Commercially, many methods are adopted for the production of the Virgin Coconut Oil （VCO）. Nowadays, natural fermentation is widely employed to produce VCO in wet processing. But the problem in natural fermentation ...Commercially, many methods are adopted for the production of the Virgin Coconut Oil （VCO）. Nowadays, natural fermentation is widely employed to produce VCO in wet processing. But the problem in natural fermentation process has much contamination, due to surplus micro organisms present in natural environment, which leads to the poor quality of VCO. To overcome this, usage of probiotic organism like Lactobacillus fermentum is more beneficial for the fermentative production of VCO. Fermentation studies were conducted scientifically in computer controlled bioreactor to determine the effect of pH, temperature, inoculum concentration, oxygen requirement and incubation time on the yield of VCO. Yield efficiency of VCO in each parameter was determined. The pH of 5± 0.1, temperature at 45 ± 0.1 ~C, inoculum concentration of 2%, fermentation end time of 48 hrs and microaerophilic conditions are the most suitable parameters for the superior production of VCO.展开更多
Microbial activity in soil is known to be controlled by various factors. However, the operating mechanisms have not yet been clearly identified, particularly under climate change conditions, although they are crucial ...Microbial activity in soil is known to be controlled by various factors. However, the operating mechanisms have not yet been clearly identified, particularly under climate change conditions, although they are crucial for understanding carbon dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems. In this study, a natural incubation experiment was carried out using intact soil cores transferred from high altitude(1 500 m) to low(900 m) altitude to mimic climate change scenarios in a typical cold-temperate mountainous area in Japan. Soil microbial activities, indicated by substrate-induced respiration(SIR) and metabolic quotient(q CO2), together with soil physicalchemical properties(abiotic factors) and soil functional enzyme and microbial properties(biotic factors), were investigated throughout the growing season in 2013. Results of principal component analysis(PCA) indicated that soil microbial biomass carbon(MBC) andβ-glucosidase activity were the most important factors characterizing the responses of soil microbes to global warming. Although there was a statistical difference of 2.82 ℃ between the two altitudes, such variations in soil physical-chemical properties did not show any remarkable effect on soil microbial activities, suggesting that they might indirectly impact carbon dynamics through biotic factors such as soil functional enzymes. It was also found that the biotic factors mainly controlled soil microbial activities at elevated temperature,which might trigger the inner soil dynamics to respond to the changing environment. Future studies should hence take more biotic variables into account for accurately projecting the responses of soil metabolic activities to climate change.展开更多
文摘Commercially, many methods are adopted for the production of the Virgin Coconut Oil （VCO）. Nowadays, natural fermentation is widely employed to produce VCO in wet processing. But the problem in natural fermentation process has much contamination, due to surplus micro organisms present in natural environment, which leads to the poor quality of VCO. To overcome this, usage of probiotic organism like Lactobacillus fermentum is more beneficial for the fermentative production of VCO. Fermentation studies were conducted scientifically in computer controlled bioreactor to determine the effect of pH, temperature, inoculum concentration, oxygen requirement and incubation time on the yield of VCO. Yield efficiency of VCO in each parameter was determined. The pH of 5± 0.1, temperature at 45 ± 0.1 ~C, inoculum concentration of 2%, fermentation end time of 48 hrs and microaerophilic conditions are the most suitable parameters for the superior production of VCO.
基金Supported by the Japan Science and Technology Agency(JST)Environmental Leadership Program(No.016100012)
文摘Microbial activity in soil is known to be controlled by various factors. However, the operating mechanisms have not yet been clearly identified, particularly under climate change conditions, although they are crucial for understanding carbon dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems. In this study, a natural incubation experiment was carried out using intact soil cores transferred from high altitude(1 500 m) to low(900 m) altitude to mimic climate change scenarios in a typical cold-temperate mountainous area in Japan. Soil microbial activities, indicated by substrate-induced respiration(SIR) and metabolic quotient(q CO2), together with soil physicalchemical properties(abiotic factors) and soil functional enzyme and microbial properties(biotic factors), were investigated throughout the growing season in 2013. Results of principal component analysis(PCA) indicated that soil microbial biomass carbon(MBC) andβ-glucosidase activity were the most important factors characterizing the responses of soil microbes to global warming. Although there was a statistical difference of 2.82 ℃ between the two altitudes, such variations in soil physical-chemical properties did not show any remarkable effect on soil microbial activities, suggesting that they might indirectly impact carbon dynamics through biotic factors such as soil functional enzymes. It was also found that the biotic factors mainly controlled soil microbial activities at elevated temperature,which might trigger the inner soil dynamics to respond to the changing environment. Future studies should hence take more biotic variables into account for accurately projecting the responses of soil metabolic activities to climate change.
