Thyroid hormones def ine basal metabolism throughout the body, particularly in the intestine and viscera. Gastrointestinal manifestations of dysthyroidism are numerous and involve all portions of the tract. Thyroid ho...Thyroid hormones def ine basal metabolism throughout the body, particularly in the intestine and viscera. Gastrointestinal manifestations of dysthyroidism are numerous and involve all portions of the tract. Thyroid hormone action on motility has been widely studied, but more complex pathophysiologic mechanisms have been indicated by some studies although these are not fully understood. Both thyroid hormone excess and def iciency can have similar digestive manifestations, such as diarrhea, although the mechanism is different in each situation. The liver is the most affected organ in both hypo-and hyperthyroidism. Specifi c digestive diseases may be associated with autoimmune thyroid processes, such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Grave's disease. Among them, celiac sprue and primary biliary cirrhosis are the most frequent although a clear common mechanism has never been proven. Overall, thyroid-related digestive manifestations were described decades ago but studies are still needed in order to conf irm old concepts or elucidate undiscovered mechanisms. All practitioners must be aware of digestive symptoms due to dysthyroidism in order to avoid misdiagnosis of rare but potentially lethal situations.展开更多
The complex relationship between structural connectivity(SC) and functional connectivity(FC) of human brain networks is still a critical problem in neuroscience. In order to investigate the role of SC in shaping resti...The complex relationship between structural connectivity(SC) and functional connectivity(FC) of human brain networks is still a critical problem in neuroscience. In order to investigate the role of SC in shaping resting-state FC, numerous models have been proposed. Here, we use a simple dynamic model based on the susceptible-infected-susceptible(SIS) model along the shortest paths to predict FC from SC. Unlike the previous dynamic model based on SIS theory, we focus on the shortest paths as the principal routes to transmit signals rather than the empirical structural brain network. We first simplify the structurally connected network into an efficient propagation network according to the shortest paths and then combine SIS infection theory with the efficient network to simulate the dynamic process of human brain activity. Finally, we perform an extensive comparison study between the dynamic models embedded in the efficient network, the dynamic model embedded in the structurally connected network and dynamic mean field(DMF) model predicting FC from SC. Extensive experiments on two different resolution datasets indicate that i) the dynamic model simulated on the shortest paths can predict FC among both structurally connected and unconnected node pairs; ii) though there are fewer links in the efficient propagation network, the predictive power of FC derived from the efficient propagation network is better than the dynamic model simulated on a structural brain network; iii) in comparison with the DMF model,the dynamic model embedded in the shortest paths is found to perform better to predict FC.展开更多
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a disease of unknown etiology,its hallmark being ongoing hepatic inflammation.By its very nature,it is a chronic condition,although increasingly,we are becoming aware of patients with acu...Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a disease of unknown etiology,its hallmark being ongoing hepatic inflammation.By its very nature,it is a chronic condition,although increasingly,we are becoming aware of patients with acute presentations,some of whom may have liver failure.There are very limited published data on patients with AIH with liver failure at initial diagnosis,which consist mostly of small retrospective studies.As a consequence,the clinical features and optimal management of this cohort remain poorly defined.A subset of patients with AIH who present with liver failure do respond to corticosteroids,but for the vast majority,an urgent liver transplantation may offer the only hope of long-term survival.At present,there is uncertainty on how best to stratify such a cohort into responders and non-responders to corticosteroids as soon as possible after hospitalization,thus optimizing their management.This editorial attempts to answer some of the unresolved issues relating to management of patients with AIH with liver failure at initial presentation.However,it must be emphasized that,at present,this editorial is based mostly on small retrospective studies,and it is an understatement that multicenter prospective studies are urgently needed to address this important clinical issue.展开更多
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Jinlong capsule on the immune function for intervened patients with primary liver cancer. Methods: Matched the inclusion criteria, 60 patients were select...Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Jinlong capsule on the immune function for intervened patients with primary liver cancer. Methods: Matched the inclusion criteria, 60 patients were selected and randomly divided into two groups. The treatment group had 30 cases treated with Jinlong capsule combined with the transcatheter arterial chemoembolization(TACE); the control group had 30 cases treated with TACE. Each group was treated 30 days as a cycle, which had completed at least two cycles. Indicators of cellular immune function about the activity of CD3, CD4, CD8, CD4/CD8 and natural killer(NK) cell were detected before and after treatment, then to compare and analysis with each other. Results: Before treatment, the activity of peripheral blood CD3, CD4, CD8, CD4/CD8 and NK cell in the two groups was no significant difference(P > 0.05); after treatment, the activity of CD3, CD4 and NK cell in the treatment group was significantly increased, the ratio of CD4/CD8 increased, and the value of CD8 decreased(P < 0.05), the activity of CD3, CD4 and NK cell in the control group was significantly decreased, the ratio of CD4/CD8 decreased(P < 0.05), and the value of CD8 slightly higher than before treatment(P > 0.05), the difference between the two groups indicated the statistical significance(P < 0.05). Incidence of gastrointestinal reactions, leucopenia, hemoglobin, platelet decline in the treatment group was lower than those in the control group, but without presenting the statistical significance(P > 0.05). Conclusion: Jinlong capsule with hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy can improve the patients' immune function, and reduce the adverse reactions of interventional chemotherapy. Hence,it deserves to be promoted in clinically.展开更多
In 19 patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and symptoms of congetive heart failure, left ventricular (LV) systolic performance and diastolic velocity profiles were assessed by two- dimensional echocardiogra...In 19 patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and symptoms of congetive heart failure, left ventricular (LV) systolic performance and diastolic velocity profiles were assessed by two- dimensional echocardiography and pulsed wave Doppler at rest and during handgrip exercise before and ninety minutes after administration of captopril (mean dose 25 +12mg; range 12. 5─50mg). Although heart rate and blood pressure increased similarly during handgrip exercise before and after captopril treatment, both were lower with handgrip exercise during captopril treatment. The results from this study indicated that acute angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition with captopril reduces preload and afterload and ameliorates handgrip exercise-induced LV systolic and diastolic filling dysfunction in patients with congestive heart failure secondary to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.展开更多
Objective The resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging(rs-f MRI)method was used to observe brain activity and its functional connection upon electroacupuncture stimulation at bilateral uterine acupoints(EX-...Objective The resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging(rs-f MRI)method was used to observe brain activity and its functional connection upon electroacupuncture stimulation at bilateral uterine acupoints(EX-CA1),as well as to investigate the mechanism of acupuncture in the treatment of gynecological diseases.Methods Twenty-two healthy female subjects were stimulated by electroacupuncture at bilateral uterine acupoints;rs-f MRI data of the brain were acquired and standardized.Degree centrality(DC),amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation(ALFF),and regional homogeneity(ReHo)were used to analyze local spontaneous brain activity via acupuncture.An independent component analysis was used to evaluate the functional connectivity of the resting brain networks after acupuncture.Results Analytical results showed that the neural activity intensity of the precuneus lobe,orbitofrontal cortex,lingual gyrus,amygdala,and posterior central gyrus decreased after acupuncture(voxel P<0.001,cluster P<0.05).Functional connectivity analysis revealed weakened auditory and right frontal-parietal networks(voxel P<0.001,cluster P<0.05),enhanced visual network(voxel P<0.001,cluster P<0.05),and synergistic auditory network and hypothalamic-pituitary system.Conclusion Significant differences in neural activity and functional connectivity in specific brain regions were observed after acupuncture intervention at uterine acupoints;the hypothalamic-pituitary system also showed various active states in different brain regions.It is speculated that the effective mechanism of acupuncture at uterine acupoints is related to the regulation of reproductive hormones,emotional changes,and somatic sensations.Therefore,the methods used in this study could clarify the neural mechanism of uterine-point acupuncture in the treatment of gynecological diseases and may serve as a reference for other studies pertaining to acupuncture.展开更多
Primary ovarian insufficiency(POI) occurs in about 1% of female population under the age of 40,leading to reproductive problems,an earlier encounter with menopausal symptoms,and complicated diseases.There are three pr...Primary ovarian insufficiency(POI) occurs in about 1% of female population under the age of 40,leading to reproductive problems,an earlier encounter with menopausal symptoms,and complicated diseases.There are three presumable mechanisms involved in the development of POI,namely apoptosis acceleration,follicular maturation blocking and premature follicle activation,through the following studied causes:(i) chromosomal abnormalities or gene mutations:mostly involve X chromosome,such as FMR1 premutation;more and more potentially causal genes have been screened recently;(ii) metabolic disorders such as classic galactosaemia and 17-OH deficiency;(iii) autoimmune mediated ovarian damage:observed alone or with some certain autoimmune disorders and syndromes;but the specificity and sensitivity of antibodies towards ovary are still questionable;(iv) iatrogenic:radiotherapy or chemotherapy used in cancer treatment,as well as pelvic surgery with potential threat to ovaries' blood supply can directly damage ovarian function;(v) virus infection such as HIV and mumps;(vi) toxins and other environmental/lifestyle factors:cigarette smoking,toxins(e.g.,4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide),and other environmental factors are associated with the development of POI.The etiology of a majority of POI cases is not identified,and is believed to be multifactorial.Strategies to POI include hormone replacement and infertility treatment.Assisted conception with donated oocytes has been proven to achieve pregnancy in POI women.Embryo cryopreservation,ovarian tissue cryopreservation and oocyte cryopreservation have been used to preserve ovarian reserve in women undergoing cancer treatments.展开更多
Flexible lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries are considered one of the most promising candidates for highenergy-density storage devices in wearable electronics.However,the safety problem severely restricts the practical app...Flexible lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries are considered one of the most promising candidates for highenergy-density storage devices in wearable electronics.However,the safety problem severely restricts the practical application of Li-S batteries because of the possible occurrence of thermal runaway caused by battery short circuits and combustible components,particularly under bending conditions.The development of advanced separators that can suppress lithium dendrite growth and are incombustible is the key to improving the safety of flexible Li-S batteries.In this work,a nonflammable multifunctional Janus separator with self-extinguishing capability,high thermal stability,high thermal conductivity,good electrolyte infiltration,uniform lithium deposition,and efficient polysulfide shuttling inhibition,is proposed.The separator is composed of polyacrylonitrile(PAN)fiber and decabromodiphenyl ethane(DBDPE)membrane as well as functional layers of boron nitride(BN)for suppressing lithium dendrite growth and reduced graphene oxide(rGO)for accelerating the sulfur convention kinetics.As a result,the Li-S battery with a sulfur mass loading of2.7 mg cm^(-2) delivers a specific capacity of 916.8 mA h g^(-1) after100 cycles at 0.1 C and maintains a stable performance during intermittent thermal shock.Moreover,the Li-S pouch cell with a sulfur mass loading of 8 mg exhibits a high capacity of6.3 mA h under bending conditions.展开更多
The advent of total mesorectal excision(TME)together with minimally invasive techniques such as laparoscopic colorectal surgery and robotic surgery has improved surgical results.However,the incidence of bladder and se...The advent of total mesorectal excision(TME)together with minimally invasive techniques such as laparoscopic colorectal surgery and robotic surgery has improved surgical results.However,the incidence of bladder and sexual dysfunction remains high.This may be particularly distressing for the patient and troublesome to manage for the surgeon when it does occur.The increased use of neoadjuvant and adjuvant radiotherapy is also associated with poorer functional outcomes.In this review,we evaluate current understanding of the anatomy of pelvic nerves which are divided into the areas of the inferior mesenteric artery pedicle,the lateral pelvic wall and dissection around the urogenital organs.Surgical techniques in these areas are discussed.We also discuss the results in functional outcomes of the various techniques including open,laparoscopic and robotic over the last 30 years.展开更多
In a meandering fiver, a certain scale of turbulent vortex dominates the development of fiver morphology, making the river bend with s particular curvature. This kind of vortex is denoted as "bend-forming vortex". T...In a meandering fiver, a certain scale of turbulent vortex dominates the development of fiver morphology, making the river bend with s particular curvature. This kind of vortex is denoted as "bend-forming vortex". The coordinated relationship of bend-forming vortex and meandering fiver channel is then known as "self-adaption feature" of rivers. With these two concepts, this paper investigated the stability and self-adaption character of coherent vortex in the U-shape river bend with a constant curvature. On the basis of fluid mechanics theory and in consideration of turbulent coherent vortex as disturbance, the growth rate and the wave number response range of coherent vortex in meandering rivers with different curvatures were calculated in this paper. Moreover, the responses of different scales of coherent turbulence structure to river bend parameters were analyzed to explain the mechanism of fiver bend maintenance. These methods could provide a theoretical basis for further investigation on fiver meandering.展开更多
Nanoparticles have enormous potential for bioimaging and biolabeling applications, in which conventional organically based fluorescent labels degrade and fail to provide long-term tracking. Thus, the development of ap...Nanoparticles have enormous potential for bioimaging and biolabeling applications, in which conventional organically based fluorescent labels degrade and fail to provide long-term tracking. Thus, the development of approaches to make fluorescent probes water soluble and label cells efficient is desirable for most biological applications. Here, we report on the fabrication and charac- terization of self-assembled nanodots (SANDs) from 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) as a probe for protein labeling. We show that fluorescent SAND probes exhibit both bright photoluminescence and biocompatibility in an aqueous environment. Selective in vitro imaging using protein and carbohydrate labeling of hepatoma cell lines are demonstrated using biocompatible SANDs conjugated with avidin and galactose, respectively. Cytotoxicity tests show that conjugated SAND particles have negligible effects on cell proliferation. Unlike other synthetic systems that require multistep treatments to achieve robust surface functionalization and to develop flexible bioconjugation strategies, our results demonstrate the versatility of this one-step SAND fabrication method for creating multicolor fluorescent probes with the tailored functionalities, effident emission, as well as excellent biocompatibility, required for broad biological use.展开更多
文摘Thyroid hormones def ine basal metabolism throughout the body, particularly in the intestine and viscera. Gastrointestinal manifestations of dysthyroidism are numerous and involve all portions of the tract. Thyroid hormone action on motility has been widely studied, but more complex pathophysiologic mechanisms have been indicated by some studies although these are not fully understood. Both thyroid hormone excess and def iciency can have similar digestive manifestations, such as diarrhea, although the mechanism is different in each situation. The liver is the most affected organ in both hypo-and hyperthyroidism. Specifi c digestive diseases may be associated with autoimmune thyroid processes, such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Grave's disease. Among them, celiac sprue and primary biliary cirrhosis are the most frequent although a clear common mechanism has never been proven. Overall, thyroid-related digestive manifestations were described decades ago but studies are still needed in order to conf irm old concepts or elucidate undiscovered mechanisms. All practitioners must be aware of digestive symptoms due to dysthyroidism in order to avoid misdiagnosis of rare but potentially lethal situations.
基金supported by China Scholarship Council(201306455001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61271407)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(16CX06050A)
文摘The complex relationship between structural connectivity(SC) and functional connectivity(FC) of human brain networks is still a critical problem in neuroscience. In order to investigate the role of SC in shaping resting-state FC, numerous models have been proposed. Here, we use a simple dynamic model based on the susceptible-infected-susceptible(SIS) model along the shortest paths to predict FC from SC. Unlike the previous dynamic model based on SIS theory, we focus on the shortest paths as the principal routes to transmit signals rather than the empirical structural brain network. We first simplify the structurally connected network into an efficient propagation network according to the shortest paths and then combine SIS infection theory with the efficient network to simulate the dynamic process of human brain activity. Finally, we perform an extensive comparison study between the dynamic models embedded in the efficient network, the dynamic model embedded in the structurally connected network and dynamic mean field(DMF) model predicting FC from SC. Extensive experiments on two different resolution datasets indicate that i) the dynamic model simulated on the shortest paths can predict FC among both structurally connected and unconnected node pairs; ii) though there are fewer links in the efficient propagation network, the predictive power of FC derived from the efficient propagation network is better than the dynamic model simulated on a structural brain network; iii) in comparison with the DMF model,the dynamic model embedded in the shortest paths is found to perform better to predict FC.
文摘Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a disease of unknown etiology,its hallmark being ongoing hepatic inflammation.By its very nature,it is a chronic condition,although increasingly,we are becoming aware of patients with acute presentations,some of whom may have liver failure.There are very limited published data on patients with AIH with liver failure at initial diagnosis,which consist mostly of small retrospective studies.As a consequence,the clinical features and optimal management of this cohort remain poorly defined.A subset of patients with AIH who present with liver failure do respond to corticosteroids,but for the vast majority,an urgent liver transplantation may offer the only hope of long-term survival.At present,there is uncertainty on how best to stratify such a cohort into responders and non-responders to corticosteroids as soon as possible after hospitalization,thus optimizing their management.This editorial attempts to answer some of the unresolved issues relating to management of patients with AIH with liver failure at initial presentation.However,it must be emphasized that,at present,this editorial is based mostly on small retrospective studies,and it is an understatement that multicenter prospective studies are urgently needed to address this important clinical issue.
文摘Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Jinlong capsule on the immune function for intervened patients with primary liver cancer. Methods: Matched the inclusion criteria, 60 patients were selected and randomly divided into two groups. The treatment group had 30 cases treated with Jinlong capsule combined with the transcatheter arterial chemoembolization(TACE); the control group had 30 cases treated with TACE. Each group was treated 30 days as a cycle, which had completed at least two cycles. Indicators of cellular immune function about the activity of CD3, CD4, CD8, CD4/CD8 and natural killer(NK) cell were detected before and after treatment, then to compare and analysis with each other. Results: Before treatment, the activity of peripheral blood CD3, CD4, CD8, CD4/CD8 and NK cell in the two groups was no significant difference(P > 0.05); after treatment, the activity of CD3, CD4 and NK cell in the treatment group was significantly increased, the ratio of CD4/CD8 increased, and the value of CD8 decreased(P < 0.05), the activity of CD3, CD4 and NK cell in the control group was significantly decreased, the ratio of CD4/CD8 decreased(P < 0.05), and the value of CD8 slightly higher than before treatment(P > 0.05), the difference between the two groups indicated the statistical significance(P < 0.05). Incidence of gastrointestinal reactions, leucopenia, hemoglobin, platelet decline in the treatment group was lower than those in the control group, but without presenting the statistical significance(P > 0.05). Conclusion: Jinlong capsule with hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy can improve the patients' immune function, and reduce the adverse reactions of interventional chemotherapy. Hence,it deserves to be promoted in clinically.
文摘In 19 patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and symptoms of congetive heart failure, left ventricular (LV) systolic performance and diastolic velocity profiles were assessed by two- dimensional echocardiography and pulsed wave Doppler at rest and during handgrip exercise before and ninety minutes after administration of captopril (mean dose 25 +12mg; range 12. 5─50mg). Although heart rate and blood pressure increased similarly during handgrip exercise before and after captopril treatment, both were lower with handgrip exercise during captopril treatment. The results from this study indicated that acute angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition with captopril reduces preload and afterload and ameliorates handgrip exercise-induced LV systolic and diastolic filling dysfunction in patients with congestive heart failure secondary to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.
基金National Nature Science Foundation of China(61872225)Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2020KF013,ZR2020ZD44,ZR2019ZD04,and ZR2020QF043)+1 种基金Introduction and Cultivation Program for Young Creative Talents in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province(2019-173)Special Fund of Qilu Health and Health Leading Talents Training Project。
文摘Objective The resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging(rs-f MRI)method was used to observe brain activity and its functional connection upon electroacupuncture stimulation at bilateral uterine acupoints(EX-CA1),as well as to investigate the mechanism of acupuncture in the treatment of gynecological diseases.Methods Twenty-two healthy female subjects were stimulated by electroacupuncture at bilateral uterine acupoints;rs-f MRI data of the brain were acquired and standardized.Degree centrality(DC),amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation(ALFF),and regional homogeneity(ReHo)were used to analyze local spontaneous brain activity via acupuncture.An independent component analysis was used to evaluate the functional connectivity of the resting brain networks after acupuncture.Results Analytical results showed that the neural activity intensity of the precuneus lobe,orbitofrontal cortex,lingual gyrus,amygdala,and posterior central gyrus decreased after acupuncture(voxel P<0.001,cluster P<0.05).Functional connectivity analysis revealed weakened auditory and right frontal-parietal networks(voxel P<0.001,cluster P<0.05),enhanced visual network(voxel P<0.001,cluster P<0.05),and synergistic auditory network and hypothalamic-pituitary system.Conclusion Significant differences in neural activity and functional connectivity in specific brain regions were observed after acupuncture intervention at uterine acupoints;the hypothalamic-pituitary system also showed various active states in different brain regions.It is speculated that the effective mechanism of acupuncture at uterine acupoints is related to the regulation of reproductive hormones,emotional changes,and somatic sensations.Therefore,the methods used in this study could clarify the neural mechanism of uterine-point acupuncture in the treatment of gynecological diseases and may serve as a reference for other studies pertaining to acupuncture.
文摘Primary ovarian insufficiency(POI) occurs in about 1% of female population under the age of 40,leading to reproductive problems,an earlier encounter with menopausal symptoms,and complicated diseases.There are three presumable mechanisms involved in the development of POI,namely apoptosis acceleration,follicular maturation blocking and premature follicle activation,through the following studied causes:(i) chromosomal abnormalities or gene mutations:mostly involve X chromosome,such as FMR1 premutation;more and more potentially causal genes have been screened recently;(ii) metabolic disorders such as classic galactosaemia and 17-OH deficiency;(iii) autoimmune mediated ovarian damage:observed alone or with some certain autoimmune disorders and syndromes;but the specificity and sensitivity of antibodies towards ovary are still questionable;(iv) iatrogenic:radiotherapy or chemotherapy used in cancer treatment,as well as pelvic surgery with potential threat to ovaries' blood supply can directly damage ovarian function;(v) virus infection such as HIV and mumps;(vi) toxins and other environmental/lifestyle factors:cigarette smoking,toxins(e.g.,4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide),and other environmental factors are associated with the development of POI.The etiology of a majority of POI cases is not identified,and is believed to be multifactorial.Strategies to POI include hormone replacement and infertility treatment.Assisted conception with donated oocytes has been proven to achieve pregnancy in POI women.Embryo cryopreservation,ovarian tissue cryopreservation and oocyte cryopreservation have been used to preserve ovarian reserve in women undergoing cancer treatments.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52072205)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2019YFA0705700,2021YFB2500200)+1 种基金Shenzhen Stabilization Support Program(WDZC20200824091903001)the Start-up Funds of Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School。
文摘Flexible lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries are considered one of the most promising candidates for highenergy-density storage devices in wearable electronics.However,the safety problem severely restricts the practical application of Li-S batteries because of the possible occurrence of thermal runaway caused by battery short circuits and combustible components,particularly under bending conditions.The development of advanced separators that can suppress lithium dendrite growth and are incombustible is the key to improving the safety of flexible Li-S batteries.In this work,a nonflammable multifunctional Janus separator with self-extinguishing capability,high thermal stability,high thermal conductivity,good electrolyte infiltration,uniform lithium deposition,and efficient polysulfide shuttling inhibition,is proposed.The separator is composed of polyacrylonitrile(PAN)fiber and decabromodiphenyl ethane(DBDPE)membrane as well as functional layers of boron nitride(BN)for suppressing lithium dendrite growth and reduced graphene oxide(rGO)for accelerating the sulfur convention kinetics.As a result,the Li-S battery with a sulfur mass loading of2.7 mg cm^(-2) delivers a specific capacity of 916.8 mA h g^(-1) after100 cycles at 0.1 C and maintains a stable performance during intermittent thermal shock.Moreover,the Li-S pouch cell with a sulfur mass loading of 8 mg exhibits a high capacity of6.3 mA h under bending conditions.
文摘The advent of total mesorectal excision(TME)together with minimally invasive techniques such as laparoscopic colorectal surgery and robotic surgery has improved surgical results.However,the incidence of bladder and sexual dysfunction remains high.This may be particularly distressing for the patient and troublesome to manage for the surgeon when it does occur.The increased use of neoadjuvant and adjuvant radiotherapy is also associated with poorer functional outcomes.In this review,we evaluate current understanding of the anatomy of pelvic nerves which are divided into the areas of the inferior mesenteric artery pedicle,the lateral pelvic wall and dissection around the urogenital organs.Surgical techniques in these areas are discussed.We also discuss the results in functional outcomes of the various techniques including open,laparoscopic and robotic over the last 30 years.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of China (Grant No.51021004)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.50979066,50809045)
文摘In a meandering fiver, a certain scale of turbulent vortex dominates the development of fiver morphology, making the river bend with s particular curvature. This kind of vortex is denoted as "bend-forming vortex". The coordinated relationship of bend-forming vortex and meandering fiver channel is then known as "self-adaption feature" of rivers. With these two concepts, this paper investigated the stability and self-adaption character of coherent vortex in the U-shape river bend with a constant curvature. On the basis of fluid mechanics theory and in consideration of turbulent coherent vortex as disturbance, the growth rate and the wave number response range of coherent vortex in meandering rivers with different curvatures were calculated in this paper. Moreover, the responses of different scales of coherent turbulence structure to river bend parameters were analyzed to explain the mechanism of fiver bend maintenance. These methods could provide a theoretical basis for further investigation on fiver meandering.
文摘Nanoparticles have enormous potential for bioimaging and biolabeling applications, in which conventional organically based fluorescent labels degrade and fail to provide long-term tracking. Thus, the development of approaches to make fluorescent probes water soluble and label cells efficient is desirable for most biological applications. Here, we report on the fabrication and charac- terization of self-assembled nanodots (SANDs) from 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) as a probe for protein labeling. We show that fluorescent SAND probes exhibit both bright photoluminescence and biocompatibility in an aqueous environment. Selective in vitro imaging using protein and carbohydrate labeling of hepatoma cell lines are demonstrated using biocompatible SANDs conjugated with avidin and galactose, respectively. Cytotoxicity tests show that conjugated SAND particles have negligible effects on cell proliferation. Unlike other synthetic systems that require multistep treatments to achieve robust surface functionalization and to develop flexible bioconjugation strategies, our results demonstrate the versatility of this one-step SAND fabrication method for creating multicolor fluorescent probes with the tailored functionalities, effident emission, as well as excellent biocompatibility, required for broad biological use.