The great Haiyuan earthquake occurred at 20:06:09 on December 16,1920 in the south of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.The magnitude of this earthquake is 8.5,listed as one of the three greatest earthquakes to ever occur...The great Haiyuan earthquake occurred at 20:06:09 on December 16,1920 in the south of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.The magnitude of this earthquake is 8.5,listed as one of the three greatest earthquakes to ever occur in Chinese continent.This devastating earthquake killed about 230,000 people according to previous reports.Recent studies show that total casualties may have reached 270,000.The study of this earthquake using modern scientific and technological methods is the first in the history of earthquake research in China.Significant breakthroughs took place in the middle of last century.The earthquake surface rupture,with 200km in length and prominent left-lateral strike-slip displacement,was discovered.The first monograph on the Haiyuan earthquake was published.In the 1980s,innovative large-scale geological mapping technology for active faults was developed during studies on the Haiyuan earthquake surface ruptures,with the publication of the first large-scale map of the Haiyuan active fault.Quantitative studies were carried out on the fine structure and geometry of the fault zone,Holocene slip rate,co-seismic displacement,paleoearthquake and recurrence intervals and future earthquake risk assessment.The innovative studies also included rupture propagation along the strike-slip fault,evolution of pull-apart basins,determination of total displacement of the strike-slip fault,transition equilibrium between strike-slip displacement along its major strand and crustal shortening at the end of the strike-slip fault,and the mechanism of deformation on Liupan Mountain.On the occasion of the 90th anniversary of the Haiyuan earthquake,careful retrospect of scientific progress achieved during the recent 20 years would be helpful in providing further direction in the study of active faults and earthquake hazard reduction.While taking this occasion to remember those lost by the Haiyuan earthquake,we aim to make greater contributions to earthquake prediction and seismic hazard reduction.展开更多
For generations, the potential of Nigerian women to contribute effectively to national development seems to be suppressed by many factors which cut across religious, environmental and cultural constraints. Consequentl...For generations, the potential of Nigerian women to contribute effectively to national development seems to be suppressed by many factors which cut across religious, environmental and cultural constraints. Consequently, women have strongly resolved to renegotiate their relevance through the adoption and utilization of various initiatives. At the forefront, one of these initiatives early in time was Margaret Ekpo （1914-2006）, a Nigerian female political activist who unilaterally began radical movements in parts of Nigeria to transform the political consciousness of the Nigerian women, and to reverse gender-related inequalities in the country. This paper sets out to evaluate her approaches to what could be described as political re-engineering. It develops a framework drawing from theories of conflict resolution and the principles of liberalism and feminism. Findings show that despite of the limited formal education and political ideologies to which she was exposed to, she was able to rise above the prevailing challenges of her time to build a firm pedestal upon which many women politicians in Nigeria have stood to launch themselves to political limelight. The study concludes that the principles of liberalism and a desire to foster the political development of Nigeria account for Margaret Ekpo＇s venture into the political field.展开更多
文摘The great Haiyuan earthquake occurred at 20:06:09 on December 16,1920 in the south of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.The magnitude of this earthquake is 8.5,listed as one of the three greatest earthquakes to ever occur in Chinese continent.This devastating earthquake killed about 230,000 people according to previous reports.Recent studies show that total casualties may have reached 270,000.The study of this earthquake using modern scientific and technological methods is the first in the history of earthquake research in China.Significant breakthroughs took place in the middle of last century.The earthquake surface rupture,with 200km in length and prominent left-lateral strike-slip displacement,was discovered.The first monograph on the Haiyuan earthquake was published.In the 1980s,innovative large-scale geological mapping technology for active faults was developed during studies on the Haiyuan earthquake surface ruptures,with the publication of the first large-scale map of the Haiyuan active fault.Quantitative studies were carried out on the fine structure and geometry of the fault zone,Holocene slip rate,co-seismic displacement,paleoearthquake and recurrence intervals and future earthquake risk assessment.The innovative studies also included rupture propagation along the strike-slip fault,evolution of pull-apart basins,determination of total displacement of the strike-slip fault,transition equilibrium between strike-slip displacement along its major strand and crustal shortening at the end of the strike-slip fault,and the mechanism of deformation on Liupan Mountain.On the occasion of the 90th anniversary of the Haiyuan earthquake,careful retrospect of scientific progress achieved during the recent 20 years would be helpful in providing further direction in the study of active faults and earthquake hazard reduction.While taking this occasion to remember those lost by the Haiyuan earthquake,we aim to make greater contributions to earthquake prediction and seismic hazard reduction.
文摘For generations, the potential of Nigerian women to contribute effectively to national development seems to be suppressed by many factors which cut across religious, environmental and cultural constraints. Consequently, women have strongly resolved to renegotiate their relevance through the adoption and utilization of various initiatives. At the forefront, one of these initiatives early in time was Margaret Ekpo （1914-2006）, a Nigerian female political activist who unilaterally began radical movements in parts of Nigeria to transform the political consciousness of the Nigerian women, and to reverse gender-related inequalities in the country. This paper sets out to evaluate her approaches to what could be described as political re-engineering. It develops a framework drawing from theories of conflict resolution and the principles of liberalism and feminism. Findings show that despite of the limited formal education and political ideologies to which she was exposed to, she was able to rise above the prevailing challenges of her time to build a firm pedestal upon which many women politicians in Nigeria have stood to launch themselves to political limelight. The study concludes that the principles of liberalism and a desire to foster the political development of Nigeria account for Margaret Ekpo＇s venture into the political field.
