Evaluating the feasibility and preliminary effects of an online compassion training program for nursing students:A pilot randomized controlled trial

Objectives:This study aimed to assess the feasibility of an online compassion training program for nursing students and preliminarily investigate its effects on mindfulness,self-compassion,and stress reduction.Methods:This study employed a randomized controlled trial design.Second-year students from a nursing college in Guangzhou,China,were recruited as research participants in August 2023.The intervention group participated in an 8-week online compassion training program via the WeChat platform,comprising three stages:mindfulness(weeks 1e2),self-compassion(weeks 3e5),and compassion for others(weeks 6 e8).Each stage included four activities:psychoeducation,mindfulness practice,weekly diary,and emotional support.Program feasibility was assessed through recruitment and retention rates,program engagement,and participant acceptability.Program effectiveness was measured with the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale,Self-Compassion Scale-Short Form,and Perceived Stress Scale.Results:A total of 28 students completed the study(13 in the intervention group,15 in the control group).The recruitment rate was 36.46%,with a high retention rate of 93.3%.Participants demonstrated high engagement:69.2%accessed learning materials every 1e2 days,93.3%practiced mindfulness at least weekly,with an average of 4.69 diary entries submitted per person and 23.30 WeChat interactions with instructors.Regarding acceptability,all participants expressed satisfaction with the program,with 92.4%finding it“very helpful”or“extremely helpful.”In terms of intervention effects,the intervention group showed a significant increase in mindfulness levels from pre-intervention(51.54±10.93)to postintervention(62.46±13.58)(P<0.05),while no significant change was observed in the control group.Although there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in post-intervention self-compassion and perceived stress levels,the intervention group showed positive trends:selfcompassion levels increased(35.85±8.60 vs.40.85±5.54),and perceived stress levels slightly decreased(44.77±8.65 vs.42.00±5.77).Conclusions:This pilot study demonstrated the feasibility of an online compassion training program for nursing students and suggested its potential effectiveness in enhancing mindfulness,self-compassion,and stress reduction.Despite limitations such as small sample size and lack of long-term follow-up,preliminary evidence indicates promising prospects for integrating such training into nursing education.Further research is warranted to confirm thesefindings and assess the sustained impact of this approach on nursing education and practice.

釋金文中的“廛”

金文中有如下一字(字形參看表1,以下以○代替),其辭例如下:1.召伯虎曰:'余既訊,○我考我母令(命),余弗敢亂。余或(又)至(致)我考我母令(命)。'(五年琱生簋,《集成》4292)2.今余既訊有司,曰:'○令(命)。'(六年琱生簋,《集成》4293)3.王母○商(賞)厥文母、魯公孫用鼑(鼎),乃顧[1](寡[2])子帥唯——王母唯用自念于周公孫子——[3]曰:余弋(式[4])母(毋)庸又(有)忘。

Adaptation of the Turkish version of Nurses' Self Concept Questionnaire

Objectives:Nurse's self-concept is significant for professionalism.We aimed to determine the reliability and validity of the Turkish version of a Nurses'Self Concept Questionnaire.Methods:A methodological study was conducted with the participation of a group of nursing students and nurses.For the statistical analysis,structural equation models,convergent validity analyses,discriminate validity analyses,internal consistency analysis,and test-retest reliability analyses were used.Results:Correlation-coefficient for the test-retest reliability of the Turkish version of Nurses'SelfConcept Questionnaire was 0.87.The internal consistency of this questionnaire was calculated with Cronbach'sαcoefficient and it was found high across the six subscales from 0.83 to 0.91.The goodness of fit indices was determined as acceptable.Conclusions:According to results,this Nurses'Self-Concept Questionnaire is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing nurses'and nursing students'self-concept in Turkey.

Self-management A concept analysis of self-management for cancer patients’ home-based rehabilitation

Objective： To explore and clarify the concept of self-management in the context of cancer patients’ home-basedrehabilitation. This concept analysis will provide a theoretical lens for nurses to help cancer patients to developself-management strategies and enables them to improve their ability in symptom self-management of home-basedrehabilitation. Method： Walker and Avant’s framework （2011） was used to analyse the concept of self-management.Results： Self-management is defined as a dynamic process that involves perception of one’s needs, resource utilisation,problem solving and active participation. Antecedents of self-management include self-efficacy, disease knowledge andsocial support. Improving cancer patients’ ability in symptom self-management can improve their health outcomes andquality of life and reduce healthcare expenditures. Although Strategy and Effectiveness of Symptom Self-Managementscale is perceived as an ideal instrument to measure self-management and thus it is used worldwide, whether thisinstrument fits to measure this concept for cancer patients in Chinese context has still not yet been verified and thusfurther research is needed. Conclusion： According to the concept analysis, nurses should encourage cancer patients toinvolve actively in making a home-based rehabilitation plan and promote their ability in symptom self-management ofhome-based rehabilitation so as to improve their health outcomes and reduce healthcare expenditures.

Brand Marketing in an era of big data

In the digital age, people＇ s lifestyles and ways of thinking are in a series of changes, this change also makes it a big shift in consumer attitudes. It gives consumers a broader perspective, while also improving the self-consciousness of consumers. These effects will no longer fully believe in traditional consumer marketing ＂bombing＂ the dissemination and indoctrination, they are more inclined to be questioned brands and products, and they can express their views on the basis that affects other people. In this era of environment, if businesses and vendors for their view is indifferent attitude, they will lose a lot of attention to the crowd, and also it makes the influence of the traditional marketing model spread greatly reduced.

Automatically Constructing an Effective Domain Ontology for Document Classification

An effective domain ontology automatically constructed is proposed in this paper. The main concept is using the Formal Concept Analysis to automatically establish domain ontology. Finally, the ontology is acted as the base for the Naive Bayes classifier to approve the effectiveness of the domain ontology for document classification. The 1752 documents divided into 10 categories are used to assess the effectiveness of the ontology, where 1252 and 500 documents are the training and testing documents, respectively. The Fl-measure is as the assessment criteria and the following three results are obtained. The average recall of Naive Bayes classifier is 0.94. Therefore, in recall, the performance of Naive Bayes classifier is excellent based on the automatically constructed ontology. The average precision of Naive Bayes classifier is 0.81. Therefore, in precision, the performance of Naive Bayes classifier is gored based on the automatically constructed ontology. The average Fl-measure for 10 categories by Naive Bayes classifier is 0.86. Therefore, the performance of Naive Bayes classifier is effective based on the automatically constructed ontology in the point of F 1-measure. Thus, the domain ontology automatically constructed could indeed be acted as the document categories to reach the effectiveness for document classification.

Multicultural Citizenship Education： A Study on Experiences and Opinions of Taiwan＇s Indigenous Elementary School Teachers

The author reports findings of multicultural citizenship education from a two-year in-depth study of indigenous principals and teachers in local elementary schools. Data were gathered and analyzed using a conceptual framework that consisted of a multicultural citizenship based on the liberal theoretical perspective. The results indicate that indigenous educators face dilemmas in being cultural elites while considered national education policy implementer. Findings illustrate that indigenous elementary school educators are expected to possess differentiated-group privileges in teaching practices; however, they are confronted with both internal restrictions and external protections during establishing of ethnic cultural identity while playing their roles in the national educational apparatus. The paper also gives conclusions and suggestions for future researches.

Auto Identification of Rolling Layers in Roller-Compacted Concrete Dam

A scheme for identifying rolling layers in roller-compacted concrete (RCC) dam automatically was presented. First, a conceptual model was developed. Second, by using a computational geometry method, the auto identification of rolling layers and auto matching between rolling compaction machines and rolling layers were realized based on spatial control points. An application to the construction of Guandi RCC dam showed that the auto identification of rolling layers played an important role in ensuring the engineering quality.

New Perspective for the Philosophy： Re-Construction ＆ Definition of the New Branches of Philosophy

In this article, author evaluated past/present perspectives about philosophy and branches of philosophy due to historical period, religious perspective, and due to their organized categories/branches or areas. Some types of interactions between some disciplines are given as an example. The purpose of this article is, to solve problems related with philosophy and past branches of philosophy, to define new philosophy perspective in the new system, to define new questions and questioning about philosophy or branches of philosophy, to define new or re-constructed branches of philosophy, to define the relations between the philosophy branches, to define good and/or correct structure of philosophy and branches of philosophy, to extend the definition/limits of philosophy, others. Author considered R-Synthesis as a method for the evaluation of the philosophy and related past branches of philosophy. This R-Synthesis includes general/specific perspective with eight categories, 21-dimensions, and twelve general subjects （with related scope and contents） for the past 12,000 years. It is a kind of synthesis of supernaturalism and naturalism, physics and metaphysics, others. In this article, author expressed 27 possible definitive/certain result cases of the new synthesis and defined the possible formation stages to express new theories, new disciplines, theory of interaction, theory of relation, hybrid theory, and others as constructional and/or complementary theories. These theories are considered for 21 major effective disciplines which are defined for a country and for the world. New philosophy perspective, branches of philosophy, and aims/purposes of R-Philosophy are defined to organize many inquiries about the name, number, and relation between special subject ＂X＂ and ＂philosophy of X＂ in some manner. This new perspective includes necessary and sufficient number of philosophy branches, and so it limits the number of ＂philosophy of X＂ in the philosophical system. New Era Philosophy is defined with its sub branches, its constructional philosophies, and with its 8D hybrid philosophy perspective. Ideal Philosophical System is defined with general/specific figure. Some of the new and/or re-constructed branches of philosophy explained with the new defined set of questions, new sub branches and constructional philosophies. Integration of the past/present branches of philosophy into the ideal philosophical system is explained generally. Philosophical interests of the some past philosophers and their relations with the ideal philosophical system expressed with table.

The regional design concepts of geographical features based on natural environment

Regional design is the design method based on the geographical characteristics, and the natural environment is basic factors. This paper puts forward to the regional product design thought patterns and makes some brief comments on its value and social significance of the design, in a long run, with exploratory guiding significance.

Research on the Accurate Computer Music Composition Mode under the Background of Big Data

In this paper, we conduct research on the accurate computer music composition mode under the basic background of big data. From the perspective of music theory, in terms of micro notes jump within a certain range, will not cause discomfort, notes there are upward at the same time, the downward makes the whole piece will not boring. From the macroscopic, the nature of the chord with internal connection between motivation and motivation as support, at the same time, the whole range can maintain in a certain range, making sound effects is can let a person feel cheerful. Computer science first occupied is music in the music sound production and the propagation of position as it is mainly used for digital audio clips and automated synthesis. But there is a certain distance away from the traditional concept of composition. Therefore, our research proposes the innovative perspective to deal with the issues for achieving the better performance.

SELF-CONCEPT AND ITS CORRELATION WITH ENGLISH STUDY

Self-concept is an important theory in psycholinguistics,meaningful not only to the development of psychological health,but also to English study.This thesis,based on experiments,analyzes the correlation between self-concept and English study.The comparisons include self-concept and English listening,self- concept and English speaking,self-concept and English reading,and self-concept and English writing. Emphasis is especially put on the comparison between self-concept and English speaking.By recorded spoken English test,scores are given first according to the evaluation of College English Test Spoken English Test. Then,the voice is processed through PRAAT.Finally,Spoken English Test scores and result of voice analysis are analyzed by SPSS.The experiment results show that those who score high in Self-concept Test have better achievement than others in English listening,speaking,reading and writing.In other words,self-concept corresponds to English performance.

ON MOTIVATION,AUTONOMY,SELF-CONCEPT AND LISTENING PERFORMANCE THROUGH CALL

The research investigated the relationship between students' motivation, autonomy, self-concept and their performance in CALL listening, and the effectiveness of CALL (Computer Assisted Language Learning). A questionnaire was administered to more than 200 EFL students and their CALL course grades and those of previous traditional listening tests were collected for analysis. Findings show that CALL listening is effective in aiding language learning; students' motivation, autonomy, self-concept and their listening performance through CALL may have significant effects on one another; that degree of motivation, autonomy and self-concept influences the effects they have; and that, ideally, CALL listening may take the place of traditional classroom listening teaching.

Understanding Interaction Inside and Outside the EFL Self-Concept System: A Case Study of Chinese Learners in Junior High School

This case study on three Chinese EFL learners in junior high school examined the interaction inside and outside learners＇ EFL self-concept system, and the findings revealed： （1） inside the self-concept system, the interaction between the global and specific self-concepts is of much complexity; （2） the gap between the global and specific self-concepts would cause imbalance in the self-concept system, and thus trigger efforts to improve learning, while some reconciling elements in the global self-concept may sustain balance in the self-concept system, inhibiting learners＇ motivation to improve; and （3） the degree of specificity of learners＇ specific self- concepts that inform learners＇ learning efforts contributes considerably to the outcome of these efforts, as does that of learners＇ beliefs about EFL learning which mediate the learning efforts.

Autonomy, Agency and Identity in Foreign and Second Language Education

This paper reviews key constructs explored in this special issue of Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics, including autonomy, agency and identity in foreign/second language education. We first explore and compare, in relatively greater depth, the complex meanings of the two similar concepts of autonomy and agency. In discussing autonomy, we start with an analysis of the meaning of capacity and control in Benson＇s （2011） broad definition of autonomy as a capacity to take control of one＇s own learning, and briefly look at related issues of learner agendas and affordances. Based on a close scrutiny of the concept of agency, we propose that autonomy and agency are best treated as distinct concepts in terms of the degree of effective control over the learning-teaching process. Following a dose examination of the two similar concepts of autonomy and agency, we discuss the concept of identity and finally the interrelatedness among these major concepts of autonomy, agency, and identity in language education.

From the lab to the world： The paradigmatic assumption and the functional cognition of avian foraging

Mechanisms of animal learning and memory were traditionally studied without reference to niche-specific functional considerations. More recently, ecological demands have informed such investigations, most notably with respect to foraging in birds. In parallel, behavioural ecologists, primarily concerned with functional optimization, have begun to consider the role of mechanistic factors, including cognition, to explain apparent deviations from optimal predictions. In the present paper we discuss the application of laboratory-based constructs and paradigms of cognition to the real-world challenges faced by avian foragers. We argue that such applications have been handicapped by what we term the ＇paradigmatic assumption＇ - the assumption that a given laboratory paradigm maps well enough onto a congruent cognitive mechanism （or cognitive ability） to justify confiation of the two. We present evidence against the paradigmatic assumption and suggest that to achieve a profitable integration between function and mechanism, with respect to animal cognition, a new conceptualization of cognitive mechanisms - functional cogni- tion - is required. This new conceptualization should define cognitive mechanisms based on the informational properties of the animal＇s environment and the adaptive challenges faced. Cognitive mechanisms must be examined in settings that mimic the im- portant aspects of the natural environment, using customized tasks designed to probe defined aspects of the mechanisms＇ opera- tion. We suggest that this approach will facilitate investigations of the functional and evolutionary relevance of cognitive mecha- nisms, as well as the patterns of divergence, convergence and specialization of cognitive mechanisms within and between species .

＂When I Got a Person to Communicate with, I Got a Purpose to Learn＂： Evidence for Social ＂Modes of Autonomy＇

This paper contests the notion that language learner autonomy is a monolithic construct, by offering evidence that learner autonomy （LA） is comprised of different ＂modes of autonomy＂. Thirty language learners based in Asia and the UK, completed a Q methodology card sort and were interviewed on how learning in an autonomous environment had impacted upon their development as learners. The results indicated that at least six modes of autonomy were identifiable within these language learners. Further analysis showed that social dimensions of autonomy were central to each mode, and thus reconceptualizing LA in this way allows for multiple understandings of the construct which are culturally rooted and embedded in sociocultural notions of what it means to be a language learner.