有道德的自然人:卢梭自然德育的理想典范

作为自然教育的代表人物,卢梭的自然德育思想有着重要的时代意义.卢梭批判了现代科学技术发展给社会人带来的道德危机,重新发现了自然人的先天优势和自然情感,提出了培养有道德的自然人的德育目标.有道德的自然人应具备敏锐的判断力、有节制的自爱心、深厚的爱国情感等.完善政治法律制度,培养德才兼备的指导教师,体能教育与感官教育并重,加强爱国教育,有助于实现这一德育培养目标.

人与自然关系视域下我国生态道德的发展

自然人道德、经济人道德与社会人道德是我国不同历史阶段形成的三种道德形态。我国的生态道德孕育于传统社会的自然人道德之中,中华优秀传统文化为其萌芽提供了丰富的道德资源。发展至近代,经邦济世的经济人道德和以个人物质利益为核心的经济人道德未曾给生态道德留有生发的空间,人与自然关系的淡化使孕育着的生态道德呈现弱化、消失状态。21世纪以来,当我们重新审视人与自然的关系、理性思考人对待自然的行为准则时,生态道德才得以在社会人道德中成型并蓬勃发展。

论卢梭的自然观及其教育理想

卢梭的自然观是其自然主义教育理想的核心。自然观对卢梭整个教育思想体系的构建起着重要作用。卢梭的自然主义教育理想可以分为三个部分：自然观、个人发展理想和社会发展理想。个人发展理想是卢梭对自然主义教育所要造就的社会个体的设想,即自然人。社会发展理想即公民——道德理想国,是自然主义教育实践对促进社会发展所发挥作用的设想。本文试图通过对卢梭自然观的探讨,以便更好地从整体上把握卢梭自然主义的教育理想,从而理解卢梭自然主义教育理想的深刻内涵。

为卢梭的自由观正名

自伯克以来,一提到法国大革命,就自然而然地指向卢梭的自由观。事实上,卢梭的自由观虽充满了革命的教诲,但其本意并不教导革命。卢梭意在通过重思自然状态的自然自由和构建公民社会的道德自由两种途径挽救消匿于命令与服从中的失落的自由,从而匡正现代政治社会的奴役和不平等。但是,在现实社会生活层面上,无论是自然自由还是道德自由,都是不可操作的。自由最终陷入孤独自然人的内省中,这是卢梭自由观的最终旨归。因此,将卢梭的自由观与法国大革命联系在一起是值得商榷的。

Ezra Pound＇s Conversion to Confucianism

The paper aims to explore Pound＇s early discovery of Confucianism and his conversion to Confucianism. Pound＇s interest in Confucianism coincided with the time when Christianity, already ＂contaminated＂ by ＂historical diseases＂ in Pound＇s view, could not offer a valid vision by which to guide the spiritual life, resulting in losing self in a modem society. Pound discovers three main deficiencies of Christianity： lack of respect for individuality, the decline of ethics, and open attack upon nature, which could not provide solutions to Western problems. Pound turned to Confucianism to search the existence of modem man in the face of society, and nature, which results in Pound＇s Confucian medicine to cure Western moral obtuseness.

Establish the New View of Nature and Environment-The Discussion about the Important Philosophical Foundation of Project Ethics

In the modem project, how to understand and deal with the relationship between man and nature correctly, and how to treat ecology, resource, lives of animals and plants correctly have become the outstanding and urgent subjects day by day. Thee article illustrated that the new views of nature and environment are the important philosophical foundation of project ethics from three aspects： the recognition of the relationship between man and nature, the meditation of traditional mode of production, and the ecological and environmental consciousness.

About the Nature of Ecological Ethics Debates and the Relationship between Human and Nature

There are natural ethical debates in ecological ethics, namely whether nature has intrinsic value, whether the nature has its rights. Theoretical basis of argument is the opposite of anthropocentrism and non- anthropocentrism. Ecological ethics controversy concerns the core issue of the relationship between human and nature of the ecological ethics about nature, to correctly understand and deal with the relationship between mankind and nature, ecological ethics and ecological ethics is the starting point and destination debates.