Nature tourism and particularly tourism in national parks have acquired significant importance in contemporary societies. Post-Fordist consumers have reevaluated the meanings of ‘nature' and ‘natural spaces'...Nature tourism and particularly tourism in national parks have acquired significant importance in contemporary societies. Post-Fordist consumers have reevaluated the meanings of ‘nature' and ‘natural spaces' and now avoid standardization to seek singularity. Tourism in national parks is a consequence of this tendency and has both positive and negative aspects. The purpose of this sociological research is to describe the most relevant conflicts in the Picos de Europa National Park(Spain) involving the park's conservation, local economic development,and tourism. Seven in-depth interviews and three focus groups were addressed to key local stakeholders.In this research were identified three chief areas of existing or potential inter-related conflicts and the main actors interacting with them. The first is on population, particularly, the negative consequences of depopulations on the local socio-economic development and the environment. A second source of conflicts identified is caused by the difficult conciliation between commercial exploitation and conservation of the protected natural area. More precisely, this specific form of tourism positively contributes to the economy of local communities whilst problems can arise for the conservation goals of National Parks. Thirdly, in this research is also analyzed the institutional governance and the inter and intra-governmental conflicts as well as with the Park's management body. These findings provide important information for the improved management of tourism and conflicting interests in natural parks.展开更多
This study presents research results which comprise the following selected communities： Phalaridetum arundinaceae, Alopecuretum pratensis, community with Deschampsia caespitosa, Holcetum lanati, Lolio-Cynosuretum, co...This study presents research results which comprise the following selected communities： Phalaridetum arundinaceae, Alopecuretum pratensis, community with Deschampsia caespitosa, Holcetum lanati, Lolio-Cynosuretum, community Poa pratensis-Festuca rubra. The investigated phytocenoses developed in conditions of lack of utilisation, occasional cutting, occasional alternating meadow-pasture utilisation, pastures with uncut left-overs, 2 cuts and light grazing of the sward by cattle and 2-3 cuts. For the above-mentioned communities the following parameters were assessed： total species number and mean number of species in a phytosociological rel6ves besides Shannon-Wiener diversity index （H＇）, proportion of synanthropic species, natural valorisation number according to Ogwit and fodder value score （FVS）. Regular sward utilisation of plant communities exerts a positive impact not only on the natural values as evidenced by the total and mean number of species in a phytosociological survey and higher biodiversity index （H＇） but it also impacts the sward fodder value scores of meadows and pastures. The strongest negative influence on the floristic composition of meadow communities and their stability is exerted by sporadic, incorrect utilization as it favours taking over of green areas by grass expansive species and development of communities of low natural and use values （community with Deschampsia caespitosa, Ass. Holcetum lanati and community with Agropyron repens）. The strongest impact on the maintenance of meadow and pasture biological stability in the examined region is exerted by their regular, moderate cutting or grazing.展开更多
Using social exchange theory, this study investigated residents＇ attitudes toward the preliminary stage of tourism development in nature reserves in Wuyishan National Nature Reserve of China, and the socio-economic a...Using social exchange theory, this study investigated residents＇ attitudes toward the preliminary stage of tourism development in nature reserves in Wuyishan National Nature Reserve of China, and the socio-economic and negative effects of residents＇ attitude toward the tourist industry. Results of the questionnaire survey indicated that local people perceived they could benefit from the economic activities related to tourism, and were supportive of the conservation of natural resources and local culture, sustainable community development, and community participation in ecotourism planning and management. This study also revealed that the variables of age, gender, education level, household income, family size, non-farm work arrangements, and the distance to tourism attractions, have significant association with respondents＇ attitudes toward ecotourism development, or negative impacts of the tourist industry. Respondents who are male, or have a higher household income, are more supportive of tourism development inside the reserve. Younger and more highly educated community members are more likely to support learning more about natural and cultural resources and landscapes. Respondents who have a hieher household income, or live far fromthe village center, are more concerned about the negative environmental impacts of tourism development.展开更多
Preparation of tourism development planning should be based on economic and social development plan, and adapt to economic growth and the development of related industries. Tourism development planning should use land...Preparation of tourism development planning should be based on economic and social development plan, and adapt to economic growth and the development of related industries. Tourism development planning should use land planning, regional planning and territorial planning to be related to the overall urban planning coordination, it shall comply with the relevant provisions of the national infrastructure plan. Tourism development planning should be coordinated with scenic spots, nature reserves, cultural and religious sites, cultural relic＇ s protection units and other professional planning. National Tourism Bureau is responsible for organizing the preparation of the national tourism development plan, the development of regional tourism planning across provincial development planning and national priorities identified tourist routes, and tourist areas; local tourism bureau is responsible for organizing the preparation of the administrative region tourism development plan. According to the relevant provisions of the National Tourism Administration Tourism Planning and Design Qualification management, tourism development plan is announced for the preparation of qualification units. Tourism Development Plan prepares for the economic and social development which should be market prospects, resources, environmental factors to conduct a thorough investigation to obtain accurate basic data, it starts from the market demand attention ecological environment and cultural heritage protection and continuation of the positive use of advanced planning methods and techniques.展开更多
文摘Nature tourism and particularly tourism in national parks have acquired significant importance in contemporary societies. Post-Fordist consumers have reevaluated the meanings of ‘nature' and ‘natural spaces' and now avoid standardization to seek singularity. Tourism in national parks is a consequence of this tendency and has both positive and negative aspects. The purpose of this sociological research is to describe the most relevant conflicts in the Picos de Europa National Park(Spain) involving the park's conservation, local economic development,and tourism. Seven in-depth interviews and three focus groups were addressed to key local stakeholders.In this research were identified three chief areas of existing or potential inter-related conflicts and the main actors interacting with them. The first is on population, particularly, the negative consequences of depopulations on the local socio-economic development and the environment. A second source of conflicts identified is caused by the difficult conciliation between commercial exploitation and conservation of the protected natural area. More precisely, this specific form of tourism positively contributes to the economy of local communities whilst problems can arise for the conservation goals of National Parks. Thirdly, in this research is also analyzed the institutional governance and the inter and intra-governmental conflicts as well as with the Park's management body. These findings provide important information for the improved management of tourism and conflicting interests in natural parks.
文摘This study presents research results which comprise the following selected communities： Phalaridetum arundinaceae, Alopecuretum pratensis, community with Deschampsia caespitosa, Holcetum lanati, Lolio-Cynosuretum, community Poa pratensis-Festuca rubra. The investigated phytocenoses developed in conditions of lack of utilisation, occasional cutting, occasional alternating meadow-pasture utilisation, pastures with uncut left-overs, 2 cuts and light grazing of the sward by cattle and 2-3 cuts. For the above-mentioned communities the following parameters were assessed： total species number and mean number of species in a phytosociological rel6ves besides Shannon-Wiener diversity index （H＇）, proportion of synanthropic species, natural valorisation number according to Ogwit and fodder value score （FVS）. Regular sward utilisation of plant communities exerts a positive impact not only on the natural values as evidenced by the total and mean number of species in a phytosociological survey and higher biodiversity index （H＇） but it also impacts the sward fodder value scores of meadows and pastures. The strongest negative influence on the floristic composition of meadow communities and their stability is exerted by sporadic, incorrect utilization as it favours taking over of green areas by grass expansive species and development of communities of low natural and use values （community with Deschampsia caespitosa, Ass. Holcetum lanati and community with Agropyron repens）. The strongest impact on the maintenance of meadow and pasture biological stability in the examined region is exerted by their regular, moderate cutting or grazing.
基金the University of the Ryukyus Foundation(Fiscal year of 2014)the United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences,Kagoshima University(Fiscal year of 2015 and 2016) for their grant to support this research
文摘Using social exchange theory, this study investigated residents＇ attitudes toward the preliminary stage of tourism development in nature reserves in Wuyishan National Nature Reserve of China, and the socio-economic and negative effects of residents＇ attitude toward the tourist industry. Results of the questionnaire survey indicated that local people perceived they could benefit from the economic activities related to tourism, and were supportive of the conservation of natural resources and local culture, sustainable community development, and community participation in ecotourism planning and management. This study also revealed that the variables of age, gender, education level, household income, family size, non-farm work arrangements, and the distance to tourism attractions, have significant association with respondents＇ attitudes toward ecotourism development, or negative impacts of the tourist industry. Respondents who are male, or have a higher household income, are more supportive of tourism development inside the reserve. Younger and more highly educated community members are more likely to support learning more about natural and cultural resources and landscapes. Respondents who have a hieher household income, or live far fromthe village center, are more concerned about the negative environmental impacts of tourism development.
文摘Preparation of tourism development planning should be based on economic and social development plan, and adapt to economic growth and the development of related industries. Tourism development planning should use land planning, regional planning and territorial planning to be related to the overall urban planning coordination, it shall comply with the relevant provisions of the national infrastructure plan. Tourism development planning should be coordinated with scenic spots, nature reserves, cultural and religious sites, cultural relic＇ s protection units and other professional planning. National Tourism Bureau is responsible for organizing the preparation of the national tourism development plan, the development of regional tourism planning across provincial development planning and national priorities identified tourist routes, and tourist areas; local tourism bureau is responsible for organizing the preparation of the administrative region tourism development plan. According to the relevant provisions of the National Tourism Administration Tourism Planning and Design Qualification management, tourism development plan is announced for the preparation of qualification units. Tourism Development Plan prepares for the economic and social development which should be market prospects, resources, environmental factors to conduct a thorough investigation to obtain accurate basic data, it starts from the market demand attention ecological environment and cultural heritage protection and continuation of the positive use of advanced planning methods and techniques.
