东乡伊蚊自殖株和非自殖株卵巢发育动态的比较研究

本文报道了东乡伊蚊自殖株和非自殖株蚊虫卵巢发育动态的研究结果。实验先在恒温室内从野生东乡伊蚊中选育出遗传表达稳定的自殖株和非自殖株,然后在不同的发育时间观察两株蚊虫的卵巢发育情况。结果显示东乡伊蚊自殖株和非自殖株卵巢发育的生物学特征明显不同,成熟卵泡的大小、数量,卵泡发育过程的均衡性和连续性均有显著差异。

东乡伊蚊自殖株和非自殖株卵黄发生动态的比较研究

以实验室分离所得的东乡伊蚊自殖株和非自殖株为材料,用组织化学法、免疫组织化学法对两株蚊虫卵黄发生的动态进行了比较研究。结果发现,卵黄发生规律在同种不同生理株蚊虫各有特征,自殖株卵黄原蛋白合成在成蚊羽化后不久即启动,发生过程循序渐进,直至卵母细胞吸收沉积卵黄蛋自发育成熟;非自殖株卵黄原蛋白的合成则必须在吸血之后才开始,卵黄发生过程在吸血前有明显的休止期。结果还显示,两株蚊虫卵黄原蛋白的合成能力也有差异。

自殖性东乡伊蚊卵黄发生的初步研究

本文首次报道用组织化学、免疫组织化学和免疫电泳等方法,研究东乡伊蚊自殖株卵黄发生过程中脂肪体合成卵黄原蛋白及其动态和血淋巴内卵黄原蛋白含量动态的实验结果。与同种蚊虫非自殖株的实验结果对比,发现自殖株蚊虫脂肪体细胞合成卵黄原蛋白在羽化后即启动,羽化初脂肪体细胞质内有密集的卵黄原蛋白颗粒,合成高峰见于羽化后24h,至36h开始下降,60h之脂肪体细胞内这种蛋白颗粒很稀少;卵母细胞的变化情况与此相反,随着脂肪体细胞内蛋白颗粒密度的下降,卵母细胞内的卵黄蛋白颗粒密度增加,并逐步发育成熟。非自殖株蚊虫血食前脂肪体细胞和卵母细胞发育有明显的休止期,合成卵黄原蛋白始于血食后,并于24h达高峰:卵母细胞的情况与自殖株蚊虫相似。实验还证实,无脂肪体外组织合成卵黄原蛋白。自殖株蚊虫血淋巴内卵黄原蛋白在羽化初就有一定浓度,羽化后36h达高峰,随后即下降;有非殖株血淋巴内卵黄原蛋白浓度高峰在血食后24h。上述结果表明,东乡伊蚊同种不同生理株的卵黄发生虽其过程一致,但其生物学特征各有不同,在脂肪体细胞合成卵黄原蛋白的启动时间,合成能力及卵黄原蛋白在血淋巴中的动态等方面存在差异。

自殖性东乡伊蚊内源性蜕皮激素水平与其卵巢发育的关系

用放射免疫法（ＲＩＡ）测定自殖性东乡伊蚊内源性蜕皮激素（Ｅｃｄ）水平，同时解剖观察该蚊卵巢发育情况。实验结果显示，该蚊刚羽化时即具有较高水平的Ｅｃｄ（７０．２７ｐｇ／♀），整个动态呈双峰趋势，一个峰出现在羽化后１～３ｈ，平均Ｅｃｄ水平为８１．３２ｐｇ／♀，另一个大峰出现于羽化后１５～１８ｈ最高值达９６．７８ｐｇ／♀。这种Ｅｃｄ动态与该蚊卵巢发育动态关系十分密切，即卵泡及卵泡大小均在Ｅｃｄ高峰后迅速增长，直至成熟。

音译即意译

通过音译大量进入中文的外来词,特别是英语词,表面上看起来只是音译,实则是一种文化符号,曲折地反映了自殖语境下的中国,对西方文化及其附属物的崇高化和对非西方化文化(如亚洲、非洲等文化)的贬抑心理。本文探讨了这一过程的历史渊源和当代现状,意在提醒人们对这一现象保持警惕并努力在这种东上西下的格局中寻找某种谨慎的平衡。

Activation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway promotes proliferation and self-renewal of rat hepatic oval cell line WB-F344 in vitro

AIM： To investigate the effect of activation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway on the proliferation and differentiation of hepatic oval cells in vitro. METHODS： WB-F344 cells were treated with recombinant Wnt3a （20, 40, 80, 160, 200 ng/mL） in serum-free medium for 24 h. Cell proliferation was measured by Brdu incorporation analysis; untreated WB-F344 cells were taken as controls. After treatment with Wnt3a （160 ng/mL） for 24 h, subcellular localization and protein expression of p-catenin in WB-F344 cells treated and untreated with Wnt3a were examined by immunofluorescence staining and Western blot analysis. CyclinD1 mRNA expression was determined by semi-quantitative reverse-transcript polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR）. The mRNA levels of some phenotypic markers （AFP, CK-19, ALB） and two hepatic nuclear factors （HNF-4, HIVF-6） were measured by RT-PCR. Expressions of CK-19 and AFP protein were detected by Western blot analysis. RESULTS： Wnt3a promoted proliferation of WB-F344 cells. Stimulation of WB-F344 cells with recombinant Wnt3a resulte^l in accumulation of the transcriptional activator β-catenin, together with its translocation into the nuclei, and up-regulated typical Wnt target gene CyclinD1. After 3 d of Wnt3a treatment in the absence of serum, WB-F344 cells retained their bipotential to express several specific phenotypic markers of hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, such as AFP and CK-19, following activation of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. CONCLUSION： The canonical Wnt signaling pathway promotes proliferation and self-renewal of rat hepatic oval cells.

A Comparative Study of Fish Assemblages Near Aquaculture, Artificial and Natural Habitats

Habitat plays a critical role in regulating fish community structure. Using the data collected from a monthly trammel net survey in Ma'an archipelago off the east coast of China, we evaluated impacts of five different habitats(artificial reefs, mussel farms, cage aquaculture, rocky reefs and soft bottom) on fish assemblages. This study suggests that artificial reefs(AR) have significantly higher species richness, abundance and diversity than mussel farms(MF) or soft bottom(SB) habitats during most seasons, and that fish taxa in the AR habitats are similar to those in the rocky reef(RR) habitats. Two different fish assemblage patterns were revealed in the study area using non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination: an assemblage dominated by reef fishes(especially by Scorpaenidae species) in AR, RR and cage aquaculture(CA) habitats and an assemblage dominated by Sciaenidae species in MF and SB habitats. We suggest that reef fishes play a key role in differentiating fish community structures in the study area. Although few differences in fish abundance and diversity were found between the CA and SB habitats, a more diverse age structure was observed in the CA habitats. A much more complex fish assemblage and enhanced population of local species were established as a result of the presence of both floating and fixed artificial structures, probably through improved survival rates.

Fabric and Programming of Photoautotrophic Micro-propagation System Controlled by Dynamic Parameters

According to theory of photoautotrophic micro-propagation, and principle and technology of environmental engineering, an automatic control and regulation under photoautotrophic micro-propagation by plants was designed, which can be used for planting condition optimization of photoautotrophic micro-propagation and qualified industrialized production of seedlings.

Establishment and characterization of a rat pancreatic stellate cell line by spontaneous immortalization

AIM: Activated pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of pancreatic fibrosis and inflammation. Primary PSCs can be subcultured only several times because of their limited growth potential. A continuous cell line may therefore be valuable in studying molecular mechanisms of these pancreatic disorders. The aim of this study was to establish a cell line of rat PSCs by spontaneous immortalization.METHODS: PSCs were isolated from the pancreas of male Wistar rats, and conventional subcultivation was performed repeatedly. Telomerase activity was measured using the telomere repeat amplification protocol. Activation of transcription factors was assessed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay.Activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases was examined by Western blotting using anti-phosphospecific antibodies. Expression of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 was determined by enzyme immunoassay.RESULTS: Conventional subcultivation yielded actively growing cells. One clone was obtained after limiting dilution,and designated as SIPS. This cell line has been passaged repeatedly more than 2 years, and is thus likely immortalized.SIPS cells retained morphological characteristics of primary,culture-activated PSCs. SIPS expressed α-smooth muscle actin, glial acidic fibrillary protein, vimentin, desmin, type Ⅰ collagen, fibronectin, and prolyl hydroxylases. Telomerase activity and p53 expression were negative. Proliferation of SIPS cells was serum-dependent, and stimulated with platelet-derived growth factor-BB through the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase. Interleukin-1β activated nuclear factor-κB, activator protein-1, and MAP kinases.Interleukin-1β induced cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 expression through the activation of nuclear factor-κB and MAP kinases.CONCLUSION: SIPS cells can be useful for in vitro studies of cell biology and signal transduction of PSCs.

Effects of photoperiod on daily activity rhythm of juvenile sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka)

In nature, Apostichopus japonicus exhibits a behavioral characteristic of emerging at night and sheltering during the day. Hence, it was commonly believed that longer and darker light conditions are better for a population of A. japonicus. In aquaculture situations therefore, animals have commonly been cultured without lighting, especially during juvenile-hatching culture. However, how the length of darkness each day affects .4.japonicus and what the mechanism is of behavioral response of A. japonicus to different photoperiods remain unclear, and are specifically addressed in this study. We applied nine photoperiod treatments （light：dark （LD） cycles at 0：24, 3：21, 6：18, 9：15, 12：12, 15：9, 18：6, 21：3, and 24：0 under 500Ix） to 60 individuals （29.73±0.23 g） per treatment （with 3 replicates）. The enviroramental conditions were set as： water temperature = 16.9±0.3℃, dissolved oxygen〉6.0 rag/L, ammonia〈0.3 mg/L, pH=7.8-8.2, and salinity=30-32. Under experimental conditions of continuous darkness as well as continuous light, cyclic nocturnal activity patterns of A. japonicus （viz. the animals emerged and fed at night and sheltered during the day） were observed. However, they spent more and less time, respectively, moving and feeding under continuous darkness and continuous light, than those under a natural light cycle. Under photoperiods with 6-12 h of light, the animals showed one sheltering behavior transition and two emerging behavior transitions. These behavior transitions appeared to be governed by some internal physiological factors and induced by daily light variation. The behavior of the animals was significantly affected by different photoperiods, and the distribution rate （DR） of the animals emerging at ＂daytime＂ increased with lengthening ＂light time＂ （except for the LD 3：21 cycle）. We also found that there was no significant difference in mean DR per day under LD cycles of 6：18, 9：15, 15：9, and 12：12. Mean DRs per day were significantly lower for these photoperiods, than for those under LD cycles of 0：24 and 3：21, and significantly higher than for those under LD cycles of 18：6, 21：3 and 24：0. These results imply that 6-15 h light per day were the similar photoperiods to natural sunlight. From the viewpoint of activity and feeding behaviors, these might be the optimal photoperiods for rearing A. japonicus.

Changes of Ca^2+ activated potassium channels and cellular proliferation in autogenous vein grafts

Objective: To investigate changes of Ca2+ activated potassium channels (KCa) in autogenous vein grafts. Methods: Contraction of venous ring was measured by means of perfusion in vitro. The intimal rabbits proliferation of vascular and proliferation of cultured smooth muscle cells(vascular smooth muscle cells, VSMCs)were observed by the means of computerised image analysis and MTT method respectively. Furthermore, whole cell mode of patch clamp was used to record KCa of VSMCs isolated from autogenous vein grafts. Results: One week after transplantation there were no significant differences of contraction and intimal relative thickness between autogenous vein grafts and control. Contraction and intimal relative thickness of autogenous vein graft were significantly increased 2 weeks after transplantation (P<0.05, n=8 vs control), and they was more enhanced 4 weeks after vein transplantation (P<0.01, n=8 vs control).TEA(blocker of Ca2+ activated potassium channels)increased MTT A490 nm value of VSMCs from femoral vein in a dose dependent manner(P<0.05, n=8). KCa current density was significantly attenuated in VSMCs from autogenous vein grafts (1-4) week after transplantation(P<0.05, n=5).Conclusion: KCa is inhibited in autogenous vein graft, which account for vasospasm and intimal proliferation.

Effect of stocking density on performances of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) in recirculating aquaculture systems

Limited information has been available about the influence of loading density on the performances of Scophthalmus maximus, especially in recirculating aquaculture systems （RAS）. In this study, turbot （13.84±2.74 g; average weigh±SD） were reared at four different initial densities （low 0.66, medium 1.26, sub-high 2.56, high 4.00 kg/m^2） for 10 weeks in RAS at 23±1℃ Final densities were 4.67, 7.25, 14.16, and 17.47 kg/m^2, respectively, which translate to 82, 108, 214, and 282 percent coverage of the tank bottom. Density had both negative and independent impacts on growth. The final mean weight, specific growth rate （SGR）, and voluntary feed intake significantly decreased and the coefficient of variation （CV） of final body weight increased with increase in stocking density. The medium and sub-high density groups did not differ significantly in SGR, mean weight, CV, food conversion rate （FCR）, feed intake, blood parameters, and digestive enzymes. The protease activities of the digestive tract at pH 7, 8.5, 9, and 10 were significantly higher for the highest density group, but tended to be lower （not significantly） at pH 4 and 8.5 for the lowest density group. The intensity of protease activity was inversely related to feed intake at the different densities. Catalase activity was higher （but not significantly） at the highest density, perhaps because high density started to induce an oxidative effect in turbot. In conclusion, turbot can be cultured in RAS at a density of less than 17.47 kg/m^2. With good water quality and no feed limitation, initial density between 1.26 and 2.56 kg/m^2 （final： 7.25 and 14.16 kg/m^2） would not negatively affect the turbot cultured in RAS. For culture at higher density, multi-level feeding devices are suggested to ease feeding competition.

Structural model of factors relating to the health promotion behavior of reproductive health among Indonesian adolescents

Objectives:We aim to explore the factors related to the health promotion behavior of reproductive health(RH)among Indonesian adolescents via structural equation modeling.Methods:A cross-sectional quantitative study was used to measure 108 adolescents aged 12-16 years.We employed a self-administered questionnaire developed from the health promotion model(HPM)and the empowerment model(EM)on the basis of self-efficacy to determine the factors related to health promotion in maintaining RH behavior.Structural equation modeling(SEM)was used to examine re-lationships among the variables.The Analysis of Moment Structures(AMOS)approach was used to evaluate if the proposed model is suitable for the data based on goodness-of-fit indices.Results:The model is appropriate for the data.Three interrelationships emerge among independent variables(P>0.05),namely,personal and cognitive behaviors(r=-0.01),cognitive and health pro-motion behaviors(r=0.09),and affective and health promotion behaviors(r=-0.17).The strongest relationship is between empowerment and health promotion behavior(r=0.72).Affection(interper-sonal and situational influences),immediate competing demands and preferences,and empowerment(participation and control)are directly related to RH behavior maintenance.Meanwhile,willingness of adolescents,prior related behavior,personal factor,and commitment to a plan of action are indirectly related to RH behavior maintenance.The model explains 43.9%of the variance in maintaining RH behavior.Conclusions:The HPM and EM models help determine the factors related to RH behavior maintenance among adolescents.Intervention to promote RH among Indonesian adolescents should begin from the level of child-parent-health care professional encounter for empowering the RH of adolescents.

A Review of Recent Knowledge on Raptor Species in Sumatra, Indonesia

A review of recent knowledge on raptor species in Sumatra （Indonesia） is discussed here. It summarized 34 raptor species recently known from Sumatra, updating previous 32 species. A total of 19 species was recorded resident in Sumatra, eight endemic subspecies, and 18 migratory species. The resident raptors in Sumatra have different breeding seasons. There are three raptors breeding in dry season, three between dry to rainy season, two raptors in rainy season and five raptors breeding between rainy to dry season. Most raptors in Sumatra breeds between rainy to dry season, consistent with major period of breeding season of bird in Sumatra. Four species have been listed as vulnerable and near threatened by IUCN. All Indonesian raptors have been protected by the Indonesian law. Therefore, this information will provide more significant recent knowledge of the raptor species in Sumatra to be used for updating the conservation status and preparing long term monitoring activities to support the conservation of Sumatran tropical forests.

Potential efficacy of ginger as a natural supplement for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) is one of the most common liver diseases and its prevalence is likely to reach epidemic proportions.According to the"two-stage hypothesis"proposed for the pathophysiology of NAFLD,insulin resistance,oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines are among the key promoters of the disease. Here,ginger has been hypothesized to prevent NAFLD or blunt its progression via several mechanisms,such as sensitizing insulin effects,activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorγwhich induces adiponectin and down-regulates pro-inflammatory cytokines,changing the balance between adiponectin and tumor necrosis factor-αin favor of adiponectin,promoting considerable antioxidant effects and antidyslipidemic properties,and reducing hepatic triglyceride content which can prevent steatosis.The aforementioned mechanisms imply that ginger possesses interesting potentials for serving as a natural supplement for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD.Therefore,conducting trials to explore its benefits in clinical practice is greatly recommended.

Kosik＇s Dialectics of Concrete Totality

Setting out from the categories of totality and histori（ci）sm in Kosik＇s Dialectics of the Concrete, we look at the relationship between theory and praxis： empty, abstract totality versus concrete, reified and alienated practice （Lukacs, Habermas, Honneth）; a bad totality, in which the real polydimensional subject is replaced by the one-dimensional, mythologized, fetishized, and economistically reduced ＂subject＂ of consummation （Marcuse, Baudrillard）. The dialectics of concrete totality implies a marxistic critique of the ethical and juristic universalism, in the context of the ＂positive＂ side of globalization and political unilateralism, as a concrete, militant, hegemonistic, post-colonial, and neo-imperial practice （Apel, Habermas, Chomsky, Zinoviev）; globalization as totali（tari）zation, the ＂last man,＂ the ＂end of history,＂ and the ＂end＂ of dialectics in its neo-liberal, eschatological, empty ideological ＂realization＂ （Hegel, Marx, Fukuyama, Arendt）; the totality of the （invariable） being as a pseudo-concrete and pseudo-dialectical ontologistic speculation （Heidegger）： A ＂return＂ to a concrete history and a return of the ＂positive＂ dialectics as a critical awareness, mind, and method in the discourse ＂game＂ of human＇s cognitive, creative, and practical powers. The assumption of Kosik＇s humanism is a synchrony of nature and history in the ＂absolute＂ totality of human＇s concrete existence （Lukacs, Goldmann, Adorno, Sartre, Kosik）.

Self-surveillance in French Colonial West Africa： French Intelligence Services and the Hamallist Information Network （1910-1943）

In this article, with the use of the Agency mode, I try to shed light on the resilient capacity of African societies to the foreign inroad in the 20th century. In 1910-1940, the success of Hamallist Information Networks to beat the French imperial machinery in the Nioro of the Sahara located in the French Sudan （known as Mali nowadays）, leads to reconsidering the power relationship organizing the authority and the challenge to establish the authority relation during colonial period. That calls into question the idea of a sole and unique domination by French imperialism during colonization and at the same time, it indicates that indigenous people were very active in the historical processes, which determined their existence.

An XPS Study of Nitrogen Structures in Soil Humic Substances

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was applied to examine the N structures of soil humic substances and some of their analogues. It was found that for soil humic substances XPS method gave similar results as those obtained by 15N CPMAS NMR (cross-polarization magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance) method. 70%～86% of total N in soil humic substances was in the form of amide, and 6%～13% was presented as amines, with the remaining part as heterocyclic N. There was no difference in the distribution of the forms of N between the humic substances from soils formed over hundreds or thousands of years and the newly formed ones. For fulvic acid from weathered coal and benzoqu inone- (N H-4 )-2 S O-4 polymer the XPS results deviated significantly from the 15N CPMAS NMR data.

The ecology of sexual dimorphism in size and shape of the freshwater blenny Salaria fluviatilis

Sexual selection is considered the major cause of sexual dimorphism, but recent observations suggest that natural selection may play a more important role in the evolution of sex differentiation than previously recognized. Therefore, studying the trade-offs between natural selection and sexual selection is crucial to a better understanding of the ecology underlying the evolution of sexual dimorphism. The freshwater blenny Salaria fluviatilis, a fish inhabiting lakes and rivers around the Mediterranean Sea, displays strong sexual dimorphism in size, shape, and behavior （i.e., larger body and head size for males and higher swimming requirements for females during the reproductive period）. We tested for differences in sexual dimorphism in size and shape between the populations from lake and river habitats with the goal of identifying the trade-offs between natural and sexual se- lection that underlie variations in sexual dimorphism in this species. Our results show i） differences in sexual size dimorphism （SSizeD） in accordance to Rensch＇s rule （i.e., larger individuals in rivers associated with higher SSizeD）, and ii） a decrease in shape differentiation between males and fe- males in lake populations. Together, this suggests that the different environmental conditions between lake and river habitats （e.g., resource limitations, predation pressure, water velocity） affect the relative importance of sexual selection in the display of sexual dimorphism within the species. This study highlights the importance of considering the environmental conditions to which populations are exposed to better understand the ecology underlying the evolution of sexual dimorphism.