膳食营养剂对灰褐牛肝菌中镉的生物可给性及其健康风险的影响

聚焦灰褐牛肝菌(Boletus griseus)富镉(Cd)问题,调研了云南3个地区B.griseus样本中的总Cd含量,选取了高、中、低3种不同Cd含量B.griseus样本,建立了一种更易实现、更易量化的体外全仿生消化方法,评价了B.griseus中镉的生物可给性(Cd-BAc),研究了单宁酸、CaCl2、原花青素、葡萄糖酸锌钙、红毛丹果皮多酚5种膳食营养成分对Cd-BAc的影响,并以此为基础评价了B.griseus中Cd的食用健康风险。结果表明,采集的53个B.griseus样本均具有较高的总Cd含量,在胃部的Cd-BAc为55.30%~59.36%,但是小肠的弱碱近中性环境显著降低了B.griseus中Cd的溶出,Cd-BAc为39.59%~52.86%,大肠菌群发酵进一步降低Cd-BAc至21.41%~25.28%。5种膳食营养剂在胃部对Cd-BAc影响不大,在小肠部和大肠菌群发酵中,均显著降低了Cd-BAc, CaCl2效果最为显著。以B.griseus中Cd总量计,摄食中镉、高镉含量的B.griseus,Cd对人体的风险熵为2.98和5.13;综合考虑Cd-BAc以及5种膳食营养剂的影响,其风险熵可降低至0~0.37。研究结果表明,B.griseus中Cd的食用健康风险很高,膳食营养剂可通过降低肠道Cd-BAc而调控其对人体的健康风险,因此,膳食营养剂可能是控制高镉食品健康风险的一种有效策略,但是该策略的有效性需要进一步的体内实验验证。

几种膳食补剂对前列腺癌的预防和治疗作用

本文主要综述了豆类、石榴汁、绿茶及ω-3脂肪酸这四种膳食补剂预防和治疗前列腺癌的研究现状。其中最多的是流行病学研究和实验室研究,人体研究尚缺乏或很少。目前尚无确切的证据证明任何一种膳食补剂可影响前列腺癌的病程及发展。

泛硫乙胺的生产及应用

泛硫乙胺是泛酸系列产品之一,在国外广泛应用于医药临床降高血脂药和各种食品膳食剂中,但在国内的生产研究及应用均处于初始阶段。文章作者介绍了泛硫乙胺在国内外生产及应用情况,并分析了国内应用前景。

Effect of dietary supplementation of vitamin C on growth, reactive oxygen species, and antioxidant enzyme activity of Apostichopus japonicus(Selenka) juveniles exposed to nitrite

Different amounts of vitamin C were added to diets fed to juveniles （2.5＋0.15 g） of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus （Selenka） in an attempt to reduce the stress response of specimens exposed to nitrite stress. A commercial feed was used as the control diet and three experimental diets were made by supplementing 1 000, 1 500, or 2 000 mg vitamin C/kg diet to control diet separately in a 45-day experiment. Sea cucumbers were exposed to three different levels （0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg/L） of nitrite stress for 4, 8, and 12 h at four time intervals （0, 15, 30, and 45 d）. Growth of the animals was recorded during the experiment. Reactive oxygen species （ROS） （i.e. hydroxyl free radical （-OH）, malondialdehyde （MDA） and total antioxidant capacity （T-AOC）） and antioxidant enzyme activities （i.e., superoxide dismutase （SOD） and eatalase （CAT）） were measured. Response surface methodology （RSM） was used to analyze the effect of multiple factors on ROS indices and enzyme activities. Weight gain （WG） and special growth rate （SGR） of vitamin C supplementation groups were significantly higher than those of control group （P〈0.05）. The levels of-OH and MDA increased under exposure time extending and nitrite concentration increasing, whereas T-AOC level decreased. SOD and CAT activities increased at 4 h and 8 h and decreased at 12 h. During the days in which the animal consumed experimental diets, the levels of-OH and MDA decreased and that of T-AOC increased. This result suggests that diets containing vitamin C could reduce the nitrite stress response in the animals and increase their antioxidant capacity. The multifactor regression equation of growth performance, ROS indices, and duration of feeding results suggest that vitamin C supplementation of 1 400-2 000 mg/kg diet for 29-35 days could reduce effectively the effects of nitrite exposure.

Hepatoxicity associated with weight-loss supplements: A case for better post-marketing surveillance

There is a growing number of case reports of hepatoxicity from the widely marketed weight-loss supplement Hydroxycut, which contains the botanical ingredient Garcinia cambogia . These case reports may substantially undercount the true magnitude of harm. Based on the past experience with harmful dietary supplements, US regulators should assume the more precautionary approach favored by Canada and Europe. Lacking effective adverse event surveillance for supplements, or the requirements to prove safety prior to coming to the market, case reports such as those summarized here assume added importance.

Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Cysteamine on Performance, Carcass Characteristics, Meat Quality and Antioxidant Status in Finishing Pigs

The current study was to investigate the effects of cysteamine （CS） on carcass characteristics, meat quality, and antioxidant status in finishing pigs. A total of 24 crossbred （PIC variety） finishing pigs （60.05±1.24 kg, 12 gilts and 12 barrows） were assigned randomly to one of the three dietary groups, with four pens/group （one gilt and one barrow per pen）. Pigs were fed with a basal diet containing 0 （control）, 70, or 140 mg/kg CS for 47 days. The results indicated that dietary CS supplementation increased （P〈0.05） the average daily gain and feed intake with optimal responses occurring at 70 mg/kg. Dietary supplementation of CS increased （P〈0.05） the dressing percentage and lean percentage of finishing pigs with optimal responses occurring at 140 mg/kg. The CS supplementation, however, had no effect （P〉0.05） on meat quality. Dietary CS supplementation increased （P〈0.05） total antioxidant capacity （T-AOC） and decreased malondialdehyde （MDA） with optimal responses occurring at 70 mg/kg. CS supplementation at both 70 mg/kg and 140 mg/kg doses improved （P〈0.05） the muscle RNA/DNA ratio. Collectively, the results suggest dietary supplementation of 70 mg/kg CS could significantly improve growth performance and antioxidant status without adverse effects on the gastrointestinal tracts in finishing pigs while the 140 mg/kg CS supplementation improved the carcass quality. However, meat quality was not affected by CS supplementation.

The Effect of a Dietary Supplement Spirulina and Bifidobacterium adolescentis on the Cholesterol-Lowering in Vitro and in Vivo

The survey＇s results showed a significant percentage of women and especially men having an above normal cholesterol. In order to help reduce excessive rate of blood cholesterol, we used a local strain of Spirulina （Tamanrasset, in south of Algeria） associated with probiotic bacteria （Bf adolescentis）. Experiments in vitro showed a significant degradation of total cholesterol by the combination of Spirulina and Bf adolescentis （74.5%） after 72 hours incubation at 37 ~C. A cholesterol is added to the standard diet mice in order to increase the total cholesterol for three lots. However, the rates of total cholesterol in mice receiving lower fermented milk with Bf adolescentis enriched by dry Spirulina. This shows that the decrease of cholesterol rate is closely related to the presence of Bf adolescentis and Spirulina. In vitro and in vivo results show, however, that it is possible to obtain a natural product （Spirulina） and a pseudo-strain lactic （Bf adolescentis） and to participate in the prevention of cardiovascular disease risk factor whose hand is cholesterol.

Effect of Dietary Olaquindox on the Growth of Large Yellow Croaker(Pseudosciaena crocea R.) and the Distribution of Its Residues in Fish Tissues

Olaquindox(OLA), one of quinoxaline-N, N-dioxides, has been put under ban. However it was used as a medicinal feed additive early; it promotes the growth of livestock and prevents them from dysentery and bacterial enteritis. In this study, we evaluated the effect of dietary OLA on the growth of large yellow croaker(Pseudosciaena crocea R.) and the histological distribution of OLA and its metabolite 3-methyl-quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid(MQCA) in fish tissues. Four diets containing 0(control), 42.5, 89.5 and 277.2 mg kg-1 OLA, respectively, were formulated and tested, 3 cages(1.0 m × 1.0 m × 1.5 m) each diet and 100 juveniles(9.75 ± 0.35 g) each cage. The fish were fed to satiation twice a day at 05:00 am and 17:00 pm for 8 weeks. The survival rate of fish fed the diet containing 42.5 and 89.5 mg kg-1 OLA was significantly higher than that of fish fed the diet containing 0 and 277.2 mg kg-1 OLA(P < 0.05), while the weight gain rate of fish fed the diet containing 42.5 and 89.5 mg kg-1 OLA was significantly higher than that of fish fed the diet without OLA(control)(P<0.05), but similar to that of fish fed the diet with 277.2 mg kg-1 OLA. Fish fed the diet with 277.2 mg kg-1 OLA had the highest content of OLA and MQCA in liver(3.44 and 0.39 mg kg-1, respectively), skin(0.46 and 0.09 mg kg-1, respectively) and muscle(0.24 and 0.06 mg kg-1, respectively). In average, fish fed the diet containing OLA had the highest content of OLA and MQCA in liver which was followed by skin and muscle(P < 0.05), whereas OLA and MQCA were not detectable in control. Our findings demonstrated that OLA and MQCA accumulated in large yellow croaker when it was fed with the diet containing OLA, thus imposing a potential safety risk to human health.

Effect of composite yogurt enriched with acacia fiber and Bifidobacterium lactis

AIM: To investigate whether composite yogurt with acacia dietary fiber and Bifidobacterium lactis (B. lactis) has additive effects in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). METHODS: A total of 130 patients were randomly allocated to consume, twice daily for 8 wk, either the composite yogurt or the control product. The composite yogurt contained acacia dietary fiber and high-dose B. lactis together with two classic yogurt starter cultures. Patients were evaluated using the visual analogscale via a structured questionnaire administered at baseline and after treatment. RESULTS: Improvements in bowel habit satisfaction and overall IBS symptoms from baseline were significantly higher in the test group than in the control group (27.16 vs 15.51, P = 0.010, 64.2 ± 17.0 vs 50.4 ± 20.5, P < 0.001; respectively). In constipation-predominant IBS, improvement in overall IBS symptoms was significantly higher in the test group than in the control group (72.4 ± 18.4 vs 50.0 ± 21.8, P < 0.001). In patients with diarrhea-predominant IBS, improvement in bowel habit satisfaction from baseline was significantly higher in the test group than in the control group (32.90 vs 7.81, P = 0.006). CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that composite yogurt enriched with acacia fiber and B. lactis has greater therapeutic effects in patients with IBS than standard yogurt.

Effect of dietary supplementation on improvement of growth and immune function of broilers

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of a dietary supplement （Mirigen TM）, a fungal cell wall derivative product, as a new generation alternative to antibiotics, on the growth and the innate and adaptive immune functions in broilers from birth to 45 d of age. Newborn chicken were randomly assigned to one of three groups： G 1 （n=150） controls no supplement fed; G2 （n=150） is fed with dietary supplement at a designed regular dose （0.5 %, weight of additive to food）; G3 （n= 150） is fed with dietary supplement at double doses （1%）. All three groups were housed in the same conditions. Body weight and blood were taken on day 1, 14, 28 and 45. Medications used and costs/treatment were recorded for each group. The whole blood was used to purify heterophils for reactive oxygen species （ROS） generation and E coli killing abilities examination assays, and the serum samples were preserved in freezer for enzyme linked immunosorbent assays （ELISAs） to determine concentration of macrophage inflammatory protein-1β （MIP-1β）, CD4/CD8, interferon-y （IFN-y）, and titers of antibody against Newcastle disease virus （NDV）. Group differences were analyzed using analysis of variance （ANOVA） algorithm （S-Plus）. There was no significant birth weight difference in three groups. After 45 d growth, the dietary supplement treated groups had significantly higher body weight gain （BWG） with lower mortality rate if compared to the untreated control group （P〈0.05）. Their BWG and mortality rate were 2.23 kg and 10 % in GI （control group）, 2.89 kg and 2 % in G2 （experimental group, 0.5 % dose）, and 2.77 kg and 1% in G3 （experimental group, 1% dose）, respectively. Heterophil ROS generation in treated groups were markedly improved through the addition of dietary supplement in both regular and double doses to the diet （P〈 0.05）. The ability of heterophil to kill E coli was also significantly improved in dietary supplement treated groups （P〈0.01）. Comparing to control group, there was significantly higher serum IFN-y concentration in treated groups （P〈0.05） on day 45. The CD4/CD8 was also improved in treated groups （P〈0.05）. Newcastle di-sease is the most prevalent avian disease, and vaccination is an effective method to protect the animals from the virus infection. In our study, it is found G2 and G3 that fed with dietary supplement had higher antibody titers against NDV after vaccination （P〈0.01） and the antibodies lasted longer. Results from this study demonstrated dietary supplement to broilers improved the immune capabilities of immune cells, which are vital to the establishment of immune response against pathogens, thereby, to improve chicken＇ s health and growth and reduce medication cost in chicken farming.

Economic analysis in product design——A case study of a TCM dietary supplement

An approach for the economic analysis of chemical product design is proposed. It takes into account of customers' preference on product quality and economic considerations such as pricing, profit, market share, capital investment, and operating cost. The activities needed to support business decision making – identifying product quality, estimating product cost, calculating financial metrics, and performing make–buy analysis – are discussed.The design of a Ganoderma lucidum dietary supplement, a traditional Chinese medicinal(TCM) product, is used to illustrate all the activities in this approach.

Dietary supplement of selenium-rich yeast may relieve lipopolysaccharide-induced growth depression in piglets via improving immune and antioxidant status

Selenium protects cells from oxidative damage and reduces lipopolysaccharide （LPS）-induced expression of inflammatory cytokines. Because inflammatory cytokines induce growth depression, we hypothesized that selenium-rich yeast （SeY） would inhibit growth depression caused by LPS. Twenty Meishan weanling pigs [28 （s.d. 2 d）, 7.6 （s.d. 0.3 kg） body weight （BW）] were used in a 2×2 factorial design （n=5）. The main factors were dietary Se sources [selenium-rich yeast （SeY） vs. sodium selenite （SSe）] with supplement level at 0.3 mg Se/kg, and immunological stress （LPS vs. saline）. The experiment lasted for 28 d. On d 14 and d 21, half of pigs in each dietary treatment were intramuscularly injected with either 50 μg/kg BW LPS or an equivalent amount of sterile saline. Blood samples were collected at 3 h post-injection. There were no interactions between dietary Se sources and immunological stress on growth performance. LPS depressed average daily gain （ADG） （d 14-21, P〈0.05; d 21-28, P〈 0.01）, and elevated feed to gain ratio （F/G） （d 21-28, P〈0.05）, while SeY elevated ADG （d 0-14, P〈0.05; d 21-28 and d 0-28, P〈0.01）, and decreased F/G （P〈0.01）. Interactions were observed on interleukin-1β（IL-1β） and interleukin-6 （IL-6） from serum samples of d 14 and d 21 （P〈0.01）, as well as superoxide dismutase （SOD） and insulin like growth factor （IGF-1） of d 21 （P〈0.05）. In conclusion, SeY relieved the growth depression of piglets immunologically stressed by LPS, which maybe resulted from the decreased externalization of inflammatory cytokines and improved antioxidant status.