临江国家森林公园森林景观资源评述

吉林临江瀑布群森林公园是国家林业局于2009年批复的国家级森林公园,亦是吉林森工集团所属八大国家级森林公园之一。临江森林公园的森林景观具有典型、鲜明的区域代表性和突出的东北山区森林景观特色,极具开发潜力及价值。

浅析花园山森林公园森林景观资源

文章分析了榆树花园山森林公园所属的自然区系、植被景观以及森林植物景观资源,阐述了该景观资源具有突出的北方景观特色,在吉林省中北部地区是不可多得的,极具开发潜力及价值。

Effects of Crude Oil Contamination on Soil Physical and Chemical Properties in Momoge Wetland of China

Large oilfields are often coincidentally located in major river deltas and wetlands,and potentially damage the structure,function and ecosystem service values of wetlands during oil exploration.In the present study,the effects of crude oil contamination during oil exploration on soil physical and chemical properties were investigated in marshes of the Momoge National Nature Reserve in Jilin Province,China.The concentrations of total petroleum hydrocarbons in the marsh soil near the oil wells are significantly higher than those in the adjacent control marsh.Soil water contents in oil-contaminated marshes are negatively correlated with soil temperature and are significantly lower than those in the control area,especially in fall.Crude oil contamination significantly increases the soil pH up to8.0,and reduces available phosphorus concentrations in the soil.The concentrations of total organic carbon are significantly different among sampling sites.Therefore,crude oil contamination could potentially alkalinize marsh soils,adversely affect soil fertility and physical properties,and cause deterioration of the marshes in the Momoge National Nature Reserve.Phyto-remediation by planting Calamagrostis angustifolia has the potential to simultaneously restore and remediate the petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated wetlands.Crude oil contamination affects the soil physical and chemical properties,so developing an effective restoration program in the Momoge wetland is neccesary.

Practice and Research Progress on Ecosystem Conservation in Transboundary Areas

Many ecosystems extend across national or political boundaries. The consistent and effective protection of these ecosystems in transboundary areas(ETAs) is an important global research focus. Previous research on the protection of such areas can be categorized into seven themes: 1) ecological conservation of a single ETA; 2) investigation of the effects of a single conservation measure on a specific ETA; 3) determination of species-level effects due to ETA conservation; 4) comparison of the same protection measures between different ETAs; 5) introduction of a single conservation measure to a specific ETA; 6) understanding the relationship between conservation and sustainable development; and 7) generalization across multiple ETA conservation cases. The protection of ETAs involves various considerations, including funding support, demand and will for collaboration, community and public participation, historical and cultural factors, political backgrounds, uniqueness of biological resources, formulation of laws and regulations, founding of specialized administrative departments, non-governmental organizations, and fairness. Here, we briefly explain the research themes and considerations related to ETA conservation. The most important finding is that most major research themes do not focus on the challenges of ETA conservation. We use two nature reserves located between China and North Korea as examples to identify specific ways to improve ETA conservation on Changbai Mountains. The efficiency of ETA administration still remains low. The study of ETA conservation should focus on concrete regional information and aim to improve existing measures through the accumulation of experience.

Mapping and Assessing Typhoon-induced Forest Disturbance in Changbai Mountain National Nature Reserve Using Time Series Landsat Imagery

Monitoring forest disturbances is important for understanding changes in ecosystems. The 1986 Typhoon Vera was a serious disturbance that severely impacted the forest ecosystems of Changbai Mountain National Nature Reserve. Although the typhoon disturbance occurred more than two decades ago, the effects of the typhoon still remain within the study area. Few studies have focused on mapping and assessing disturbances across broad spatial and temporal scales. For this study, we first generated a map of forest composition prior to the typhoon disturbance, which served as a baseline data for the extraction of disturbed area. Then, the Disturbance Index(DI) method was tested for mapping the extent and magnitude of disturbance in the study area by applying a Tasseled Cap transformation to the Landsat imagery. The Landsatbased DI method estimated that an area of 13,764.78 ha of forest was disturbed by the typhoon. Based on visual assessments, these results correspond closely with the reference map derived from ground surveys. These results also revealed the influence of local topographic features on the distribution of windthrow areas. Windthrow areas were more pronounced inareas with elevations ranging from 1,000 to 2,000 m, slopes of less than 10 degrees, and southwestern to northwestern aspects. In addition, the relatively long(25 years) post-typhoon recovery period assessed by this study provided a more comprehensive analysis of the dynamics of forest recovery processes over time. Windthrow areas did not recover immediately after the typhoon, likely due to forest management practices enacted at the time. So far, forest recovery has proceeded more rapidly at elevations below 1,400 m, particularly on western slopes within the study area. Finally, a time series of DI values within the study period suggests a secondary disturbance may have occurred between 2000 and 2001.

An Integrated Coastal Zone Management （ICZM） Project： CoastLearn in Black Sea （CLBS）

The importance attached to the need for sustainable development in the coastal areas is increasing. A management plan is required to minimize the environmental destruction resulting from the complexity of the property in coastal areas, of human activities and of natural systems and to utilize the coastal resources effectively. The utilization of coasts, besides becoming very important particularly in views of tourism, has faced pressures caused by huge. These areas are mostly self-contradictory demands for the environmental protection. The project is an EU Life Long Learning Programme Project and the project duration is 24 months. The aim of the CoastLearn in Black Sea （CLBS） is to mobilize the human resources in the tourism and coastal management sector in Black Sea in general and notably Sinop, Varna and Constanta by raising awareness among the local decision making mechanisms of the integrated coastal zone management in order to encourage people to utilize the coastal resources in a coherent and balanced way.

Dynamics and Relationships of Ca,Mg,Fe in Litter,Soil Fauna and Soil in Pinus koraiensis-Broadleaf Mixed Forest

The Liangshui Natural Reserve in Heilongjiang Province of China was selected as the study area. The authors collected the samples of forest litter （Tilia amurensis, Fraxinus mandshurica, Pinus koraiensis, Acer mono, Betula costata, and mixed litter）, soil in humus horizon （0--5cm） and soil horizon （5-20cm）, and soil macrofauna （Oligochaeta, Geophiloporpha and Juliformia） from 2001 to 2002. The role of soil macrofauna in the material cycle was analyzed through comparing the macro-element contents among various parts of the subsystems and using enrichment index （El）. The results indicate that dynamic changes of various litters are very complicated. The contents of Fe in each kind of litter increase firstly, and then decrease in the study period. The changes of macro-element contents are greater in the broad-leaf litter than in the coniferous litter, and the mixed litter is in the middle level, but the differences among them are not significant. The contents of Mg and Fe in humus are higher than those in soil, but the contents of Ca in soil are higher than that in humus. The dynamic changes of macro-element contents in soil and soil fauna are not consistent with those in litter. The diplopod presented obvious enrichment of Ca and Mg （E1〉1）, but it does not significantly enrich Fe. Earthworm has a stronger enrichment ability of Fe than diplopod and scolopendra, but E1〈1. Soil fauna can make great influences on the material cycle of the subsystems.

The Development of a Geographic Information System(GIS) Database for Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve and Its Application

The objective of this paper is to develop a GIS(Geographic Information System) database for Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve(Jiuzhaigou,hereafter) in China and demonstrate its application as a research tool.A cost-effective procedure was developed to compile a variety of geographical and biological data of the study area in terms of popular GIS format such as shape files.These files were further calibrated and validated using field surveys data.The developed GIS database was used to quantify the distributions of the wildlife(amphibians,mammals,and birds) using the distances of the wildlife to the centerline of the bus-tour routes.The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to quantify the correlation in space between pairs of different wildlife using the number of habitats for given space contexts.An ArcObject-based macro was developed to perform the analysis.The results showed the majority of the habitats of wildlife are located in the proximity of the tour-bus routes with an average distance ranging from 564 to 894 m depending on types of wildlife.This indicates a possibility of the disturbance to the wildlife by human activities.The correlation coefficient of the wildlife ranged from 0.36 to 0.64 depending on pairs of wildlife,indicating some correlations in space.However,due to the limited sample size,the statistical significances need to be further investigated.This paper has successfully demonstrated the use of the GIS-based database as a research tool for environmental study.

Evaluation of Thermal Comfort Level in Social Interest Housing with Earth Tubes for the Brazilian Bioclimatic Zones 1, 2 and 7

The expansion of social housing in Brazil is solving the great demand among low-income populations, ltowever, these projects are not considering climatic factors and thermal comfort strategies. There is a standardization of architectural projects, which leads to the user discomfort. Bioclimatic solutions that improve the thermal performance of buildings should be valued in the projects of buildings. This paper presents a comparative study noticing the thermal comfort provided by a earth tube ventilation system with a natural ventilation system based in the opening of the windows. In this study, three Brazilian bioclimatic zones defined by NBR （Brazilian Standard） 15220 （2005）, Zone 1 （Curitiba）, 2 （Camaqu~,） and 7 （Cuiabfi）, were considered. To make this comparison, computer simulation was used to observe the thermal confort conditions in RTQ-R （Quality Technical Standard for Energy Efficiency Level in Residential Buildings） （2010）, with the help of Energy Plus software and Schektch Up with the plug in Open Studio for modeling the residence. After the energy modeling, the results were analyzed with the Analisys Bio software in order to obtain the percentage of hours of comfort for the year （8,760 h）. The conclusion is drawn that the natural ventilation strategy with the opening and closing of the windows is more efficient in Bioclimatic Zone 1. For the Bioclimatic Zone 2, the earth tubes should be used only in the summer and, in Bioclimatic Zone 7, earth tubes are efficient throughout the year because of the high temperatures in the exterior environment.

Geomatic and Geotechnical Monitoring of Settlements in the Venice Lagoon, Italy

The safeguarding of Venice and the Venetian lagoon （Italy） from rising water is of great national interest. Besides the normal tidal regime, the effects of an increase in the frequency and intensity of floods in the lagoon have been accentuated by a reduction in the elevation of the land in respect to the actual average sea level. With the aim of reducing the vulnerability of the lagoon, the Italian Ministry of University and Scientific and Technological Research financed the research project ＂The geotechnical model of the subsurface for the safeguarding of Venice and its lagoon＂, to study the compressibility of the lagoon deposits, both by natural causes and as a consequence of overloading with heavy structures. The project involved the construction of a large experimental embankment in the Treporti area of the lagoon, in order to perform a full-scale long-term compression test on the lagoon soils. By using various geomatic and geotechnical monitoring techniques, it was possible to appraise very small vertical movements of the ground induced by the compressibility of the highly heterogeneous silty formations. High-precision data was acquired by means of classical topographic methodologies integrated with continuous GPS （Global Positioning System） measurements. In addition, vertical displacements of the ground were obtained using geotechnical instrumentation. This cross-monitoring approach provided a valuable tool for analyzing both the natural and anthropic causes of settlement.

Protected Areas, Subsistence Farming Systems and Nature Conservation

The preservation of the traditional subsistence farming systems and the conservation of natural values （habitats, fauna and flora）, in articulation with local development, was the key issues in this paper. The farmers have been able to manage the systems so as to cope with adverse conditions, but their future is quite uncertain. The methodology included： （1） field observation visits and cartographic information analysis of land use; （2） structured interviews with animal production and agro-forestry specialists; and （3） meetings with the participation of stakeholders. The paper concludes that depopulation is responsible for the increasing decline of agriculture and livestock. The decrease in agricultural activity in general and the consequent practices and traditional systems of agriculture causes changes in the landscape and has negative effects on nature conservation and biodiversity. Thus, we believe that the preservation and development of traditional economic activities linked to agriculture, agro-forestry and food processing are essential to maintain the typical landscape and to preserve natural values of Montemuro Site. The paper shows that in mountain areas, particularly those classified as nature network sites, farming, economic development and nature conservation are not antagonistic objectives.

Emergy Evaluation of a Village Ecosystem in Wolong Nature Reserve in China

Due to historic reasons, there are several human settlements in nature reserves and national parks, which may constitute a threat to biodiversity. Establishment of nature reserves may however generate constraints for development of local communities residing in these reserves. The village ecosystem of Zhuanjinglou Village in Wolong Nature Reserve includes population, farming and livestock (domestic and alpine) and forest ecosystem. An emergy analysis of agro-ecosystem (including the farming and livestock ecosystem) and energy consumption in Zhuanjinglou Village indicates that livestock ecosystem plays an important role in village ecosystem, which may be the source of great pressure on the state of the local environment. The increasing ratio of electricity in energy consumption may play a positive role for environmental conservation. Despite some successful experiences, there are some remaining issues that need to be addressed in the ecological rehabilitation of the village ecosystem.

Influence of Prospecting and Crude Oil Production on Geoecological Parameters of Permafrost

The large reserves ofoil are disposed in zones of permafrost in shelf and continental fields. In Europe the subarctic and arctic tundra are abundant only in Nenetsky autonomous area and in the north-east of the republic of Komi. Oil and gas production activity has threatened richest biological resources and health of the population of the region. A singularity of petroliferous fields of the north of Russia is the existence of the thick strata of permafrost. On top of them different heat-insulating overlying layers （snow, biogenic covers） reside. State and dynamics of permafrost cause progressing dangerous exogenic geoecological processes, which are exhibited completely. State of permafrost is instituted by exchange of heat in near-surface strata of a geological section. During the development of oil fields there is a disturbance of a temperature schedule of permafrost. For estimation of technical attack the analytical computational method of influence of the different factors on value of annual heat exchange and prediction of geocryological conditions is proposed. It is shown, that such dangerous phenomena as degradation of permafrost and thermokarst would develop in the first place, which would cause the destruction of natural ecosystems.

Development of the eco-community planning studies under the concept of low-carbon

Universality of low-carbon eco- city planning measures, Government regulation, as an important planning means to guide urban development urban; it is an allocation mechanism for land and space resource. Low-carbon eco- city planning is especially important for China as it is in a state of rapid economic growth, urbanization acceleration, carbon emissions increase, ecological environment deterioration and intensifying economic transformation. During the process of low-carbon eco-city planning, we must consider the whole range of temporal and spatial distribution of the city and grasp the overall coordination system of time and space. We should regard it as a system of the entire biosphere and regulate urban according to true features of ecosystems, that is in a basically a three-dimensional, integrative compound patterns. We need consider the natural ecological system factors, technological physics factors, economic assets factors, social and cultural factors as well as various humanitarian factors among the urban system structure; consider the impact of the internal and external urban environmental systems; make them interact and influence each other and restrict each other through the planning of the urban system material flow, energy flow, information flow and capital flow; insists the evaluation basic of the healthy development of urbanization and the of exercise macro -control on the dynamic representation＂ of the city development, the ＂qualityrepresentatiou＂ ofthecity＇ s connotation and the air representation＂ of the city state in order to overcome the ＂ urban disease ＂ by development, to reduce the ＂ urban disease ＂ by planning, to treat the ＂ urban disease ＂ by management. Only by bringing the design and control into the scope of long-term planning and governing can we effectively monitor and guide the development and construction of low-carbon eco- towns.

A Graph-theoretic Analysis of Stressors Confronting Giant Panda Habitat across Minshan Mountain Region,China

岷山地区位于四川盆地西北部,是我国生物多样性保护的优先地区,还是保护大熊猫的关键区域。本文以社会-经济-自然复合生态系统为基础,运用图论分析法研究了岷山地区影响大熊猫生境的人类活动方式,以及这些影响因子相互的关系。研究表明:影响大熊猫生境的人类活动的66对组合中,47.0%的因子间存在直接的联系,其中89.2%的影响具有增大效应。这说明人类活动对大熊猫生境的影响具有协同增大效应,并占主导地位。旅游景点开发、公路建设、采矿、高压电线、农业开发、放牧、薪柴采集这些影响因子存在强连通性,它们会将其他人类活动对大熊猫生境的影响放大,加剧对大熊猫生境的不利影响,表明它们是影响岷山地区大熊猫生境的主导人类活动。要想有效地保护岷山地区的大熊猫生境,就必须对这些主导人类活动进行有效的控制。本研究还表明图论分析法有助于明确影响熊猫生境的主导和关键因子,它能为制定有效的大熊猫保护策略提供科学依据。

Wolbachia infection dynamics by reaction-diffusion equations

Dengue fever is caused by the dengue virus and transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes.A promising avenue for eradicating the disease is to infect the wild aedes population with the bacterium Wolbachia driven by cytoplasmic incompatibility(CI).When releasing Wolbachia infected mosquitoes for population replacement,it is essential to not ignore the spatial inhomogeneity of wild mosquito distribution.In this paper,we develop a model of reaction-diffusion system to investigate the infection dynamics in natural areas,under the assumptions supported by recent experiments such as perfect maternal transmission and complete CI.We prove non-existence of inhomogeneous steady-states when one of the diffusion coefficients is sufficiently large,and classify local stability for constant steady states.It is seen that diffusion does not change the criteria for the local stabilities.Our major concern is to determine the minimum infection frequency above which Wolbachia can spread into the whole population of mosquitoes.We find that diffusion drives the minimum frequency slightly higher in general.However,the minimum remains zero when Wolbachia infection brings overwhelming fitness benefit.In the special case when the infection does not alter the longevity of mosquitoes but reduces the birth rate by half,diffusion has no impact on the minimum frequency.

New Framework for Evaluating Ecosystem Quality in Nature Reserves based on Ideal References and Key Indicators

With increasing numbers and types of nature reserves(NRs),objective evaluation and comparison of the effects of different nature NRs on conservation efforts are of great importance for protecting species diversity,ensuring reasonable national economic input,and adjusting government management schemes.Developing a method for the combined assessment of flagship or umbrella species and ecosystem quality will improve the evaluation of NRs.However,it is also important to establish a new framework for rapid evaluation of ecosystem quality,supported by the advantages of scientific,economic,and regular principles.Here,we proposed a new framework that incorporates the novel concept of ideal references into evaluation systems,which will facilitate the comparison of results from different periods and regions.Furthermore,from the perspective of making the framework as objective,rapid,and economical as possible,we recommended some key ecological indicators,such as net primary productivity,soil organic matter,plant diversity,for use in the new evaluation framework.The new framework,referred to as“ideal reference and key indicators”(IRKI),can sufficiently meet the requirements for the rapid evaluation of ecosystem quality both regionally and nationally.Furthermore,IRKI can identify the restoration potential and restoration periods of NRs,thus facilitating the rational distribution of resources and enhancing the protective effect.There are many types of NRs in China,and it is necessary to partially alter the assessment methods or parameters for different types of NRs.Overall,IRKI provides a simple,clear,and comparable framework that will strongly enhance the conservation of protected areas(PAs)and facilitate the standardization of management practices.