One of the most intriguing problems of philosophy and of mankind is the question whether humans have a free will. This question is heavily disputed between natural scientists and especially neuroscientists, who deny f...One of the most intriguing problems of philosophy and of mankind is the question whether humans have a free will. This question is heavily disputed between natural scientists and especially neuroscientists, who deny free will, and philosophers and other groups, who insist on free will. It is perplexing that both sides base their premise on the same precondition, namely naturalism. We will prove that naturalism automatically leads to physicalism, to materialism, and to reductionism. We will also prove here that it is logically not possible to have a free will if naturalism is true. Free will definitely requires an additional substance, a non-material soul, which cannot be part of our universe. This must not be in contradiction to our current knowledge of natural sciences.展开更多
The research proposition of this article is to do a brief analysis of the specialized theories and the systems of the methods of the college counselors＇ work under the perspective of the professional theories of the ...The research proposition of this article is to do a brief analysis of the specialized theories and the systems of the methods of the college counselors＇ work under the perspective of the professional theories of the college counselors, and discuss the way of the realization of the specialization of the college counseling work, to achieve the professional orientation of the work of the college counselors. With the use of the specialized ways of work, we can make the college counselors develop themselves in the strict professional training and the continuous autonomous learning. They should use their own professional knowledge to equip themselves, to be the teachers and management personnel able to correctly guide the healthy growth of the university students.展开更多
The paper examines the copious correspondence between the English philosopher John Locke （1632-1704） and the French intellectual Nicolas Toinard （1629-1706）; Locke made the acquaintance of Toinard in Paris in 1677...The paper examines the copious correspondence between the English philosopher John Locke （1632-1704） and the French intellectual Nicolas Toinard （1629-1706）; Locke made the acquaintance of Toinard in Paris in 1677 or early in 1678, and the latter remained his lifelong friend and most assiduous correspondent. An Orl6anais and a devout Catholic, Toinard combined an intense interest in the Scriptures with an enthusiasm for experimental science and inventions of every kind; he introduced Locke to all the French official institutions and to a number of private laboratories. Toinard＇s principal work, Evangeliorum Harmonia Graeco-Latina, was greatly appreciated by Locke for its new method. The paper attempts at exploring the bulk of this correspondence in detail, giving an account of the wide range of topics dealt with in the two hundred letters; it is divided into four paragraphs referring, respectively, to the years 1678-1679, 1679-1681, 1681-1686, and1686-1704. The perspective is diachronic; in some occasions, the focus is on a peculiar topic which is the object of prolonged discussion between the two correspondents. In the conclusion, attention is drawn to the relevance of this correspondence in the context of the 17th century and of Locke＇s philosophical thought.展开更多
The requirements of the college English curriculum teaching put forward the teaching objectives to cultivate the English comprehensive application abilities of the students, and improve their cultural qualities and th...The requirements of the college English curriculum teaching put forward the teaching objectives to cultivate the English comprehensive application abilities of the students, and improve their cultural qualities and their abilities of the independent learning, which pointed out the direction for the reform of the college English teaching. The language teaching mode based on the contents of the subject advocates that the knowledge learning and the language learning with the combination of the contents of the discipline, to develop the students＇ independent learning abilities, is a feasible and effective way to achieve the goal of the college English teaching. To cultivate the students＇ practical ability of using English is the basic task of the English teaching and learning. But China＇s current college English education failed to organically and effectively combine the teaching of the language knowledge and the cultivation of the language abilities and the teaching of the knowledge, leading to the existence of the obvious price scissors in the students＇ language knowledge and the language abilities. Therefore, the key to the reform of the college English teaching is to correctly position the roles of the foreign language teachers, change the classroom teaching into the process of the two-way interaction between the teachers and the students, focus on the cultivation of the students＇ intercultural communicative competence, so that the students＇ language knowledge and their language abilities can promote each other, and obtain the coordinative development, to better adapt to the requirements of the times.展开更多
Fichte＇s various articulations of the Wissenschaftslehre （＂theory of scientific knowledge＂） are self-conscious attempts to systematize Kant＇s critical philosophy. Fichte＇s notion of the pure I （ieh） serves as...Fichte＇s various articulations of the Wissenschaftslehre （＂theory of scientific knowledge＂） are self-conscious attempts to systematize Kant＇s critical philosophy. Fichte＇s notion of the pure I （ieh） serves as the theoretical starting-point for his exposition of transcendental idealism, and in many ways this concept is analogous to Kant＇s notion of the transcendental unity of apperception explained in the Critique of Pure Reason. This paper argues that although Fichte and Kant agree on （1） the active nature of the pure I, （2） the distinction between pure and empirical apperception, and （3） skepticism concerning the possibility of theoretical knowledge of any positive （i.e., noumenal） content of the pure I, their respective notions of pure apperception differ in that Kant affirms the conceptual priority of the pure I to its objects while Fichte denies the same. Fichte＇s departure from Kant on this point foreshadows many later recognition theories of consciousness, e.g., those of Hegel and Marx.展开更多
The paper examines the copious correspondence between the English philosopher John Locke （1632-1704） and the French intellectual Nicolas Toinard （1629-1706）; Locke made the acquaintance of Toinard in Paris in 1677...The paper examines the copious correspondence between the English philosopher John Locke （1632-1704） and the French intellectual Nicolas Toinard （1629-1706）; Locke made the acquaintance of Toinard in Paris in 1677 or early in 1678, and the latter remained his lifelong friend and most assiduous correspondent. An Orleanais and a devout Catholic, Toinard combined an intense interest in the Scriptures with an enthusiasm for experimental science and inventions of every kind; he introduced Locke to all the French official institutions and to a number of private laboratories. Toinard＇s principal work, Evangeliorum Harmonia Graeco-Latina, was greatly appreciated by Locke for its new method. The paper attempts to explore the bulk of this correspondence in detail, giving an account of the wide range of topics dealt with in the two hundred letters; it is divided into four paragraphs referring, respectively, to the years 1678-1679, 1679-1681, 1681-1686, and1686-1704. The perspective is diachronic; on some occasions, the focus is on a particular topic which is the object of prolonged discussion between the two correspondents. In the conclusion, attention is drawn to the relevance of this correspondence in the context of the 17th century and of Locke＇s philosophical thought.展开更多
Schema theory research has shown importance of background knowledge within a psycholinguistic model of reading. This paper gives an overview of schema theory as part of a reader-centered, psycholinguistic processing m...Schema theory research has shown importance of background knowledge within a psycholinguistic model of reading. This paper gives an overview of schema theory as part of a reader-centered, psycholinguistic processing model of EFL/ESL reading, in which we discuss how reading comprehension involves background knowledge that goes far beyond linguistic knowledge. The process of interpretation is realized by the employment of two basic modes of information processing, bottom-up and top-down processing. Then, a variety of techniques and classroom activities are suggested for accommodating this phenomenon in a reader-centered EFL/ESL reading program.展开更多
In eighteenth-century Britain, knowledge about animals from around the world was rapidly increasing. This paper focuses on what the British knew and imagined about the animals of China from reading the works of Europe...In eighteenth-century Britain, knowledge about animals from around the world was rapidly increasing. This paper focuses on what the British knew and imagined about the animals of China from reading the works of European travellers and natural historians. Whereas the animals of Africa and America served to foster a growing sense of European mastery of less civilized parts of the world through trade and possession, those of China were understood as embedded in a highly advanced civilization and therefore as sources of knowledge about that civilization. This paper examines the way in which British understandings of China were mediated through accounts of Chinese animals and of human-animal relations in China. Looking at works of popular natural history and at Oliver Goldsmith＇s fictional letters of a ＂Chinese philosopher＂ in The Citizen of the World （1762）, I argue that the animals of China bore several messages about their country. Focusing on the particular examples of the golden pheasant, the horse, the cormorant, and the cat, I suggest that British writing about Chinese animals served as a way of expressing mixed feelings about the value of advanced civilizations, whether Chinese or European.展开更多
文摘One of the most intriguing problems of philosophy and of mankind is the question whether humans have a free will. This question is heavily disputed between natural scientists and especially neuroscientists, who deny free will, and philosophers and other groups, who insist on free will. It is perplexing that both sides base their premise on the same precondition, namely naturalism. We will prove that naturalism automatically leads to physicalism, to materialism, and to reductionism. We will also prove here that it is logically not possible to have a free will if naturalism is true. Free will definitely requires an additional substance, a non-material soul, which cannot be part of our universe. This must not be in contradiction to our current knowledge of natural sciences.
文摘The research proposition of this article is to do a brief analysis of the specialized theories and the systems of the methods of the college counselors＇ work under the perspective of the professional theories of the college counselors, and discuss the way of the realization of the specialization of the college counseling work, to achieve the professional orientation of the work of the college counselors. With the use of the specialized ways of work, we can make the college counselors develop themselves in the strict professional training and the continuous autonomous learning. They should use their own professional knowledge to equip themselves, to be the teachers and management personnel able to correctly guide the healthy growth of the university students.
文摘The paper examines the copious correspondence between the English philosopher John Locke （1632-1704） and the French intellectual Nicolas Toinard （1629-1706）; Locke made the acquaintance of Toinard in Paris in 1677 or early in 1678, and the latter remained his lifelong friend and most assiduous correspondent. An Orl6anais and a devout Catholic, Toinard combined an intense interest in the Scriptures with an enthusiasm for experimental science and inventions of every kind; he introduced Locke to all the French official institutions and to a number of private laboratories. Toinard＇s principal work, Evangeliorum Harmonia Graeco-Latina, was greatly appreciated by Locke for its new method. The paper attempts at exploring the bulk of this correspondence in detail, giving an account of the wide range of topics dealt with in the two hundred letters; it is divided into four paragraphs referring, respectively, to the years 1678-1679, 1679-1681, 1681-1686, and1686-1704. The perspective is diachronic; in some occasions, the focus is on a peculiar topic which is the object of prolonged discussion between the two correspondents. In the conclusion, attention is drawn to the relevance of this correspondence in the context of the 17th century and of Locke＇s philosophical thought.
文摘The requirements of the college English curriculum teaching put forward the teaching objectives to cultivate the English comprehensive application abilities of the students, and improve their cultural qualities and their abilities of the independent learning, which pointed out the direction for the reform of the college English teaching. The language teaching mode based on the contents of the subject advocates that the knowledge learning and the language learning with the combination of the contents of the discipline, to develop the students＇ independent learning abilities, is a feasible and effective way to achieve the goal of the college English teaching. To cultivate the students＇ practical ability of using English is the basic task of the English teaching and learning. But China＇s current college English education failed to organically and effectively combine the teaching of the language knowledge and the cultivation of the language abilities and the teaching of the knowledge, leading to the existence of the obvious price scissors in the students＇ language knowledge and the language abilities. Therefore, the key to the reform of the college English teaching is to correctly position the roles of the foreign language teachers, change the classroom teaching into the process of the two-way interaction between the teachers and the students, focus on the cultivation of the students＇ intercultural communicative competence, so that the students＇ language knowledge and their language abilities can promote each other, and obtain the coordinative development, to better adapt to the requirements of the times.
文摘Fichte＇s various articulations of the Wissenschaftslehre （＂theory of scientific knowledge＂） are self-conscious attempts to systematize Kant＇s critical philosophy. Fichte＇s notion of the pure I （ieh） serves as the theoretical starting-point for his exposition of transcendental idealism, and in many ways this concept is analogous to Kant＇s notion of the transcendental unity of apperception explained in the Critique of Pure Reason. This paper argues that although Fichte and Kant agree on （1） the active nature of the pure I, （2） the distinction between pure and empirical apperception, and （3） skepticism concerning the possibility of theoretical knowledge of any positive （i.e., noumenal） content of the pure I, their respective notions of pure apperception differ in that Kant affirms the conceptual priority of the pure I to its objects while Fichte denies the same. Fichte＇s departure from Kant on this point foreshadows many later recognition theories of consciousness, e.g., those of Hegel and Marx.
文摘The paper examines the copious correspondence between the English philosopher John Locke （1632-1704） and the French intellectual Nicolas Toinard （1629-1706）; Locke made the acquaintance of Toinard in Paris in 1677 or early in 1678, and the latter remained his lifelong friend and most assiduous correspondent. An Orleanais and a devout Catholic, Toinard combined an intense interest in the Scriptures with an enthusiasm for experimental science and inventions of every kind; he introduced Locke to all the French official institutions and to a number of private laboratories. Toinard＇s principal work, Evangeliorum Harmonia Graeco-Latina, was greatly appreciated by Locke for its new method. The paper attempts to explore the bulk of this correspondence in detail, giving an account of the wide range of topics dealt with in the two hundred letters; it is divided into four paragraphs referring, respectively, to the years 1678-1679, 1679-1681, 1681-1686, and1686-1704. The perspective is diachronic; on some occasions, the focus is on a particular topic which is the object of prolonged discussion between the two correspondents. In the conclusion, attention is drawn to the relevance of this correspondence in the context of the 17th century and of Locke＇s philosophical thought.
文摘Schema theory research has shown importance of background knowledge within a psycholinguistic model of reading. This paper gives an overview of schema theory as part of a reader-centered, psycholinguistic processing model of EFL/ESL reading, in which we discuss how reading comprehension involves background knowledge that goes far beyond linguistic knowledge. The process of interpretation is realized by the employment of two basic modes of information processing, bottom-up and top-down processing. Then, a variety of techniques and classroom activities are suggested for accommodating this phenomenon in a reader-centered EFL/ESL reading program.
文摘In eighteenth-century Britain, knowledge about animals from around the world was rapidly increasing. This paper focuses on what the British knew and imagined about the animals of China from reading the works of European travellers and natural historians. Whereas the animals of Africa and America served to foster a growing sense of European mastery of less civilized parts of the world through trade and possession, those of China were understood as embedded in a highly advanced civilization and therefore as sources of knowledge about that civilization. This paper examines the way in which British understandings of China were mediated through accounts of Chinese animals and of human-animal relations in China. Looking at works of popular natural history and at Oliver Goldsmith＇s fictional letters of a ＂Chinese philosopher＂ in The Citizen of the World （1762）, I argue that the animals of China bore several messages about their country. Focusing on the particular examples of the golden pheasant, the horse, the cormorant, and the cat, I suggest that British writing about Chinese animals served as a way of expressing mixed feelings about the value of advanced civilizations, whether Chinese or European.
