马克思主义生态学视域下的自然生态安全边界

习近平总书记基于对自然生态规律的科学认识和我国自然生态条件的理性分析,创造性地提出了“守住自然生态安全边界”的重要命题,为社会主义生态文明建设提供了重要思想指引与实践遵循。在马克思主义生态学视域下,自然生态安全边界既是自然界的客观运动规律与有限承载能力的表征,也是人与自然相互作用的社会历史性结果,而自然生态安全边界破坏的根本原因是资本主导的经济无限增长逻辑,因此守住自然生态安全边界不仅需要确立尊重自然和保护自然的基本原则,也要求推动社会生产生活方式的绿色变革,努力实现对资本主义经济关系和文明范式的历史性替代。当代中国的社会主义生态文明建设不仅要求以一种综合性方式应对当前生态环境问题,更致力于促进生态可持续考量、现代化发展与社会主义政治的制度性融合,努力创建人与自然和谐共生的人类文明新形态,因而为守住自然生态安全边界提供了现实支撑与促动条件。

自然生态安全边界的涵义价值与守护——基于马克思主义哲学维度的探析

党的十九届五中全会上首次提出“守住自然生态安全边界”,集中体现了新时代中国建设人与自然和谐共生现代化的发展智慧。自然生态安全边界是自然生态系统平衡稳定、健康运行的安全界线,也是人与自然关系和谐的最基本底线遵循。在马克思主义的唯物主义辩证法视阈下,自然生态安全边界是体现自然界的客观存在与自然规律、以人与自然物质变换关系越界为问题实质、反映人与自然矛盾和量变质变辩证统一的“度”的界线。立足历史唯物主义认识自然生态安全边界重要价值,在人与自然和谐共生现代化建设中,自然生态安全边界是自然界生态系统安全的底线,是经济社会可持续发展的基本前提,也是关乎人类命运的时代命题。遵循马克思主义认识论和人化自然观,坚持自然生态安全边界的守护责任,要求我们树立底线思维与边界意识,坚持经济社会全面绿色转型发展的导向原则,实施守护自然生态安全边界的精准化战略策略,形成最严法治最严制度与科学机制的有效保障。

城市自然生态安全动态评价方法及其应用

城市自然系统是城市社会经济发展的重要载体。城市自然生态安全评价最重要目的在于对未来可能出现的不安全状态预测和预警,以实现对城市生命支持系统——自然系统的可持续生态安全管理。针对目前城市生态安全评价方法实用性与可操作性差的缺点,基于城市自然生态安全因果互动关系,建立城市自然生态安全发展度动态评价方法,实现了对未来城市自然生态不安全状态的预警以及关键影响要素的识别。以厦门为例的评价结果表明,2007~2020年厦门自然生态不安全发展度将处于持续恶化蓝灯（轻度）预警的变化态势,其主导因素将是快速发展的对生态安全负反馈的来自社会经济系统的外部驱动;各子系统生态不安全程度排序为：大气系统〉水系统〉土地系统〉生物系统。大气系统和水系统各项调控措施的发展度需予以提高。

城市规划实施评价中的自然生态安全指标体系构建——以重庆市北部新区为例

自然生态安全是城市可持续发展的基石,当前城市规划实施评价中尚未建立系统的自然生态安全指标体系,势必导致评价结论的偏差。本研究选取与用地布局和用地适宜性密切相关的空间化指标作为关键要素,运用PSR模型尝试构建城市规划实施评价的自然生态安全指标体系,并选取重庆市北部新区为例,通过分析2003—2010年7年间该区的总体规划实施情况,验证了该指标体系的可行性。

马克思主义自然观视域下的自然生态安全边界涵义探析

理解自然生态安全边界涵义是贯彻落实国家十四五规划“守住自然生态安全边界”要求的基本前提,马克思主义自然观为此提供了哲学依据。在马克思主义自然观“自在自然—人化自然—人工自然”的自然系统统一体论域下,自然生态安全边界体现为自在自然维度的“自然边界”、人化自然维度的“发展边界”、人工自然维度的“责任边界”的有机统一,体现着自然界相对于人类的客观先在性、自然生态安全边界对发展方式的约束作用、人类生产实践必须遵循的责任边界意识,彰显人类对于自然生态安全边界的维护责任、发展责任与建设责任,具有重要的思想启示、理论价值和实践意义。从以上三个维度出发,守住自然生态安全边界是人类的永续发展底线、重大命运主题和主体责任。在人与自然和谐共生的现代化建设进程中,需要充分展现人的主观能动性,坚持客观有形边界与主观无形边界的辩证统一,提高预防不良后果的警觉性。

“生态券”式自然生态空间有偿使用法律制度的提出与规范建构

研究目的:证成“生态券”式自然生态空间有偿使用法律制度,并进行规范建构。研究方法:规范分析法、比较分析法和案例分析法。研究结果:(1)空间公平正义价值观下,“税费”式自然生态空间有偿使用制度有利于保护自然生态空间,一定程度上衡平了自然生态空间利益。因忽视自然生态空间安全价值,该制度在自然生态空间利益全面保护方面仍面临主体涵盖不全、利益混同、补偿滞后以及救济偏离诉求目标等困境。(2)受生态安全价值观影响,自然生态空间利益衡平的理念由“损害最小化”转向“零耗损”。研究结论:应推行“生态券”式自然生态空间有偿使用法律制度,与资源税费制度并行,与生态补偿、碳汇交易等制度协同,保障自然生态空间安全,全面衡平自然生态空间利益。具体制度建构中,应秉持权力制约与权益保障的理念,厘清生态券的法律属性,发掘生态券有偿使用方式下的权力与权利规范;明确自然生态空间占用权,确认与合理配置自然生态空间利益;设定对价支付自然生态空间占用的具体义务,明晰权利的边界;加强“生态券”交易市场的培育与落实,健全制度运行的关键程序。

Characteristics and the Issue of Eco-safety for the Plant Biodiversity in Longtan Nature Reserve

The characteristic and status quo of plant biodiversity in Longtan Nature Reserve was evaluated from the three aspects of species diversity, genetic diversity and ecosystem dioversity. And the primary eco-safety influencing factors for plant biodiversity in Longtan nature reserve were put forward. The results show that the plant species in Longtan Nature Reserve was abundant, including 2 821 species of vascular bundle plants belonging to 1029 genera, 205 families. The main problems influencing eco-safety included the destruction of endangered wild plants and exotic species invasion.

Evaluation on Tourism Ecological Security in Nature Heritage Sites——Case of Kanas Nature Reserve of Xinjiang,China

The nature heritages are the precious legacy of nature with outstanding scientific and aesthetic value. They are quite different from other common ecotourism areas, because of its original and unique system, sensitive and vulnerable landscape, and peripheral cultural features. Therefore, the tourism development in the nature heritage sites should be on the premise of ecological security. The evaluation index system of tourism ecological security in nature heritage sites was constructed in this article by AHP and Delphi methods, including nature ecological security, landscape visual security and local culture ecological security, and the security thresholds of indices were also established. In the indices' weights of the evaluation model, the nature ecological security ranked the highest, followed by tourist landscape visual security and culture ecological security, which reflected the influence degree of the limited factor to tourism ecological security. Then, this paper carried out an empirical study of Kanas of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China, which has the potential to be the World Nature Heritage. On the basis of the data attained from survey and observation on the spot, as well as questionnaire answered by tourists and local communities, the ecological security status in Kanas was evaluated. The result showed that the status of Kanas tourism ecological security was better, but there had some limiting factors. Lastly, effective measures were put forward to ensure its ecological security.

Climate change impact in the Western Himalaya:people's perception and adaptive strategies

The Himalaya represents a vast mountain system and globally valued for its significant role in regulation of global as well as regional climate that has direct impact on biodiversity and ecosystem services crucial for sustenance of millions of people in Himalaya and adjoining areas. However, mountain regions worldwide are impacted by climate change and at the same time represent distinctive area for the assessment of climate related impacts. Climate change impacts in Himalayan region have its implications on food production, natural ecosystems,retreat of glacier, water supply, human and animal health and overall human well being. The livelihood and food security of the people inhabited in region largely depend on climate sensitive sectors i.e.agriculture, livestock, forestry and their interlinkages with each other, and has the potential to break down food and nutritional security as well as livelihood support systems. People's perception and understanding of climate can be an important asset when it comes to adaptation to climate change impact;however it is not taken into consideration for the development of policy design and implementation of modern mitigation and adaptation strategies by governments and other civil society organizations.The knowledge of local people and farming communities for rural landscape management and sustainable use of bioresources is gaining credence as a key strategy to cope up with the climate change.Therefore, the present study analyzes the indigenous knowledge of local people and their perceptions on climate change, and also documented adaptation approaches at local level in mountain ecosystem of western Himalaya. The study could be useful to policy makers to design appropriate adaptation strategies to cope up with the impacts of climate change.

加拿大一枝黄花的防控措施

自从2004年加拿大一枝黄花首次在南昌城区出现以来,通过人为传播和自身"雪崩式"的繁殖,两年内蔓延到全市大部分县区,而且分布面积广、地点多、危害程度深,严重威胁到了英雄城南昌的自然生态环境和国土安全。本研究在连续5年部署除治加拿大一枝黄花的实际工作基础上,提出了一系列的防控措施,也为其他类似城市提供借鉴和参考。