天然气水合物稳定性试验

作为中国未来重要的替代能源,天然气水合物受到科学界的密切关注,研究不同温度、压力等条件下天然气水合物的稳定性,从而确定其合适的储存、运输条件具有重要意义。为此,用300mg/L的十二烷基硫酸钠溶液生成天然气水合物,试验研究天然气水合物在不同温度(-5^-25℃)下的常压分解;设计制造了带压实功能的水合物反应釜,试验研究用10MPa压力对水合物进行压实后在不同温度(-10℃、-15℃和-20℃)下的常压分解。研究发现:压实提高了水合物的自保性,使水合物的分解速率降低;天然气水合物在大气压力下,无论压实和不压实,在-20℃时分解速率最低,不压实时日分解率为2.69%,完全分解需要约23d;压实后日分解率为2.23%,完全分解需要约26d;一定的压力下水合物的分解速度减小。

Investigation and Research on Biodiversity of Chen Lake Wetland

Plant diversity, animal diversity and ecosystem diversity in the wetland were studied with field investigation and statistical analysis, and then biodiversity of Chen Lake wetland was also valued. The results showed that the reasonable utilization and protection for biodiversity of Chen Lake wetland gave important contribution to improving the regional environment and sustainable development of Wuhan, and even the middle-lower Yangtze area.

Genetic Diversity of Microsatellite DNA Loci of Tibetan Antelope(Chiru,Pantholops hodgsonii)in Hoh Xil National Nature Reserve,Qinghai,China

The Tibetan antelope （Pantholops hodgsonii）, indigenous to China, became an endangered species because of considerable reduction both in number and distribution during the 20th century. Presently, it is listed as an Appendix Ⅰ species by CITES and as Category I by the Key Protected Wildlife List of China. Understanding the genetic diversity and population structure of the Tibetan antelope is significant for the development of effective conservation plans that will ensure the recovery and future persistence of this species. Twenty-five microsatellites were selected to obtain loci with sufficient levels of polymorphism that can provide information for the analysis of population structure. Among the 25 loci that were examined, nine of them showed high levels of genetic diversity. The nine variable loci （MCM38, MNS64, IOBT395, MCMAL TGLA68, BM1329, BMSI341, BM3501, and MB066） were used to examine the genetic diversity of the Tibetan antelope （n = 75） in Hoh Xil National Nature Reserve（HXNNR）, Qinghai, China. The results obtained by estimating the number of population suggested that all the 75 Tibetan antelope samples were from the same population. The mean number of alleles per locus was 9.4 ± 0.5300 （range, 7-12） and the mean effective number of alleles was 6.519± 0.5271 （range, 4.676-9.169）. The observed mean and expected heterozygosity were 0.844 ± 0.0133 （range, 0.791-0.897） and 0.838 ± 0.0132 （range, 0.786-0.891）, respectively. Mean Polymorphism Information Content （PIC） was 0.818 ± 0.0158 （range, 0.753-0.881）. The value of Fixation index （Fis） ranged from -0.269 to -0.097 with the mean of -0.163 ± 0.0197. Mean Shannon＇s information index was 1.990 ± 0.0719 among nine loci （range, 1.660-2.315）. These results provide baseline data for the evaluation of the level of genetic variation in Tibetan antelope, which will be important for the development of conservation strategies in future.

人体胃肠肝脏肺脏心脏的储能与散热减热机制

《目的》:肺脏是个呼吸器官无疑!也是个可散热的器官。肺泡接触空气的展开面积有50～100平米之巨,成人肺泡数有3.5亿～7亿个(肺脏的局部解剖学与新编第七版本科医学教材记载)。并且是冷空气进入和热呼气呼出,这就是肺脏第一好理解的散热性无疑!第二:肺脏气管肌和食道接触的为肌肉,这就是说气管为C型的弹力软骨,中间有可收缩的肌肉,食管在气管C字型中间的肌肉上附着。所以喝热水,就可引发气管肌收缩而限制氧气进入机体而减热。吸热气也有同样的作用。第三:肺脏呼吸胸廓增大才肺泡被动增大,所以肺泡是负压,负压在液体热学里是有低温液体水转变成同温度水蒸气散热性,这就是海水低温淡化技术。所以体温的水同样会在肺脏肺泡中转变成同温水蒸汽而呼吸散热。第四:肺脏接受右心来的低氧静脉血液组成气管黏膜和肺泡的微循环,也接受左心来的经过肺散热后低温高压高氧血液(生理学定性的右心系统为低压低氧与左心系统高压高氧)。这就是1991年,我国微循环专家修淑娟发现的微循环加速现象。用流体力学解释,这就是巨大虹吸减压的形成原理无疑!所以高压流体就是对低压区有巨大抽吸作用。第五:肺泡与气管壁单纯右心供给,就是低氧高糖低压高温供给无疑!高温会引发细胞自保性收缩细胞而限制氧气与能量进入而缺氧缺能制止产热。但左心高压低温供氧供血,就是肺脏细胞供低温血使细胞冷并舒张摄氧摄能产热并热而自保性收缩自保的出现。所以动脉血低温使细胞舒张并摄能摄氧,从而来自肺泡气管黏膜自身组织细胞收缩外排散热出现,这就是单纯右心供血的高温而细胞尽力收缩自保而低功的自然出现,也是过度降温动脉供血而肺泡细胞过热自保性收缩的出现,也是供氧不足而肺脏变冷,冷而细胞尽力舒张储能自保而痉挛性收缩停止和炎症的吸收,也是过冷过冷时间长肺泡细胞的淀粉油脂水肿样变与过热肺脏的持续收缩缺氧纤维化的必然出现。《方法》:用向日葵向阳性的形成,并阳面细胞合成能量多并热,热而自保性收缩。而向阴面细胞合成能量少并冷,冷而舒张并尽力储能储水自保。阳面过热会出现纤维化,阴面过冷并时间过长会有细胞的淀粉油脂水肿样变。也是植物枝叶细胞阳光下,合成能量多并热,但会枝叶发蔫并乏能出现,但果实饱满。但枝叶细胞无阳光照射会有舒张并油脂淀粉样变和水肿出现。《结果》:肺脏的五种散热本能是现存的无疑!并会有热刺激组织收缩和血流热并血糖高,肌肉摄氧摄糖会产热,并热而自保性收缩出现,这样细胞会收缩细胞膜而限制氧气进入组织而减热。《结论》:肺脏是个能动的可保温可散热的50～100平米散热器无疑。动脉供氧与气管供氧和血流变热与高糖供应,会发生气管肌摄氧摄能增强并产热而痉挛性收缩。左心降温动脉肌摄高糖产热并血流热产热增强,就是降温动脉的痉挛性收缩,肺脏组织变热的持续自保收缩低功和过冷而细胞舒张储能储水水肿的出现,也是热而细胞释液释能外出细胞炎症的出现,更是痉挛性气管肌收缩机体缺氧死亡的来临无疑!

STUDY ON SLAG DETACHABILITY AND STICK SLAG MECHANISM OF SSFCE

In the paper, the effects of linear expansion coefficient and basic index of melting slag on the detachability of self shielded flux cored electrode (SSFCE) are investigated. An equation is obtained on the principles of ceramics and mineralography which predict the detachability of basic SSFCE. In addition, stick slag mechanism of SSFCE is analyzed.

Extraction Storage and Qualitative Analysis of Free Radicals Scavenging Substances from Sweet Potato Leaves

[ Objective ] The research aimed to provide reference for the application of extracts from sweet potato leaves in anti-aging cosmetics. [ Method ] The extraction and storage conditions for free radicals scavenging substances from sweet potato leaves were optimized by orthogonal test and the bioactive components in extracts were investigated by correlation analysis. [ Result] Sweet potato leaves contain the bioactive substances scavenging DPPH free radical and hydroxyl free radical. Extracting solvent species is the most important factor that influencing extraction yield. The optimal extraction and storage conditions are as following： water as solvent, pH 8.0 of extracting liquid, storage at 25 ℃. There is a good positive linear relationship between the content of total phenols in sweet potato leaves and corresponding scavenging rates against both the DPPH free radical and hydroxyl free radical. For the content of total flavones in sweet potato leaves, just a correlation with scavenging rate against hydroxyl free radical shown in test. [ Conclusion] The phenols in ex- tracts could effectively scavenge both the DPPH free radical and hydroxyl free radical, whereas the flavones in extracts can only function on the hydroxyl free radical.

文明语言 活出信仰

文明语言活出信仰勒依物欲社会丕变，文明语言低落，在中国大地上随处可见。只因半句话，不该“出手”亦“出手”的事时有发生。只要稍加留意报端，因话不投机大打出手，一拳打出几万元的，因恶语中伤而酿出命案的比比皆是，更何况乘公共汽车，外出时的所见所闻。其因不无...

Distribution of the Ibex (Capra ibex) in Tomur National Nature Reserve of Xinjiang, China

lbex （Capra ibex）, a first grade protected animal, has not been well studied in China. Surveys were conducted to investigate the distribution of the ibex in the Tomur National Nature Reserve during October--November 2004, July 2005, and October-December 2005. The results were as follows： （1） Out of five valleys, the ibex was distributed in the Qiong-Tailan, Keqik-Tailan, and Muzart Valleys： （2） Ibexes were not observed in the Tomur Valley and Kuzbayi Valley in our surveys, but interview investigations indicated that they may be found here as well. Our results indicated that the nature reserve as a whole is in the distribution range of ibex and it plays an important role in protecting ibex and the alpine biodiversity. However, the uneven distribution pattern can be due to human activities. Therefore, the management of the reserve needs to be improved in the future.

Characteristics and the Issue of Eco-safety for the Plant Biodiversity in Longtan Nature Reserve

The characteristic and status quo of plant biodiversity in Longtan Nature Reserve was evaluated from the three aspects of species diversity, genetic diversity and ecosystem dioversity. And the primary eco-safety influencing factors for plant biodiversity in Longtan nature reserve were put forward. The results show that the plant species in Longtan Nature Reserve was abundant, including 2 821 species of vascular bundle plants belonging to 1029 genera, 205 families. The main problems influencing eco-safety included the destruction of endangered wild plants and exotic species invasion.

Recreational potential as an indicator of accessibility control in protected mountain forest areas

The article presents research findings related to recreational use of forests located in protected mountainous areas with forestage of over 80%. The study was designed to identify recreational potential of the Carpathian national parks （Bieszczady National Park, Bahia G6ra National Park, Goree National Park and Magura National Park; southern Poland） and to compare these findings with the actual number of visitors. The information received on the recreational potential of parks is important from the point of view of protection of natural resources and the financial situation of the parks. The calculated ratio may be an effective tool of management for park administration, that allows to reconcile statutory social and protective functions of national parks. The study determined the recreational potential of the forests with the use of recreational valorisation method designed for areas with varied terrain, and the evaluated factors included the stands of trees with their habitat and land relief. The permissible number of national park visitors, expressed as man- hour/ha/year ranges from 19.31 in Bieszczady National Park （BG： 19~ 35＇ E, 49~ 35＇ N） to 32.06 in in Bieszczady National Park （B： 22~ 40＇ E, 49~ lo＇ N）. In 3 out of 4 investigated parks, Magura National Park （M： 21025＇ E, 49~ 30＇ N）, Gorce National Park （G： 20~ lo＇ E, 49~ 35＇ N）, B） recreation carrying capacity was not exceeded, whether or not the strictly protected area is taken into account. Only in BG was the recreation carrying capacity exceeded by nearly 24%, or by 85% if the strictly protected area isexcluded from tourism-related exploitation. The presented procedure for monitoring access to mountain forests in national parks, from the viewpoint of natural resources conservation, can be applied in other mountainous areas covered with forests and exposed to tourist and recreational traffic, and in forests facing particular risk of recreational damage, e.g. in urban and suburban forests growing in areas with varied orography.

The current status, threats and protection way of Sanjiang Plain wetland, Northeast China

The Sanjiang Plain is a vast area of alluvial floodplains and low hills in northeast Heilongjiang Province. It is the largest tract of wetlands in China and East Asia outside of Siberia. 28 wetland nature reserves exist on the Sanjiang Plain, and three of them have been listed as wetlands of international importance to water bird conservation by the Ramsar Convention Bureau. The wetlands of Sanjiang Plain are noteworthy for its rich biodiversity, but they continue to decline in area and deteriorate in quality currently. The main threats or constrains, immediate cause, root cause and required response are analyzed in this paper, and the four aspects opinion such as improvement of watershed management, enhancement of protection and restoration of habitats and biodiversity, alternative livelihoods of rural residents living in and near natural wetland reserve, and reinforcement of capacity building of natural reserves are brought forward as the effective measures for the Sanjiang Plain wetland protection.

Comparison of locomotor behaviour between white-headed langurs Trachypithecus leucocephalus and Franois' langurs T. franoisi in Fusui,China

We studied the locomotor behaviour of white-headed langurs Trachypithecus leucocephalus and Francois＇ langurs T.francoisi to test two hypotheses： （1） these monkeys have evolved locomotor ability to support their activities on limestone hills, and （2） Francois＇ langurs have evolved more diverse locomotor skills than white-headed langurs. Data were collected from 1996 - 1998 and in 2005 in Fusui Nature Reserve, Guangxi, and showed that the two species had similar locomotor types, but Francois＇ langurs had more locomotor modes （26） than white-headed langurs （12）. Quadrupedal walking and leaping were two major types, and white-headed langurs were more arboreal than Francois＇ langurs. We suggest that, while keeping their ancestral locomotor types, the two species have evolved new types allowing them to live on limestone cliffs. Compared to white-headed langurs, Francois＇ langurs have more diverse locomotor modes that probably have allowed them to live in more habitat types. As an evolutionary outcome, Francois＇ langurs have a larger distribution range .

Diurnal Variation in Relative Photosynthetic Performance of Marestail (Hippuris vulgaris Linn.) Across a Water Temperature Gradient using PAM Fluorometry in Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve,Sichuan Province,China

This paper reports the first photosynthetic study of marestail in Jiuzhaigou. In this work, we used PAM fluorometry to examine photosynthetic rates of submerged and emerged marestail in three lakes. Three lakes were studied across a gradient of water temperature, with low water temperature conditions in Grass Lake and Arrow Bamboo Lake, and higher water temperature in Five Colored Lake. In the field, electron transport rates （ETRmax） were measured as rapid light curves （RLCs） by in situ yield measurements. Submerged and emerged marestail showed higher photosynthetic activity in Five Colored Lake compared to the other lakes, a response consistent with the adaptation of marestail in Five Colored Lake to high water temperature. The optimal temperature for photosynthesis of submerged marestail in Jiuzhaigou was about 12 ~C. Non- photochemical quenching （NPQ） of submerged and emerged marestail increased with increasing water temperature. Maximum quantum yield （Fv/Fm） of submerged marestail in Five Colored Lake showed full recovery at 170o h due to higher NPQ. Further, the chlorophyll a for submerged marestail was the highestin Grass Lake and the lowest in Five Colored Lake. These results indicate that in different lakes the function of these aquatic plants is associated with a diversity of place-dependent environmental conditions, especially water temperature that leads to pronounced differences in the plant＇s ecophysiological reactions.

Diversity, Endemism and Conservation of Ferns(Polypodiales) in the Mexican Mountain Component

We analyzed the distributional patterns of95 selected species of leptosporangiate ferns inhabiting the Mexican Mountain Component, using grid-cells of one geographical degree as unit areas,applying endemism indices and richness and beta diversity analyses.Distributional data were obtained from several herbaria and specialized literature.Five grid-cells appear to be important for fern species richness, as they contain 35 to 49 species.These gridcells are located in the Sierra Madre Oriental(SMO),Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt(TMVB) and the Sierra Madre del Sur(SMS).Mean richness by latitudinal belts of one degree showed that the belts with highest values are related to the TMVB and SMS.A total of 13grid-cells were recognized as important from theperspective of endemism; most of them are located also in the SMO, TMVB and SMS.The richest gridcells coincided with one of the main centres of endemism for ferns obtained in this study, located in the convergence of the southern part of the SMO, the eastern portion of the TMVB and the northern part of the SMS, reflecting the high humidity existing on the mountain slopes facing the Gulf of Mexico.Some important grid-cells recognized from richness and endemism analyses coincide with Mexican Natural Protected Areas.The beta diversity analysis showed a low degree of similarity among grid-cells, implying a high species replacement, as the result of environmental heterogeneity occurring in the Mexican mountain systems.On the other hand, the spatial analysis suggested a pattern of phytogeographical regionalization comprising twomain areas: the Mexican Transition Zone and the Mexican Central Plateau.Ferns play an important role in the Mexican biodiversity and contributing to the beta diversity of Mexico.

Sacred Natural Site and Regional Biodiversity Conservation in Xishuangbanna

Xishuangbanna is a multinational region and different ethnic groups have self-owned traditional ways of protecting biodiversity, represented by Dragon Moun-tain and Hil Cemetery, and Temple Forest. As population increases and economy develops, people’s consciousness of traditional culture is fading and both of the number and area of sacred natural sites underwent changes, undermining the role of sacred natural sites playing in biodiversity protection, especial y for species pro-tection and gene exchange.

Acquired hemophilia A in solid cancer: Two case reports and review of the literature

Acquired hemophilia A （AHA） is a rare, hemorrhagic autoimmune disease, whose pathogenesis involves reduced coagulation factor Ⅷ （FⅧ） activity related to the appearance of inhibitors against FⅧ. Common etiological factors include autoimmune diseases, ma-lignancy, and pregnancy. We report two cases of AHA in solid cancer. The first case is a 63-year-old man who developed peritoneal and intestinal bleeding after gastrectomy for gastric cancer. He was diagnosed with AHA, and was treated with prednisone, followed by cyclophosphamide. In the second case, a 68-year-old man developed a subcutaneous hemorrhage. He was diagnosed with AHA in hepatocellular carcinoma on CT imaging, and treated with rituximab alone. Hemostasis was achieved for both patients without bypassing agents as the amount of inhibitors was reduced and eradicated. However, both patients died within 1 yeardue to cancer progression. Successful treatment for AHA in solid cancer can be diffcult because treatment of the underlying malignancy is also required.

Preparation and Evaluation of High Antioxidant Talbina as a Protective and Therapeutic Meal

Functional properties of Talbina were used in ancient Arab for nutritional purpose. It was a meal made from barley flour and milk. The high antioxidant Talbina was formulated from whole flour of harley and oat, milk, date palm syrup （debis） and date palm seeds. The chemical composition, organoleptic properties and antioxidant activity of high antioxidant Talbina were determined. Sensory evaluation of traditional and high antioxidant Talbina showed that the developed product Talbina was considered as good for overall acceptability of all panelists. Also, the formulated Talbina contains high values of antioxidants components and natural nutrients. The antioxidant activity of formulated Talbina containing barley or oat may be due to presence of phenolic compounds and proanthocyanidins in the barley and oat. Increasing the antioxidant activity of high antioxidant Talbina containing barley and oat may be due to the adding of dates palm seeds which contain very high values of phenolic compounds and other antioxidants components. Date palm seeds as well as barley and/or oat give high antioxidants components which protect cells from oxidative stress and help to reduce the risk of cancer and heart disease as well as natural anti-depressant. Moreover, increasing the antioxidant activity in the formulated Talbina may play a role for reducing power, radical scavenging activity and the lipid peroxidation inhibition. In conclusion, supplementation of traditional Talbina containing barley and/or oat with date palm syrup （debis） and date palm seeds can produce simple and healthy meal to provide a good source of daily dietary antioxidants and micronutrients.

Genetic diversity and population structure of a Sichuan sika deer(Cervus sichuanicus) population in Tiebu Nature Reserve based on microsatellite variation

Cervus sichuanicus is a species of sika deer （Cervus nippon Group）. To date, research has mainly focused on quantity surveying and behavior studies, with genetic information on this species currently deficient. To provide scientific evidence to assist in the protection of this species, we collected Sichuan sika deer fecal samples from the Sichuan Tiebu Nature Reserve （TNR） and extracted DNA from those samples. Microsatellite loci of bovine were used for PCR amplification. After GeneScan, the genotype data were used to analyze the genetic diversity and population structure of the Sichuan sika deer in TNR. Results showed that the average expected heterozygosity of the Sichuan sika deer population in TNR was 0.562, equivalent to the average expected heterozygosity of endangered animals, such as Procapra przewalsldi. Furthermore, 8 of 9 microsatellite loci significantly deviated from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and two groups existed within the Sichuan sika deer TNR population. This genetic structure may be caused by a group of Manchurian sika deer （Cervus hortulorum） released in TNR.

Ecology, Environment, Sustainability： The Development of the Environmental Movement in Israel

The article surveys the development of the environmental movement in Israel from the establishment of the state through the present day. Based on trends and transformations in the institutional planning system, it appears that activism by environmental movement organizations in Israel can be divided into three sub-periods： the establishment period, marked by the Sharon Plan, the founding of the Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel and MALRAZ--Council for the Prevention of Noise and Air Pollution in Israel, and the enactment of the Kanovitch Law and the National Parks and Nature Reserves Law （1963）. The next phase of institutionalization is characterized by the establishment of designated institutional bodies--the Nature Reserves Authority, the National Parks Authority and the Environmental Protection Service, and their integration into the national planning system. The institutionalization period concludes with the establishment of the Ministry of the Environment （1989） and the transition to the third period, sustainability. Prominent during this period is a trend toward multidimensional proactive environmental planning and policymaking, reaching across many areas and including extensive regulation As far as environmental organizations are concerned, these three periods comprised a framework of cultural action in which they developed, acted and shaped environmental discourse and practice in Israel. Based on other studies, the article offers a model that illustrates the development of the environmental movement while emphasizing the interaction between individual actors, local organizing and national organizations. Finally, some characteristics and insights regarding activism by environmental organizations in Israel are suggested.

The Scavenging of Free Radical and Oxygen Species Activities and Hydration Capacity of Collagen Hydrolysates from Walleye Pollock(Theragra chalcogramma) Skin

Fish skin collagen hydrolysates （FSCH） were prepared from walleye pollock （Theragra chalcogramrna） using a mixture of enzymes, namely trypsin and flavourzyme. The degree of hydrolysis of the skin collagen was 27.3%. FSCH was mainly composed of low-molecular-weight peptides and the relative proportion of 〈1000Da fraction was 70.6%. Free radical and oxygen species scavenging activities of FSCH were investigated in four model systems, including diphenylpicrylhy-drazyl radical （DPPH）, superoxide anion radical, hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide model, and compared with that of a native antioxidant, reduced glutathione （GSH）. FSCH was also evaluated by water-absorbing and water-holding capacity. The results showed that FSCH was able to scavenge free radical and oxygen species significantly and to enhance water-absorbing and water-holding capacity remarkably. Therefore FSCH may have potential applications in the medicine and food industries.