Objective To probe into the mechanism on acupuncture treatment for brain injury. Methods Thirty cases of acute craniocerebral injury were divided into two groups according to the sequence of visiting. In the control ...Objective To probe into the mechanism on acupuncture treatment for brain injury. Methods Thirty cases of acute craniocerebral injury were divided into two groups according to the sequence of visiting. In the control （15 cases）, the routine western medicine was applied. In the experimental group （15 cases）, on the basis of routine western medicine, acupuncture was applied on Neiguan （ 内关 PC 6） and Zusanli （足三时 ST 36）. Before the treatment and on the 1^st and 5^th days after the treatment, the contents of aspartic acid （Asp）, glutamic acid （Glu） and 7-amino butyric acid （GABA） were observed successively and the relevant analysis was done. Results There was no significant difference in the concentrations of Asp, Glu and GABA before and on the 1^st day after the treatment between two groups （P〉0.05）. The difference had not been presented between the concentrations on the 1^st day and before the treatment. But, the difference was significant or very significant between the concentrations on the 5^th days and before the treatment （P〈0.05, P 〈 0.01 ）. In the experimental group, the concentration of Asp in the cerebrospinal fluid was lower obviously compared with that in the control （P〈0.05） and the concentration of GABA was higher compared with the control （P 〈 0.01）. Conclusion Acupuncture lowered the contents of Asp and Glu and increased the level of GABA in the cerebrospinal fluid rapidly so that the excitation and inhibition in the nervous system could be rebalanced. It was further indicated that acupuncture worked on the treatment of craniocerebral injury.展开更多
EAE （experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis） is an established, inducible animal model employed in the study of MS （multiple sclerosis） characterized by inflammation, BBB （blood brain barrier） malfunction, de...EAE （experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis） is an established, inducible animal model employed in the study of MS （multiple sclerosis） characterized by inflammation, BBB （blood brain barrier） malfunction, demyelination and neuronal disruption. CRF （corticotropin releasing factor） is a neuropeptide critically associated with immune function, BBB permeability, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Potential CRF targets in the brain include astrocytes, as well as endothelial cells of cerebral microvessels, since they have been reported to express CRFR （CRF receptors）. Further, both of these cell types function critically in regulating BBB permeability. CRF-BP （CRF binding protein） is also expressed in both neurons and glial cells. Changes in the cortical CRF system could be a contributing factor to the BBB disruption associated with MS/EAE and has been suggested to play a protective role against cytokine-induced inflammation. The current study assessed alterations associated with the C57BL/6 mouse model of EAE in the cortical CRF system and correlated these events with changes to the microvascular unit. Immunohistochemical confocal microscopy was used to analyze the distribution of CRF, CRF-BP, and CRFR in the mouse cerebral cortex. The authors observed a reduction in detectable CRF immunofluorescence in the EAE motor cortex, an increase in CRFBP immunoreactivity in EAE astrocytes and a concurrent reduction in astrocytic CRFR immunofluorescence. Staining techniques were used to visualize astrocytes/microvessels to document alterations in BBB integrity. Changes in the CRF system were associated with a modification of the blood brain barrier as manifested by a poorly defined astrocytic barrier in EAE microvessels. Evidence suggests that manipulation of CRF signaling pathways offers an intriguing target for interventional therapies designed to modify BBB permeability that may be beneficial for treating disease states such as MS.展开更多
Meningitis is often associated with cerebral compromise which may be responsible for neurological squeal in nearly half of the survivors. Little is known about the mechanisms of Central Nervous System （CNS） involvem...Meningitis is often associated with cerebral compromise which may be responsible for neurological squeal in nearly half of the survivors. Little is known about the mechanisms of Central Nervous System （CNS） involvement in bacterial meningitis. The present study was undertaken to assess the changes in biochemical parameters including glucose, protein, Sialic Acid （SA） and various enzymes like Aspartate Aminotransferase （AST）, Alanine Aminotransferase （ALT）, Creatine Kinase （CK）, Gamma Glutamyltranspeptidase 7 （GGTP） and Lactate Dehydrogenase （LDH） have been determined in the Cerebrospinal Fluid （CSF） of the meningitis patients （n = 26） and compared with control subjects （n = 26）. Total Protein, CK, SA （P 〈 0.02）, AST （P 〈 0.001） and ALT （P 〈 0.0001） of meningitis patients were significantly higher, whereas, glucose （P 〈 0.05） and Gamma Glutamyltranspeptidase （GGT） （P 〈 0.01 and P 〈 0.05, respectively） were significantly lower than those of the controls. This study suggests that loss of integrity of brain-CSF barriers, sialic acid and enzyme profiles may contribute to the severity and neurological complications of meningitis.展开更多
We investigated the effects of glucosamine(GS) on blood-brain barrier(BBB) function and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression in rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis(EAE).Animals were randomly d...We investigated the effects of glucosamine(GS) on blood-brain barrier(BBB) function and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression in rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis(EAE).Animals were randomly divided into three groups,among which the EAE and GS groups were immunized with complete antigen and pertussis toxin,and the adjuvant group was immunized with complete Freund's adjuvant and pertussis toxin.Rats were treated by peritoneal injection of GS 180 mg/(kg·d) in the GS group and peritoneal injection of phosphate-buffered saline 4.5 mL/(kg·d) in the EAE and adjuvant groups.We proposed to assess the integrity of BBB by calculating cerebrospinal fluid to serum albumin quotient(QA) on days 6,8,10,12,14,16 and 18 post-immunization.At the same time,the brains and spinal cords were removed for MMP-9 immunohistochemical staining. Experiments demonstrated that in the EAE group,QA value and MMP-9 expression were highly elevated and up-regulated and correlated to disease severity.Moreover,there was statistically significantly positive correlation between QA value and MMP-9 expression.In the GS group,we observed that the mean disease onset date was delayed,the incidence and mean score of symptom were suppressed at the peak phase of disease(P<0.05).Furthermore,QA value and MMP-9 expression in the GS group showed stronger inhibition when compared with those of the EAE group(P<0.05).Our study showed that GS would reduce the BBB breakdown and leukocyte trafficking by inhibiting the production of MMP-9 and mitigate EAE.展开更多
Evodiamine,rutaecarpine,and dehydroevodiamine have been demonstrated as the major alkaloids in the fruits of Euodia rutaecarpa,a well-known traditional Chinese medicine with central nervous system activities.To study ...Evodiamine,rutaecarpine,and dehydroevodiamine have been demonstrated as the major alkaloids in the fruits of Euodia rutaecarpa,a well-known traditional Chinese medicine with central nervous system activities.To study their cerebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetics and cerebral nuclei distribution,the alkaloids were mixed at the weight ratio of 1:1:1 and orally administered via gavage to the rats at each dose of 15 mg/kg.A quick and reliable ultra-performance liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and applied for the simultaneous analysis of the alkaloids in rat cerebrospinal fluid and cerebral nuclei collected at different time points.Non-compartmental pharmacokinetic profiles were calculated,and the distribution in cerebral nuclei was compared.All the tested compounds were absorbed into rat cerebrospinal fluid and distributed to the brain nuclei quickly.Their distribution in different nuclei varied,as evodiamine mainly in cerebellum and brainstem,rutaecarpine with its maximum in the brainstem,and dehydroevodiamine mostly in the cerebellum and hippocampus.They were eliminated from the brain rapidly without long-time accumulation.In summary,this study revealed the targeting discrepancy of evodiamine,rutaecarpine,and dehydroevodiamine in the brain,and highlighted the possibility for drug candidates in the encephalopathy treatment of the fruits of E.rutaecarpa.展开更多
Objective： To discuss the characteristics and risk factors for intracranial infection post traumatic brain injury to prevent and better the clinical care. Methods： Retrospective study of 520 patients with traumatic ...Objective： To discuss the characteristics and risk factors for intracranial infection post traumatic brain injury to prevent and better the clinical care. Methods： Retrospective study of 520 patients with traumatic brain injury were included, 308 male and 212 female. The risky factors of intracranial infection were identified. Results： Thirty two cases （6.54%, 321520） of intracranial infection were diagnosed, lntracranial infection most likely happened 4-10 days after injury. Cerebrospinal fluid leakage, drainage, multiple craniotomies were significant related to intracranial infection. Logistic regression predicted cerebrospinal fluid leakage and drainage as independent factors. Conclusion： Intracranial infection is a serious complication after traumatic brain injury, Patients with drainage or cerebrospinal fluid leakage are more risky for intracranial infection, Aggressive precaution should be taken to better outcome.展开更多
Objective： To observe the clinical effect of pinching spine plus acupolnt StlCKlng merapy for infantile cerebral palsy （ICP） with spleen deficiency pattern. Methods： Seventy children of ICP with spleen deficiency ...Objective： To observe the clinical effect of pinching spine plus acupolnt StlCKlng merapy for infantile cerebral palsy （ICP） with spleen deficiency pattern. Methods： Seventy children of ICP with spleen deficiency pattern were randomly divided into a treatment group and a control group. Those in the treatment group were given the comprehensive rehabilitation therapy plus pinching spine and acupoint sticking therapy. Those in the control group were just given the comprehensive rehabilitation therapy. The treatment was given once every day, 20-day as one course, and totally for three courses. Results： The total effective rate of the clinical symptoms was 77.1% in the treatment group and 39.9% in the control groups. The total effective rate of rehabilitation effects was 74.3% in the treatment group and 48.6% in the control group. The effective rate was obviously better in the treatment group than that in the control group, with statistical differences （P〈0.05）. Conclusion： Pinching spine plus acupoint sticking therapy is remarkable in the therapeutic effects for ICP with spleen deficiency pattern, and needs to be popularized clinically.展开更多
Staphylococcus aureus meningitis(SAM)is a relatively uncommon but serious disease,accounting for only 1%–9%of cases of bacterial meningitis.In this report,we described a 61-year-old man,whose appearance of CSF was bl...Staphylococcus aureus meningitis(SAM)is a relatively uncommon but serious disease,accounting for only 1%–9%of cases of bacterial meningitis.In this report,we described a 61-year-old man,whose appearance of CSF was bloody and purulent.CSF test showed extremely elevated WBC count and protein quantification.Bacterial culture demonstrated SAM.Complications included septic shock,acute respiratory failure,and renal failure.Empiric antibiotic treatment was not effective for him.Therefore,we prescribed up to five types of antibiotics.We found that the clinical symptoms,CSF indicators,inflammatory markers,respiratory and renal function got better.The nerve function comparatively recovered well after 6 months of follow-up.展开更多
文摘Objective To probe into the mechanism on acupuncture treatment for brain injury. Methods Thirty cases of acute craniocerebral injury were divided into two groups according to the sequence of visiting. In the control （15 cases）, the routine western medicine was applied. In the experimental group （15 cases）, on the basis of routine western medicine, acupuncture was applied on Neiguan （ 内关 PC 6） and Zusanli （足三时 ST 36）. Before the treatment and on the 1^st and 5^th days after the treatment, the contents of aspartic acid （Asp）, glutamic acid （Glu） and 7-amino butyric acid （GABA） were observed successively and the relevant analysis was done. Results There was no significant difference in the concentrations of Asp, Glu and GABA before and on the 1^st day after the treatment between two groups （P〉0.05）. The difference had not been presented between the concentrations on the 1^st day and before the treatment. But, the difference was significant or very significant between the concentrations on the 5^th days and before the treatment （P〈0.05, P 〈 0.01 ）. In the experimental group, the concentration of Asp in the cerebrospinal fluid was lower obviously compared with that in the control （P〈0.05） and the concentration of GABA was higher compared with the control （P 〈 0.01）. Conclusion Acupuncture lowered the contents of Asp and Glu and increased the level of GABA in the cerebrospinal fluid rapidly so that the excitation and inhibition in the nervous system could be rebalanced. It was further indicated that acupuncture worked on the treatment of craniocerebral injury.
文摘EAE （experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis） is an established, inducible animal model employed in the study of MS （multiple sclerosis） characterized by inflammation, BBB （blood brain barrier） malfunction, demyelination and neuronal disruption. CRF （corticotropin releasing factor） is a neuropeptide critically associated with immune function, BBB permeability, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Potential CRF targets in the brain include astrocytes, as well as endothelial cells of cerebral microvessels, since they have been reported to express CRFR （CRF receptors）. Further, both of these cell types function critically in regulating BBB permeability. CRF-BP （CRF binding protein） is also expressed in both neurons and glial cells. Changes in the cortical CRF system could be a contributing factor to the BBB disruption associated with MS/EAE and has been suggested to play a protective role against cytokine-induced inflammation. The current study assessed alterations associated with the C57BL/6 mouse model of EAE in the cortical CRF system and correlated these events with changes to the microvascular unit. Immunohistochemical confocal microscopy was used to analyze the distribution of CRF, CRF-BP, and CRFR in the mouse cerebral cortex. The authors observed a reduction in detectable CRF immunofluorescence in the EAE motor cortex, an increase in CRFBP immunoreactivity in EAE astrocytes and a concurrent reduction in astrocytic CRFR immunofluorescence. Staining techniques were used to visualize astrocytes/microvessels to document alterations in BBB integrity. Changes in the CRF system were associated with a modification of the blood brain barrier as manifested by a poorly defined astrocytic barrier in EAE microvessels. Evidence suggests that manipulation of CRF signaling pathways offers an intriguing target for interventional therapies designed to modify BBB permeability that may be beneficial for treating disease states such as MS.
文摘Meningitis is often associated with cerebral compromise which may be responsible for neurological squeal in nearly half of the survivors. Little is known about the mechanisms of Central Nervous System （CNS） involvement in bacterial meningitis. The present study was undertaken to assess the changes in biochemical parameters including glucose, protein, Sialic Acid （SA） and various enzymes like Aspartate Aminotransferase （AST）, Alanine Aminotransferase （ALT）, Creatine Kinase （CK）, Gamma Glutamyltranspeptidase 7 （GGTP） and Lactate Dehydrogenase （LDH） have been determined in the Cerebrospinal Fluid （CSF） of the meningitis patients （n = 26） and compared with control subjects （n = 26）. Total Protein, CK, SA （P 〈 0.02）, AST （P 〈 0.001） and ALT （P 〈 0.0001） of meningitis patients were significantly higher, whereas, glucose （P 〈 0.05） and Gamma Glutamyltranspeptidase （GGT） （P 〈 0.01 and P 〈 0.05, respectively） were significantly lower than those of the controls. This study suggests that loss of integrity of brain-CSF barriers, sialic acid and enzyme profiles may contribute to the severity and neurological complications of meningitis.
基金Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi,China (Grant No.2008011082-1)Shanxi Scholarship Council of China (Grant No.2008-86)Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Datong University(Grant No.2009Q6).
文摘We investigated the effects of glucosamine(GS) on blood-brain barrier(BBB) function and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression in rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis(EAE).Animals were randomly divided into three groups,among which the EAE and GS groups were immunized with complete antigen and pertussis toxin,and the adjuvant group was immunized with complete Freund's adjuvant and pertussis toxin.Rats were treated by peritoneal injection of GS 180 mg/(kg·d) in the GS group and peritoneal injection of phosphate-buffered saline 4.5 mL/(kg·d) in the EAE and adjuvant groups.We proposed to assess the integrity of BBB by calculating cerebrospinal fluid to serum albumin quotient(QA) on days 6,8,10,12,14,16 and 18 post-immunization.At the same time,the brains and spinal cords were removed for MMP-9 immunohistochemical staining. Experiments demonstrated that in the EAE group,QA value and MMP-9 expression were highly elevated and up-regulated and correlated to disease severity.Moreover,there was statistically significantly positive correlation between QA value and MMP-9 expression.In the GS group,we observed that the mean disease onset date was delayed,the incidence and mean score of symptom were suppressed at the peak phase of disease(P<0.05).Furthermore,QA value and MMP-9 expression in the GS group showed stronger inhibition when compared with those of the EAE group(P<0.05).Our study showed that GS would reduce the BBB breakdown and leukocyte trafficking by inhibiting the production of MMP-9 and mitigate EAE.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.81773865)the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2018YFC1704500,2018YFC1704506)。
文摘Evodiamine,rutaecarpine,and dehydroevodiamine have been demonstrated as the major alkaloids in the fruits of Euodia rutaecarpa,a well-known traditional Chinese medicine with central nervous system activities.To study their cerebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetics and cerebral nuclei distribution,the alkaloids were mixed at the weight ratio of 1:1:1 and orally administered via gavage to the rats at each dose of 15 mg/kg.A quick and reliable ultra-performance liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and applied for the simultaneous analysis of the alkaloids in rat cerebrospinal fluid and cerebral nuclei collected at different time points.Non-compartmental pharmacokinetic profiles were calculated,and the distribution in cerebral nuclei was compared.All the tested compounds were absorbed into rat cerebrospinal fluid and distributed to the brain nuclei quickly.Their distribution in different nuclei varied,as evodiamine mainly in cerebellum and brainstem,rutaecarpine with its maximum in the brainstem,and dehydroevodiamine mostly in the cerebellum and hippocampus.They were eliminated from the brain rapidly without long-time accumulation.In summary,this study revealed the targeting discrepancy of evodiamine,rutaecarpine,and dehydroevodiamine in the brain,and highlighted the possibility for drug candidates in the encephalopathy treatment of the fruits of E.rutaecarpa.
文摘Objective： To discuss the characteristics and risk factors for intracranial infection post traumatic brain injury to prevent and better the clinical care. Methods： Retrospective study of 520 patients with traumatic brain injury were included, 308 male and 212 female. The risky factors of intracranial infection were identified. Results： Thirty two cases （6.54%, 321520） of intracranial infection were diagnosed, lntracranial infection most likely happened 4-10 days after injury. Cerebrospinal fluid leakage, drainage, multiple craniotomies were significant related to intracranial infection. Logistic regression predicted cerebrospinal fluid leakage and drainage as independent factors. Conclusion： Intracranial infection is a serious complication after traumatic brain injury, Patients with drainage or cerebrospinal fluid leakage are more risky for intracranial infection, Aggressive precaution should be taken to better outcome.
基金supported by Nanhai Maternity and Child Care Hospital Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
文摘Objective： To observe the clinical effect of pinching spine plus acupolnt StlCKlng merapy for infantile cerebral palsy （ICP） with spleen deficiency pattern. Methods： Seventy children of ICP with spleen deficiency pattern were randomly divided into a treatment group and a control group. Those in the treatment group were given the comprehensive rehabilitation therapy plus pinching spine and acupoint sticking therapy. Those in the control group were just given the comprehensive rehabilitation therapy. The treatment was given once every day, 20-day as one course, and totally for three courses. Results： The total effective rate of the clinical symptoms was 77.1% in the treatment group and 39.9% in the control groups. The total effective rate of rehabilitation effects was 74.3% in the treatment group and 48.6% in the control group. The effective rate was obviously better in the treatment group than that in the control group, with statistical differences （P〈0.05）. Conclusion： Pinching spine plus acupoint sticking therapy is remarkable in the therapeutic effects for ICP with spleen deficiency pattern, and needs to be popularized clinically.
文摘Staphylococcus aureus meningitis(SAM)is a relatively uncommon but serious disease,accounting for only 1%–9%of cases of bacterial meningitis.In this report,we described a 61-year-old man,whose appearance of CSF was bloody and purulent.CSF test showed extremely elevated WBC count and protein quantification.Bacterial culture demonstrated SAM.Complications included septic shock,acute respiratory failure,and renal failure.Empiric antibiotic treatment was not effective for him.Therefore,we prescribed up to five types of antibiotics.We found that the clinical symptoms,CSF indicators,inflammatory markers,respiratory and renal function got better.The nerve function comparatively recovered well after 6 months of follow-up.
