儿童与防灾减灾

儿童与灾害过去十年间,全世界范围内因灾死亡人数达到90万人,经济损失5700亿美元;到2015年,每年将有3.75亿人受到与气候相关的灾害影响;现在全球每年有1.75亿儿童受到灾害的影响。在自然灾害和武装冲突中,儿童是最脆弱的群体之一。在世界范围内对灾害和冲突的紧急状态应对中,政府和相关人道主义援助机构都为儿童提供保护和照料服务。然而。

The risk factors of postpartum urinary retention after vaginal delivery:A systematic review

Objectives:This review aimed to explore the independent risk factors of postpartum urinary retention(PUR)after a vaginal delivery.Methods:The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses(PRISMA)was followed and relevant studies were retrieved from eleven databases.The quality of the included articles was assessed using Critical Appraisal Skills Programme tools or the Appraisal tool for Cross-Sectional Studies.The data analysis was performed using Review Manager version 5.3.Results:A total of nine articles were included and five risk factors were identified,namely,episiotomy(OR=2.99,95%CI=1.31e6.79,P=0.009),epidural analgesia(OR=2.48,95%CI=1.09e5.68,P=0.03),primiparity(OR=2.17,95%CI=1.06e4.46,P=0.03),instrumental delivery(OR=4.01,95%CI=1.97 e8.18,P<0.001),and the duration of the second stage of labor(MD=15.24,95%CI=11.20e19.28,P<0.001).However,fetal birth weights of more than 3800 g were not identified as an independent risk factor(MD=64.41,95%CI=-12.59 to 141.41,P=0.10).Conclusion:This systematic review indicated that the independent risk factors for PUR were found to include episiotomy,epidural analgesia,instrumental delivery,primiparity,and a longer second stage of labor.In clinical practice,healthcare providers could pay more attention to women with these factors and prevent postpartum urinary retention.

Evaluating Conservation Effectiveness of Nature Reserves Established for Surrogate Species:Case of a Giant Panda Nature Reserve in Qinling Mountains,China

Many nature reserves are established to protect the habitat needs of particular endangered species of interest but their effectiveness for protecting other species is questionable.In this study,this effectiveness was evaluated in a nature reserve network located in the Qinling Mountains,Shaanxi Province,China.The network of reserves was established mainly for the conservation of the giant panda,a species considered as a surrogate for the conservation of many other endangered species in the region.The habitat suitability of nine protected species,including the giant panda,was modeled by using Maximum Entropy(MAXENT)and their spatial congruence was analyzed.Habitat suitability of these species was also overlapped with nature reserve boundaries and their management zones(i.e.,core,buffer and experimental zones).Results show that in general the habitat of the giant panda constitutes a reasonable surrogate of the habitat of other protected species,and giant panda reserves protect a relatively high proportion of the habitat of other protected species.Therefore,giant panda habitat conservation also allows the conservation of the habitat of other protected species in the region.However,a large area of suitable habitat was excluded from the nature reserve network.In addition,four species exhibited a low proportion of highly suitable habitat inside the core zones of nature reserves.It suggests that a high proportion of suitable habitat of protected species not targeted for conservation is located in the experimental and buffer zones,thus,is being affected by human activities.To increase their conservation effectiveness,nature reserves and their management zones need to be re-examined in order to include suitable habitat of more endangered species.The procedures described in this study can be easily implemented for the conservation of many endangered species not only in China but in many other parts of the world.

Characteristics,Causes and Mitigation of Catastrophic Debris Flow Hazard on 21 July 2011 at the Longda Watershed of Songpan County,China

Debris flow is a common natural hazard in the mountain areas of Western China due to favorable natural conditions, and also exacerbated by mountainous exploitation activities. This paper concentrated on the characteristics, causes and mitigation of a catastrophic mine debris flow hazard at Longda Watershed in Songpan County, Sichuan Province, on 21 July 2011. This debris flow deposited in the front of the No.1 dam, silted the drainage channel for flood and then rushed into tailing sediment reservoir in the main channel and made the No.2 dam breached. The outburst debris flow blocked Fu River, formed dammed lake and generated outburst flood, which delivered heavy metals into the lower reaches of Fu River, polluted the drink water source of the population of over 1 million. The debris flow was characterized with a density of 1.87～2.15 t/m3 and a clay content of less than 1.63%. The peak velocity and flux at Longda Gully was over l0.0～10.9 m/s and 429.o～446.o m3/s, respectively, and the flux was about 700 m3/s in main channel, equaling to the flux of the probability of 1%. About 33o,ooorn3 solid materials was transported by debris flow and deposited in the drainage tunnel （120,000～130,000 m3）, the front of No.1 dam （100,000 m3） and the mouth of the watershed （l00,000～110,000 m3）, respectively. When the peak flux and magnitude of debris flow was more than 462 m3/s and 7,423 m3, respectively, it would block Fu River and produce a hazard chain which was composed of debris flow, dammed lake and outburst flood. Furthermore, the 21 July large-scale debris flow was triggered by rainstorm with an intensity of 21.2 mm/0.5 h and the solid materials of debris flow were provided by landslides, slope deposits, mining wastes and tailing sediments. The property losses were mainly originated from the silting of the drainage tunnel for flash flood but not for debris flow and the irrational location of tailing sediment reservoir. Therefore, the mitigation measures for mine debris flows were presented： （1） The disastrous debris flow watershed should be identified in planning period and prohibited from being taken as the site of mining factories; （2） The mining facilities are constructed at the safe areas or watersheds; （3） Scoria plots, concentrator factory and tailing sediment reservoir are constructed in safe areas where the protection measures be easily made against debris flows; （4） The appropriate system and plan of debris flow mitigation including monitoring, remote monitoring and early-warning and emergency plan is established; （5） The stability of waste dump and tailing sediment reservoir are monitored continuously to prevent mining debris flows.

Research on prevention and cure against heat-harm in constructing mines

With the mine exploitation depth getting deeper and deeper, the mine heat-harm turns into another natural disaster after the five disasters, which are the roof, the gas, the fire, the dust and the flood disaster. Compared with other researches on prevention and cure against the heat-harm, the research on prevention and cure against the heat-harm in constructing mine are less. Referring to the experience of prevention and cure against the heat-harm home and ＇abroad, analyzing the characteristic of cooling in the constructing mine, and based on the ground former freezing equipments and the modified mine temporary cooling equipments, the paper proposed four technical projects. By comparing with the four technical projects, the second project is preponderant both in technology and economy and can solve the heat-harm of the constructing mine, which is proved by the forecast and calculation. The project can be widely applied in de-temperature tasks of high temperature and heat-harm mines during the mine constructing period and in the exploiting preparing phase.

Migration Effects to the Marine Ecosystem of Barangay Concepcion

Concepcion is one of the small island barangay in the municipality of Agutaya. It has a total landmass of 132.297 hectares. It is located within Quinluban group of islands. This place has the variety of natural resources like seaweeds, turtles, fish and other seafood. The prominent product in this island is ＂agar-agar＂ also known as Tambalang （local name） and other marine resources. This study determined the effects of migration to the marine ecosystem of the place. Survey method and interview schedule were used during the data gathering. Results show that most migrants came to plant seaweeds or agar-agar. Poverty motivated them to migrate in the area. The abundance of marine resources also is one of the factors for migration for these people. They experienced poverty and economic crisis in their previous place which motivated them to explore and migrate to support their basic needs.

Hazards and Landscape Changes(Degradations) on Hungarian Karst Mountains Due to Natural and Human Effects

In order to study the karstological processes within the karst ecological system,the geohazards and degradation of karst landscapes on the karst areas of the Bakony mountains(Hungary),we investigated the abiotic elements of the environment,soil and cover deposits,erosion soil decay;the changes in the quantity and quality of karst waters:contamination at swallow holes,contamination of karst springs;and the biogenic factors:surface vegetation coverage by the corine land cover method,plant-ecological examinations,qualification of surface waters with the help of biological water labeling.We recognized that the increasing human activities during the past few centuries have had significant impact on the investigated landscapes of karst areas because of their spatial sensitivity.In the scope of our research we concluded that the landscape changes due to natural and human effects can vary strongly on the different karst areas.These differences can arise from the climatic and geomorphologic situation,the coverlayer's qualities,etc.,but primarily from the different utilization of the investigated karst areas(e.g.the intensity,characteristics and territorial extension of utilization).On the spot investigation we detected traces of new and fast geomorphological processes(gully formation,landslides,collapses,new sinkhole development) and landforms(sinkholes,gullies,swallow holes),which are clear evidences of the effect of climatic changes.

Investigation of a Network Failure Problem with a Significant Path, from the Perspective of Crisis Management

The objective of this study is to investigate a network failure problem with a significant path, emerging from the context of crisis management, such as in the case of natural disasters. For a given tree with m failed edges, we assume that we have sufficient resources to recover k edges of the m edges. Each node has a positive weight. In this situation, we consider which k edges should be fixed in order to maximize the sum of the weights of the nodes reachable from the significant path. In this paper, we formulate such a problem as a combinatorial problem. Further, we show that a part of our problem may be solved by translating it into the terms of the so-called tree knapsack problem.

Latidens salimalii （Endemic, Endanger Fruit Bat） A Reliable Propagator of Endemic Trees of Southern Western Ghats

Salim Ali＇s fruit bat （Latidens salimalii） is Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. India and is classified as Endangered by IUCN. Latidens is morphologically adapted to play a major role in the propagation of economically important trees： some of them are endemic to southern Western Ghats. This paper describes and documents, the bat＂s ecology, foraging behavior and food selection. The study is based on the dietary details of the discovered populations of L. salimalii in the Agasthiyar hill range and the High Wavy Mountains of southern Western Ghats, India. Seeds. partially eaten fruits and seedlings germinated on the floor of the feeding roosts confirm this bat forage for fruits among relatively tall trees of evergreen forests in an elevation above 900 meter. Mist netting below and above canopy near the fruiting and flowering trees of their foraging area confirmed their interaction with certain endemic tree species. Their species specific dietars＇ preferences immensely help to restore and bring back the natural forest community structures.

The Value of Divulgation for the Protection of Rare Species： The Ceroplastics

The purpose of this work has been to carry out a didactic exhibit at the Botanical Museum of the Department of Life and Environment of the University of Cagliari devoted to vegetal endemic or threatened species present at the Mediterranean Basin. The Ceroplastics （wax sculpting） plays a very important role in this project. Species that have become rare or are somehow threatened in the natural environment and have fortunately been preserved ＂ex situ＂ at the Botanical Garden of Cagliari are reproduced as wax models. Models are made by cutting and shaping wax sheets over the flame of an alcohol lamp. Each model has been created by copying a real specimen cultivated at the Botanical Garden and as a ＂unique piece＂ without using preparatory moulds. The result has been to have at our disposal a collection of very realistic models and magnified particulars as for example the pollen grains. The accuracy of the representation gives visitors the chance to know the considered species by means of the models. In order to preserve the natural heritage it is of the utmost importance that divulgation and information be made available to everyone. The Botanical Museum of the University of Cagliari rediscovers the noble art of wax sculpting, which has been strongly linked to the spreading of scientific knowledge since the XVII century and nowadays it may contribute to raise the citizens＇ awareness of the most common environmental issues.

A Survey of the Field of Hazard and Disaster Studies

This paper examines trends in the impacts of disasters at the world scale and proposes explanations for them. It is concluded that statistics on natural hazards are questionable, in that changes in recording methods have artificially inflated the number of disasters and the seriousness of their impacts. Next, the paper examines the symbolic interpretation of disasters at various scales of analysis in terms of human cultures. It further applies this approach to the analysis of natural hazards using information technology methods such as GIS （Geographic Information Systems）. Returning to the global scale, deficiencies and inequalities in the world disaster relief system are considered. Thereafter, the paper investigates how global economic imbalances are thrown into sharp relief by catastrophes, with examples from the record of past earthquakes, landslides and floods. Finally, it considers the prospects for a major change in the direction of world policy on disasters and concludes that this will only occur if the international financial system is forced to adjust to a ＂super-disaster＂ event, which could possibly be seismic, volcanic or nuclear in origin.

The Role of Knowledge in Disaster Risk Reduction

Disaster risk reduction policy and practice require knowledge for informed decision making and coordinated action. Although the knowledge production and implementation processes are critical for disaster risk reduction, these issues are seldom systematically addressed in-depth in disaster studies and policy programs. While efforts and improvements have been made with regard to data and information, only limited resources are committed to improving knowledge management structures and integrating knowledge systems at different spatial levels. The recently adopted Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 addresses knowledge-related issues and provides the opportunity to highlight the critical role of knowledge in disaster risk reduction. This article presents insights into potential conceptualizations of knowledge that would advance disaster research and policy. We use cases from France to illustrate challenges of and pathways to disaster risk reduction. We suggest to further strengthen efforts that improve our understanding of the connections between disaster risk, knowledge, and learning. A better integration of multiple scales, different societal actors,various knowledge sources, and diverse disciplines into disaster risk research will increase its relevance for decision-makers in policy and practice. Well-targeted incentives and political backing will improve the coherence,coordination, and sharing of knowledge among various actors and arenas.

From Top-Down to “Community-Centric” Approaches to Early Warning Systems: Exploring Pathways to Improve Disaster Risk Reduction Through Community Participation

Natural hazards and their related impacts can have powerful implications for humanity, particularly communities with deep reliance on natural resources. The development of effective early warning systems(EWS) can contribute to reducing natural hazard impacts on communities by improving risk reduction strategies and activities.However, current shortcomings in the conception and applications of EWS undermine risk reduction at the grassroots level. This article explores various pathways to involve local communities in EWS from top-down to more participatory approaches. Based on a literature review and three case studies that outline various levels of participation in EWS in Kenya, Hawai'i, and Sri Lanka, the article suggests a need to review the way EWS are designed and applied, promoting a shift from the traditional expert-driven approach to one that is embedded at the grassroots level and driven by the vulnerable communities. Such a community-centric approach also raises multiple challenges linked to a necessary shift of conception of EWS and highlights the need for more research on pathways for sustainable community engagement.

Evaluating Land Use and Emergency Management Plans for Natural Hazards as a Function of Good Governance:A Case Study from New Zealand

Plan evaluation is of utmost importance as a function of good governance. It provides a means to improve the institutional basis for implementing land use controls, provides an important opportunity to improve future plans to reduce risk, and improves the vision for sustainable development and management. This article provides an overview of the methods and findings of a plan evaluation project undertaken in New Zealand. The project analyzed 99 operative plans, provided in-depth analysis of ten plans, and included a capability and capacity study of councils. This is the first time all operative plans in New Zealand have had their natural hazard provisions assessed in this manner. The information provides an important baseline for future policy improvements, and a basis for future research and policy directions. The project found that, while New Zealand land use plans appear to be improving over time, there are still opportunities for improvement. These include improving linkages between objectives, policies, and rules within land use plans; and strengthening the linkages between land use and emergency management plans. The largest challenge is the accessibility, understanding of, and updating of hazard information.

Seismological challenges in earthquake hazard reductions:reflections on the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake

The Wenchuan earthquake is a natural disaster. Its occurrence and aftermath have demonstrated the critical roles of seismology and earthquake engineering in reducing seismic hazards and damages. However,their existing limitations should also be underscored. This article summarized and reviewed the current scientific understanding of earthquake ruptures, and new insights gained since the Wenchuan event. This study focused on the related challenges to seismology and earthquake engineering as follows:(1) The under-estimation of earthquake risks before occurrences.(2) The current limited data regarding large earthquakes in continental thrust fault systems.(3) The causal relationship between the Wenchuan earthquake and the reservoir impoundment in its vicinity.(4) The identification of low-velocity zone in the crust and its seismogenical role.(5) The casualties and economic losses from a cascade of diverse natural hazards triggered by the ruptures, and the excellent earthquake resistance associated with tunnels in mountainous terrain.