小麦条锈病自然危害损失率研究报告

为科学评估春季流行区小麦条锈病自然危害损失,明确科学植物保护措施在防灾减灾中的贡献程度,制定科学防控策略,开展小麦条锈病自然损失率测定试验。试验测得发病严重度1~5级的自然危害损失率分别为10.34%、26.85%、40.79%、57.29、66.13%。结果表明:春季流行区小麦条锈病一般不会造成绝产,但严重威胁生产安全。

《自然灾害对人类的危害》教学课例

以《自然灾害对人类的危害》这一章节为教学课例,论述了教学设计思路、教材分析、教学目标、教学重难点及教学过程几方向,并提出反思。

煤矿巷道安全程度的分段评价法

通过分析矿山灾害系统及其安全保障体系的结构特征 ,认为矿山灾害是危险源在保障体系失效的前提下所发生的灾变事件。因此 ,对矿山安全程度的评价应该分两段进行 ,即分为 :危险源危险程度的评价和矿山安全保障体系完整性的评价。以煤矿巷道安全程度的评价为例 ,把这种方法运用到实际的评价过程 ,所得结论和矿山实际安全情况相符。

美国地质勘探局海岸与海洋地质研究——近期重点和成就

本文详细介绍了美国地质勘探局海岸与海洋地质研究项目在环境质量与保护、自然危害与公众安全、自然资源、信息和技术以及未来的研究方面所开展的工作和取得的成就.

浅析雾霾成因及防控对策

"雾霾"是城市地区常见的灾害性天气现象,与其他气候类天气状况相比,具有明显的人类活动作用影响。雾霾包括雾和霾,通常在经济发达、人口密集和工业影响区域内会出现大量细颗粒物(PM2.5),当排放量大于大气循环承受力且无明显气流移动的情况下,就会出现"雾霾",本质来说是细颗粒物浓度不断增加而呈现的聚集悬浮状态。雾霾对社会环境和人体健康都有严重的危害,本文以下通过分析成因,提出可行的对策。

Characteristics,Causes and Mitigation of Catastrophic Debris Flow Hazard on 21 July 2011 at the Longda Watershed of Songpan County,China

Debris flow is a common natural hazard in the mountain areas of Western China due to favorable natural conditions, and also exacerbated by mountainous exploitation activities. This paper concentrated on the characteristics, causes and mitigation of a catastrophic mine debris flow hazard at Longda Watershed in Songpan County, Sichuan Province, on 21 July 2011. This debris flow deposited in the front of the No.1 dam, silted the drainage channel for flood and then rushed into tailing sediment reservoir in the main channel and made the No.2 dam breached. The outburst debris flow blocked Fu River, formed dammed lake and generated outburst flood, which delivered heavy metals into the lower reaches of Fu River, polluted the drink water source of the population of over 1 million. The debris flow was characterized with a density of 1.87～2.15 t/m3 and a clay content of less than 1.63%. The peak velocity and flux at Longda Gully was over l0.0～10.9 m/s and 429.o～446.o m3/s, respectively, and the flux was about 700 m3/s in main channel, equaling to the flux of the probability of 1%. About 33o,ooorn3 solid materials was transported by debris flow and deposited in the drainage tunnel （120,000～130,000 m3）, the front of No.1 dam （100,000 m3） and the mouth of the watershed （l00,000～110,000 m3）, respectively. When the peak flux and magnitude of debris flow was more than 462 m3/s and 7,423 m3, respectively, it would block Fu River and produce a hazard chain which was composed of debris flow, dammed lake and outburst flood. Furthermore, the 21 July large-scale debris flow was triggered by rainstorm with an intensity of 21.2 mm/0.5 h and the solid materials of debris flow were provided by landslides, slope deposits, mining wastes and tailing sediments. The property losses were mainly originated from the silting of the drainage tunnel for flash flood but not for debris flow and the irrational location of tailing sediment reservoir. Therefore, the mitigation measures for mine debris flows were presented： （1） The disastrous debris flow watershed should be identified in planning period and prohibited from being taken as the site of mining factories; （2） The mining facilities are constructed at the safe areas or watersheds; （3） Scoria plots, concentrator factory and tailing sediment reservoir are constructed in safe areas where the protection measures be easily made against debris flows; （4） The appropriate system and plan of debris flow mitigation including monitoring, remote monitoring and early-warning and emergency plan is established; （5） The stability of waste dump and tailing sediment reservoir are monitored continuously to prevent mining debris flows.

Research on prevention and cure against heat-harm in constructing mines

With the mine exploitation depth getting deeper and deeper, the mine heat-harm turns into another natural disaster after the five disasters, which are the roof, the gas, the fire, the dust and the flood disaster. Compared with other researches on prevention and cure against the heat-harm, the research on prevention and cure against the heat-harm in constructing mine are less. Referring to the experience of prevention and cure against the heat-harm home and ＇abroad, analyzing the characteristic of cooling in the constructing mine, and based on the ground former freezing equipments and the modified mine temporary cooling equipments, the paper proposed four technical projects. By comparing with the four technical projects, the second project is preponderant both in technology and economy and can solve the heat-harm of the constructing mine, which is proved by the forecast and calculation. The project can be widely applied in de-temperature tasks of high temperature and heat-harm mines during the mine constructing period and in the exploiting preparing phase.

Hazards and Landscape Changes(Degradations) on Hungarian Karst Mountains Due to Natural and Human Effects

In order to study the karstological processes within the karst ecological system,the geohazards and degradation of karst landscapes on the karst areas of the Bakony mountains(Hungary),we investigated the abiotic elements of the environment,soil and cover deposits,erosion soil decay;the changes in the quantity and quality of karst waters:contamination at swallow holes,contamination of karst springs;and the biogenic factors:surface vegetation coverage by the corine land cover method,plant-ecological examinations,qualification of surface waters with the help of biological water labeling.We recognized that the increasing human activities during the past few centuries have had significant impact on the investigated landscapes of karst areas because of their spatial sensitivity.In the scope of our research we concluded that the landscape changes due to natural and human effects can vary strongly on the different karst areas.These differences can arise from the climatic and geomorphologic situation,the coverlayer's qualities,etc.,but primarily from the different utilization of the investigated karst areas(e.g.the intensity,characteristics and territorial extension of utilization).On the spot investigation we detected traces of new and fast geomorphological processes(gully formation,landslides,collapses,new sinkhole development) and landforms(sinkholes,gullies,swallow holes),which are clear evidences of the effect of climatic changes.

Investigation of a Network Failure Problem with a Significant Path, from the Perspective of Crisis Management

The objective of this study is to investigate a network failure problem with a significant path, emerging from the context of crisis management, such as in the case of natural disasters. For a given tree with m failed edges, we assume that we have sufficient resources to recover k edges of the m edges. Each node has a positive weight. In this situation, we consider which k edges should be fixed in order to maximize the sum of the weights of the nodes reachable from the significant path. In this paper, we formulate such a problem as a combinatorial problem. Further, we show that a part of our problem may be solved by translating it into the terms of the so-called tree knapsack problem.

Latidens salimalii （Endemic, Endanger Fruit Bat） A Reliable Propagator of Endemic Trees of Southern Western Ghats

Salim Ali＇s fruit bat （Latidens salimalii） is Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. India and is classified as Endangered by IUCN. Latidens is morphologically adapted to play a major role in the propagation of economically important trees： some of them are endemic to southern Western Ghats. This paper describes and documents, the bat＂s ecology, foraging behavior and food selection. The study is based on the dietary details of the discovered populations of L. salimalii in the Agasthiyar hill range and the High Wavy Mountains of southern Western Ghats, India. Seeds. partially eaten fruits and seedlings germinated on the floor of the feeding roosts confirm this bat forage for fruits among relatively tall trees of evergreen forests in an elevation above 900 meter. Mist netting below and above canopy near the fruiting and flowering trees of their foraging area confirmed their interaction with certain endemic tree species. Their species specific dietars＇ preferences immensely help to restore and bring back the natural forest community structures.

A Survey of the Field of Hazard and Disaster Studies

This paper examines trends in the impacts of disasters at the world scale and proposes explanations for them. It is concluded that statistics on natural hazards are questionable, in that changes in recording methods have artificially inflated the number of disasters and the seriousness of their impacts. Next, the paper examines the symbolic interpretation of disasters at various scales of analysis in terms of human cultures. It further applies this approach to the analysis of natural hazards using information technology methods such as GIS （Geographic Information Systems）. Returning to the global scale, deficiencies and inequalities in the world disaster relief system are considered. Thereafter, the paper investigates how global economic imbalances are thrown into sharp relief by catastrophes, with examples from the record of past earthquakes, landslides and floods. Finally, it considers the prospects for a major change in the direction of world policy on disasters and concludes that this will only occur if the international financial system is forced to adjust to a ＂super-disaster＂ event, which could possibly be seismic, volcanic or nuclear in origin.