Inflammatory bowel diseases are the consequence of a dysregulated mucosal immune system. The mucosal immune system consists of two arms, innate and adaptive immunity, that have been studied separately for a long time....Inflammatory bowel diseases are the consequence of a dysregulated mucosal immune system. The mucosal immune system consists of two arms, innate and adaptive immunity, that have been studied separately for a long time. Functional studies from in vivo models of intestinal inflammation as well as results from genome-wide association studies strongly suggest a crossregulation of both arms. The present review will illustrate this interaction by selecting examples from innate immunity and adaptive immunity, and their direct impact on each other. Broadening our view by focusing on the cross-regulated areas of the mucosal immune system will not only facilitate our understanding of disease, but furthermore will allow identification of future therapeutic targets.展开更多
Many identified and yet unknown factors contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).The genome-wide association studies clearly support the earlier developed concept that IBD occurs in geneticall...Many identified and yet unknown factors contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).The genome-wide association studies clearly support the earlier developed concept that IBD occurs in genetically predisposed individuals who are exposed to distinct environmental factors,which together result in dysregulation of the mucosal immune system.Thus,the majority of previous studies have focused on the immune response within the intestinal wall.The present review aims to emphasize the contribution of three extraluminal structures to this inflammatory process,namely the mesenteric fat tissue,the lymphatics and the microvasculature.Broadening our view across the intestinal wall will not only facilitate our understanding of the disease,but will also us to identify future therapeutic targets.展开更多
Biological light-driven proton pumps which could transfer light energy to electrical energy have aroused intense interest in the past years.Many related researches have been conducted to mimic this process in vitro be...Biological light-driven proton pumps which could transfer light energy to electrical energy have aroused intense interest in the past years.Many related researches have been conducted to mimic this process in vitro because of its potential significant applications.This review describes the progress in biomimetic photoelectric conversion systems based on different kinds of promising artificial membranes.Both biological bacteriorhodopsin and the photosensitive chemical molecules which could be used to achieve the photoelectric conversion function are discussed.Also a short outlook in this field is demonstrated at the end.展开更多
The elastic stress fields caused by a dislocation in GexSil~ epitaxial layer on Si substrate are investigated in this work. Based on the previous results in an anisotropic bimaterial system, the image method is furthe...The elastic stress fields caused by a dislocation in GexSil~ epitaxial layer on Si substrate are investigated in this work. Based on the previous results in an anisotropic bimaterial system, the image method is further developed to determine the stress field of a dislocation in the film-substrate system under coupled condition. The film-substrate system is firstly transformed into a bimaterial system by distributing image dislocation densities on the position of the free surface. Then, the unknown image dis- location densities are solved by using boundary conditions, i.e., traction free conditions on the free surface. Numerical simula- tion focuses on the Ge0.1Si0.9/Si film-substrate system. The effects of layer thickness, position of the dislocation and crystallo- graphic orientation on the stress fields are discussed. Results reveal that both the stresses σxx,σxz at the free surface and the stress o-σx, σyy, σyz on the interface are influenced by the layer thickness, but the former is stronger. In contrast to the weak de- pendence of stress field on the crystallographic orientation the stress field was strongly affected by dislocation position. The stress fields both in the film-substrate system and bimaterial system are plotted.展开更多
基金Supported by SFB 633 of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
文摘Inflammatory bowel diseases are the consequence of a dysregulated mucosal immune system. The mucosal immune system consists of two arms, innate and adaptive immunity, that have been studied separately for a long time. Functional studies from in vivo models of intestinal inflammation as well as results from genome-wide association studies strongly suggest a crossregulation of both arms. The present review will illustrate this interaction by selecting examples from innate immunity and adaptive immunity, and their direct impact on each other. Broadening our view by focusing on the cross-regulated areas of the mucosal immune system will not only facilitate our understanding of disease, but furthermore will allow identification of future therapeutic targets.
基金Supported by SFB 633 of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
文摘Many identified and yet unknown factors contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).The genome-wide association studies clearly support the earlier developed concept that IBD occurs in genetically predisposed individuals who are exposed to distinct environmental factors,which together result in dysregulation of the mucosal immune system.Thus,the majority of previous studies have focused on the immune response within the intestinal wall.The present review aims to emphasize the contribution of three extraluminal structures to this inflammatory process,namely the mesenteric fat tissue,the lymphatics and the microvasculature.Broadening our view across the intestinal wall will not only facilitate our understanding of the disease,but will also us to identify future therapeutic targets.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2010CB934700,2009CB930404,2007CB936403,2007CB936400)National Natural Science Foundation of China (20974113,20920102036)
文摘Biological light-driven proton pumps which could transfer light energy to electrical energy have aroused intense interest in the past years.Many related researches have been conducted to mimic this process in vitro because of its potential significant applications.This review describes the progress in biomimetic photoelectric conversion systems based on different kinds of promising artificial membranes.Both biological bacteriorhodopsin and the photosensitive chemical molecules which could be used to achieve the photoelectric conversion function are discussed.Also a short outlook in this field is demonstrated at the end.
基金supported by the Science and Technology on Surface Physics and Chemistry Laboratory(Grant No.SPC201106)
文摘The elastic stress fields caused by a dislocation in GexSil~ epitaxial layer on Si substrate are investigated in this work. Based on the previous results in an anisotropic bimaterial system, the image method is further developed to determine the stress field of a dislocation in the film-substrate system under coupled condition. The film-substrate system is firstly transformed into a bimaterial system by distributing image dislocation densities on the position of the free surface. Then, the unknown image dis- location densities are solved by using boundary conditions, i.e., traction free conditions on the free surface. Numerical simula- tion focuses on the Ge0.1Si0.9/Si film-substrate system. The effects of layer thickness, position of the dislocation and crystallo- graphic orientation on the stress fields are discussed. Results reveal that both the stresses σxx,σxz at the free surface and the stress o-σx, σyy, σyz on the interface are influenced by the layer thickness, but the former is stronger. In contrast to the weak de- pendence of stress field on the crystallographic orientation the stress field was strongly affected by dislocation position. The stress fields both in the film-substrate system and bimaterial system are plotted.