as suppressant behaviors and hallucinatory-like behaviors in monkeys. Besides bromocriptine, the dysfunction of the rapid eye movement sleep （REM） mechanism may also contribute to hallucinations. Dissociation of wakefulness, REM, and non-REM （NREM） can cause a series of psychotic symptoms. Methods In present study, we simultaneously recorded auditory evoked potentials （AEP） from five cerebral regions in monkeys during normal and psychotomimetic states to investigate and compare state-dependent changes in AEE Results Phase reversal of peak-to-baseline amplitude of 250 ms component （PBA250） in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was common characteristic of hallucinatory-like and REM, and that hallucinatory-like and REM shared the equivalent modulatory orderliness of the PBA250 in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. This result suggests that hallucinatory-like and REM share an equivalent electrophysiological modulatory in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Conclusion Our results reveal that emergence of the N250 in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is an exclusive marker that may help to discern whether hallucinatory-like behaviors is exhibited, which suggests that dorsolateral prefrontal cortex may be the most pivotal region for exhibition of hallucinatory-like behaviors.

THE EFFECT OF ANISODAMINE ON CEREBRAL RESUSCITATION OF RATS IN ACUTE CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA FROM CARDIAC ARREST

In order to investigate the mechanisms of acute cerebral ischemia, and to look for effective drugs on cerebral resuscitation, we made a model of acute complete global brain ischemia, reperfusion and resuscitation on rats according to Garavilla's method.Our results showed that the event of cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury could resuh in the increase of total brain calcium content, and anisodamine has the same reducing brain calcium contents as diltiazem's, while improving neurological outcome and alleviating injury to neurons.

ANALYSIS OF RISK FACTORS IN 3901 PATIENTS WITH STROKE

Objective To estimate the frequency of various risk factors for overall stroke and to identify risk factors for cerebral infarction (CI) versus intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in a large hospital-based stroke registry. Methods Data from a total of 3901 patients, consisting of 3525 patients with CI and 376 patients with ICH were pros-pectively coded and entered into a computerized data bank. Results Hypertension and smoking were the most prominent factors affecting overall stroke followed by mild internal carotid artery stenosis (< 50%), hypercholesterolemia, transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), diabetes mellitus, and cardiac ischemia. Univariate analysis showed that factors in male significantly associated with CI versus ICH were old age, a family history of stroke, and intermittent claudication; whereas in female the factors were oral contraception and migraine. By multivariate analysis, in all patients, the factors significantly associated with CI as opposed to ICH were smoking, hyperch-olesterolemia, migraine, TIAs, atrial fibrillation, structural heart disease, and arterial disease. Hypertension was the only significant factor related with ICH versus CI.Conclusions The factors for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke are not exactly the same. Cardiac and arterial disease are the most powerful factors associated with CI rather than ICH.

INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT NEEDLE-RETAINING DURATION ON CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS OF CEREBRAL PARALYSIS CHILDREN

Objective: To investigate the effects of different needle-retaining duration on cerebral hemodynamics in cerebral paralysis (CP) children. Methods: A total of 20 cases of CP children were subjected into this study. Changes of systolic peak value (Vs), blood flow velocity at the end-diastolic phase (Ved), mean velocity (Vm), pulsation index (PI) and resistance index (RI) of the cerebral hemodynamics before and after performing JIN’s Three-Needling Therapy with the needles retained for 30 min (group A) and 5 min (group B) were observed by using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD). Results: After acupuncture, the blood flow in the middle cerebral artery (MCA), anterior cerebral artery (ACA) and posterior cerebral artery (PCA) was accelerated, and the resistance of blood vessels decreased. The effect of needle-retaining-30 min was better than that of needle-retaining-5 min. Conclusion: In treating cerebral paralysis by using JIN’s Three-Needling Therapy, sufficient stimulation provided by needle remaining is an important factor for achieving satisfactory therapeutic effects.

OPERATIONS ON ANEURYSMS OF THE ANTERIOR COMMUNICATING ARTERY NOT VISUALIZED BY CEREBRAL ANGIOGRAPHY──REPORT OF FOUR CASES

Four cases of anterior communicating aneurysms are reported with clinical presentations of recurrent intracranial hemorrhage undisclosed in their cerebral angiography. Operative exploration revealed anterior communicating aneurysms in these patients. It is thought possible that these patients harbored aneurysms which failed to exhibit on angiograms due to temporary thrombosis or development of abnormal cerebral vessels. CT scanning was important for diagnosis of these patients.

Beyond Pure Frequency and Phases Exploiting： Color Influence in SSVEP Based on BCl

A BCI （brain computer interface） established a new direct communication channel using the brain activity between the human brain and machine. The visual stimulus with a certain frequency is present to the BCI users; it exists in a particular condition to observe a continuous brain response respect to frequent of visual stimuli. A significant problem when engaged the SSVEP （steady-state visual evoked potential） based on BCI, it will be exhausted and may suffer for the users when staring at flashing stimuli. This experimental study investigates how the differences in LED＇s-colors influence of SSVEP with respect to （i.e., frequencies and phases）. The result shows that the visualization of phase delays in lower frequencies greater than in higher frequencies.

Netflix： A New Business Model in the Distribution of Audiovisual Content

In the past two decades, the development of certain technologies, in particular Internet and mobile devices （tablet PCs, laptops, mobile telephones, etc.）, has brought about new habits of consuming audiovisual products, predominantly among the youngest consumers. A new demand has arisen that has changed the channels of cinematographic exploitation and has allowed the growth of new business initiatives, such as new business models for distributing audiovisual content. The central aim of this paper is to analyse this new business model and to identify the main characteristics of the pioneering company in this sector, Netflix.

EFFECT OF ELECTROACUPUNCTURE ON CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW, VIP AND ET IN RATS WITH VASCULAR DEMENTIA

Objective: To investigate the relationship between electroacupuncture (EA)-induced improvement of regional cerebral blood flow and the alternations of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and endothelin (ET) in rats with experimental vascular dementia (VD). Methods: 40 Wistar rats were evenly randomized into sham-operation, model, medication (Nimotone) and EA groups. Vascular dementia model was established by repeated cerebral ischemia-reperfusion which was induced by occlusion and reopen of the bilateral common carotid arteries. EA (2～200 Hz, 2～3 mA) was applied to "Baihui"(GV 20), "Dazhui"(GV 14) and "Zusanli"(ST 36) for 30 min, once daily and continuously for 15 days. The regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in parietal lobe and hippocampus was determined with method of hydrogen clearance; a step-down avoidance test was adopted to observe the rats’ behavior change; and plasma VIP and ET contents were assayed by radioimmunoassay. Results: In comparison with sham-operation group, the correct rate of step-down avoidance test, rCBF in parietal lobe and hippocampus and plasma VIP level in VD model group lowered significantly (P<0.01) and plasma ET increased considerably (P<0.01). However, compared with model group, the correct rate of step-down avoidance test, rCBF values and plasma VIP in EA group raised obviously while plasma ET declined significantly. No significant differences were found between EA and medication groups in the 4 indexes. Conclusion: EA can raise rCBF in the parietal lobe and hippocampus, elevate plasma VIP level and reduce plasma ET in rats with VD.

Expression of recombinant adeno-associated virus in the brain of rats with a focal embolic stroke via carotid artery

OBJECTIVE: To study whether recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) mediated foreign gene, LacZ, could pass the blood brain barrier by intra-carotid artery delivery and express in vivo in ischemic brain of the focal embolic stroke rats to investigate a possibility of delivering foreign gene through carotid artery to treat acute ischemic stroke. METHODS: The carotid artery territory in 41 rats was embolized with or without arterial-like fibrin rich clots to make a model of focal embolic stroke rat. rAAV containing LacZ gene (rAAV-LacZ) was constructed in 293 cells by calcium phosphate cotransfection. The rats were assigned to one of the following treatments: 1 control (without embolism) groups, including PBS treated (n = 6), pLacZ treated (n = 6 ) and rAAV-LacZ treated (n = 6): 2 embolic groups, including embolism + PBS (n =7),embolism + pLacZ (n = 8) and embolism + rAAV-LacZ (n = 8). Brains were cryosectioned and kappa-Gal stain was performed at 2, 4, and 8 weeks, respectively, after transfection, and then infarct volume was measured and the percentage of LacZ staining-positive cells was calculated. RESULTS: In all the control groups and embolism + PBS treated animal, no kappa-Gal staining-positive cells were found, but in embolism + pLacZ (n = 8) and embolism+rAAV-LacZ groups a lot of kappa-Gal staining-positive cells were found. The expression cells were in the tissues around the infarction. The gene expression persisted only nearly four weeks in embolic group with pLacZ. In the embolic group with rAAV-LacZ the expression was very stable during the experiment course (eight weeks) and the percentage of the expressed cells was significantly higher than that of its contralateral areas at the same time points, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The plasmid vector and rAAV could enter the brain through the ischemia-damaged blood barrier and foreign gene can be expressed in brain. The positive gene expression is mainly in the peripheral areas of the infarction. rAAV as a permanent expression vector may ultimately be used for gene therapy of human ischemia cerebravascular diseases.

Mechanisms of cerebral protection of Chinese herbal extract-Braintone on middle cerebral artery occluded rats

Free radical induced neuronal damage is involved in stroke. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have proved that antioxidant could act as neuroprotective agent through intervening with flee-radical mediated apoptosis in the ischemic penumbra. In particular, natural products which contain antioxidant properties have undoubtedly potential for stroke treatment. In the present study, therapeutic effects of Braintone on Wistar rats undergone middle cerebral artery occlusion （MCAO） was evaluated. Gene expression levels of pro-apoptotic genes （AT2 receptor, FAS, BAX and BCL-XS） were showed to be significantly reduced in Braintone treated groups （0.4-, 0.72-, 0.76-, 0.32-fold, P〈0.05） as compared to vehicle group. Significant reduction ofimmunoreactivity of protein production of these genes, together with least nuclear green fluorescence observed in TUNEL, Braintone as an antioxidant drug, is concluded to have promising therapeutic effect for stroke treatment.

No association between brain size and male sexual behavior in the guppy

Animal behavior is remarkably variable at all taxonomic levels. Over the last decades, research on animal behavior has focused on understanding ultimate processes. Yet, it has progressively become more evident that to fully understand beha- vioral variation, ultimate explanations need to be complemented with proximate ones. In particular, the mechanisms generating variation in sexual behavior remain an open question. Variation in aspects of brain morphology has been suggested as a plausible mechanism underlying this variation. However, our knowledge of this potential association is based almost exclusively on com- parative analyses. Experimental studies are needed to establish causality and bridge the gap between micro- and macroevolutio- nary mechanisms concerning the link between brain and sexual behavior. We used male guppies that had been artificially selected for large or small relative brain size to study this association. We paired males with females and scored the full known set of male and female sexual behaviors described in guppies. We found several previously demonstrated associations between male traits, male behavior and female behavior. Females responded more strongly towards males that courted more and males with more orange coloration. Also, larger males and males with less conspicuous coloration attempted more coerced copulations. However, courting, frequency of coerced copulation attempts, total intensity of sexual behavior, and female response did not differ between large- and small-brained males. Our data suggest that relative brain size is an unlikely mechanism underlying variation in sexual behavior of the male guppy. We discuss these findings in the context of the conditions under which relative brain size might affect male sexual behavior .

Effect of electroacupuncture at Ganshu(BL 18) and Shenshu(BL 23) on the expression of EphB2 protein in cortex around cerebral infracted area of rat

Objective： To observe the effect of electroacupuncture （EA） on the expression of erythropoie-tin-producing hepatocyte receptor B2 （EphB2） in the cortex around the infracted area of middle cerebral artery occlusion （MCAO） rats at different timing, and to reveal the possible mechanism of acupuncture in the treatment of cerebral ischemia. Methods： A total of 180 male Sprague-Dawley （SD） rats were randomly divided into a sham operation group, a model group, an acupoint group and a non-acupoint group, with 45 rats in each group. Rats in each group were further divided into three subgroups： postoperative 3 d, postoperative 14 d and postoperative 2l d groups, with 15 rats in each subgroup. The MCAO model was made by the modified occlusion method. The neurological function score, 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride （TFC） staining, immunohistochemistry assay, immunofluorescence double labeling method and Western blot were used to detect the corresponding indicators. Results： The neurological impairment of rats was most obvious at postoperative 3 d, and then gradually improved with time, which was more significant in the acupoint group （P〈0.05）. The change of infarcted volume was consistent with the neurological function impairment. The number of EphB2 positive cells （EphB2＋） around the infarcted area was decreased significantly at postoperative 3 d, and then gradually improved with time, which returned to the same level as that in the sham operation group at postoperative 21 d. The increase was most significant in the acupoint group （P〈0.05）, and the positive cell number was higher than that in the sham operation group （P〈0.01）. Western blot and immunohistochemistry results were basically consistent. Immunofluorescence displayed that EphB2＋ and postsynaptic density-95 positive （PSD-95＋） were co-expressed, after the MCAO operation, in the cortical neuron around the infracted area, and the number of co-expressing cells was increased gradually with time, which was most significant in the acupoint group （P〈0.05）. Conclusion： Electroacupuncture at Ganshu （BL 18） and Shenshu （BL 23） can significantly improve the neurological function and cerebral infarcted volume ratio of MCAO rats, which may be related to the activation of EphB2 expression in cortex around the infracted area and the promotion of synaptic remodeling.

Comparative pharmacokinetics of borneol in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion and sham-operated rats

Objective： This study was designed to investigate the pharmacokinetics of borneol in the pathological conditions of stroke and evaluate the pharmacokinetic differences of borneol caused by stroke after oral administration of borneol and Xingnaojing （XNJ）. Methods： The rats were divided into two groups, ischemia-reperfusion （IR） and sham-operated （SO） rats. Each group contained two subgroups： pure borneol and XNJ subgroups. After administration with the same dosages of borneol 162.0 mg/kg, plasma samples were collected. The cerebral ischemia-reperfusion model was created by reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion （MCAO）. The blood samples were collected punc- tually after oral administration and a specific gas chromatographic system-flame ionization detector （GC-FID） method was developed and employed to determine the level of borneol in the plasma. The pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed using non-compartmental methods with Kinetica. Results： After administration of borneol, the maximum plasma concentration （Cmax） and area under the curve （AUC） values in stroke rats significantly increased by 302% and 275%, respectively, compared with the SO rats, and the same phenomenon appeared after administration of XNJ. In the rats with the same physiological conditions, the Cmax and AUC had higher values in the borneol subgroup （P〈0.05）. Conclusions： These results suggest that the pathological damages of ischemia-reperfusion have a significant impact on the pharmacokinetic traits of borneol and that there are some components in XNJ inhibiting the absorption of borneol.

Effect of electroacupuncture on expressions of VEGF and CD31 in MCAO model rats

Objective： To investigate the effect of electroacupuncture （EA） at Ganshu （BL 18） and Shenshu （BL 23） on vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF） and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 （PECAM-1）/CD31 around the cerebral infarction focus in middle cerebral artery occlusion （MCAO） rats and the possible mechanism, thus to provide a new strategy for the treatment of cerebral ischemic stroke by acupuncture. Methods： A total of 180 healthy male Sprague-Dawley （SD） rats were randomly divided into a sham operation group, a model group, an acupoint group and a non-acupoint group, 45 rats in each group. MCAO model was established using the modified line-embolus method in all rats except for those in the sham operation group; rats in the acupoint group were treated with EA at Ganshu （BL 18） and Shenshu （BL 23）; rats in the non-acupoint group were treated with EA at the control points; rats in other 2 groups were only subjected to bundling without treatment. Ten rats in each group were randomly selected on the 3rd day, the 14th day and the 21st day after acupuncture stimulation to test the neurological function impairment. The expression levels of CD31 and VEGF were also detected. Results： Compared with the model group and non-acupoint group, the neurological function score of the acupoint group was decreased at each time point, and the differences were statistically significant （P〈0.05, P〈0.01）. The expressions of VEGF and CD31 in each group were the lowest on the 3rd day, reached the peak on the 14th day and still remained at high level on the 21st day. And the differences among groups were statistically significant both on the 14th day and the 21st day （P〈0.05, P〈0.01）. Compared with the model group and the non-acupoint group, the expressions of VEGF and CD31 in the acupoint group were increased, and the differences were statistically significant （all P〈0.05）. Conclusion： EA at Ganshu （BL 18） and Shenshu （BL 23） can significantly improve the neurological function score of MCAO model rats, and shows protective effect on cerebral ischemia. The protective mechanism may be related to the up-regulation of CD31 and VEGF expression around the cerebral infarction focus in the MCAO model rats and induction of angiogenesis.

Effects of magnesium sulfate on traumatic brain edema in rats

Objective: To investigate the effects of magnesium sulfate on traumatic brain edema and explore its possible mechanism. Methods: Forty-eight Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into three groups: Control, Trauma and Treatment groups. In Treatment group, magnesium sulfate was intraperitoneally administered immediately after the induction of brain trauma. At 24 h after trauma, total tissue water content and Na +, K +, Ca 2+, Mg 2+ contents were measured. Permeability of blood-brain barrier (BBB) was assessed quantitatively by Evans Blue (EB) dye technique. The pathological changes were also studied. Results: Water, Na +, Ca 2+ and EB contents in Treatment group were significantly lower than those in Trauma group (P< 0.05). Results of light microscopy and electron microscopy confirmed that magnesium sulfate can attenuate traumatic brain injury and relieve BBB injury. Conclusions: Treatment with MgSO 4 in the early stage can attenuate traumatic brain edema and prevent BBB injury.

Effects of electroacupuncture pretreatment on motor function and cerebral blood flow in MCAO model rats

Objective:To observe the effects of electroacupuncture(EA)pretreatment on motor function,cerebral blood flow,cerebral infarction volume,and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)level in middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO)model rats.Methods:Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a normal group,a model group,and an EA group,with eight rats in each group.The middle cerebral artery ischemia-reperfusion model was established by the suture-occluded method in the model group and the EA group,while not in the normal group.The EA group was pretreated with EA at bilateral Fengchi(GB20)before model preparation,once a day for 30 min each time for a total of 7 d.The changes in the CatWalk gait parameters,modified Bederson neurological deficit score,cerebral blood flow,cerebral infarction volume after ischemia,and VEGF level in the brain tissue of rats in each group were observed.Results:Compared with the normal group,the modified Bederson neurological deficit score in the model group and the EA group increased after modeling(P<0.05),and the CatWalk gait parameters(one-leg stance duration,gait cadence,and gait cycle)were all changed(P<0.05).Compared with the model group,the modified Bederson neurological deficit score in the EA group decreased(P<0.05),and the CatWalk gait parameters improved(P<0.05).Immediately after ischemia,the cerebral blood flow in the normal group was greater than that in the model group and the EA group(P<0.05);after reperfusion,the cerebral blood flow in the EA group was greater than that in the model group(P<0.05).Compared with the normal group,the cerebral infarction volume in the model group and the EA group increased(P<0.05).Compared with the model group,the cerebral infarction volume in the EA group decreased(P<0.05).The expression level of VEGF-positive cells in the rat brain tissue in the model group was higher than that in the normal group(P<0.05),and was higher in the EA group than in the model group(P<0.05).Conclusion:EA pretreatment improves the limb motor function in MCAO model rats,alleviates the symptoms of neurological deficits,promotes the recovery of cerebral blood flow,reduces the cerebral infarction area after MCAO modeling,and increases the VEGF expression in the brain tissue.