Recent reports have suggested that autoimmune enteropathy involving the small bowel may occur in adults as well as in children. Apparently, the endoscopic and histological changes are similar to celiac disease before ...Recent reports have suggested that autoimmune enteropathy involving the small bowel may occur in adults as well as in children. Apparently, the endoscopic and histological changes are similar to celiac disease before treatment, but these are not altered by any form of dietary restriction, including a gluten-free diet. As in celiac disease, histologic changes in gastric and colonic biopsies have also been recorded. Anti-enterocyte antibodies detected with immunofluorescent methods have been reported by a few laboratories, but these antibodies appear not to be specific and may simply represent epiphenomena. A widely available, reproducible and quantitative anti-enterocyte antibody assay is needed that could be applied in small bowel disorders that have the histological appearance of celiac disease, but fail to respond to a gluten-free diet.展开更多
Chronic atrophic autoimmune gastritis (CAAG) is an organ-specific autoimmune disease characterized by an immune response, which is directed towards the parietal cells and intrinsic factor of the gastric body and fundu...Chronic atrophic autoimmune gastritis (CAAG) is an organ-specific autoimmune disease characterized by an immune response, which is directed towards the parietal cells and intrinsic factor of the gastric body and fundus and leads to hypochlorhydria, hypergastrinemia and inadequate production of the intrinsic factor. As a result, the stomach’s secretion of essential substances, such as hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor, is reduced, leading to digestive impairments. The most common is vitamin B12 deficiency, which results in a megaloblastic anemia and iron malabsorption, leading to iron deficiency anemia. However, in the last years the deficiency of several other vitamins and micronutrients, such as vitamin C, vitamin D, folic acid and calcium, has been increasingly described in patients with CAAG. In addition the occurrence of multiple vitamin deficiencies may lead to severe hematological, neurological and skeletal manifestations in CAAG patients and highlights the importance of an integrated evaluation of these patients. Nevertheless, the nutritional deficiencies in CAAG are largely understudied. We have investigated the frequency and associated features of nutritional deficiencies in CAAG in order to focus on any deficit that may be clinically significant, but relatively easy to correct. This descriptive review updates and summarizes the literature on different nutrient deficiencies in CAAG in order to optimize the treatment and the follow-up of patients affected with CAAG.展开更多
Whether it is necessary to reduce nitrogen(N) and/or phosphorus(P) input to mitigate lake eutrophication is controversial. The controversy stems mainly from differences in time and space in previous studies that suppo...Whether it is necessary to reduce nitrogen(N) and/or phosphorus(P) input to mitigate lake eutrophication is controversial. The controversy stems mainly from differences in time and space in previous studies that support the contrasting ideas. To test the response of phytoplankton to various combinations of nutrient control strategies in mesocosms and the possibility of reflecting the conditions in natural ecosystems with short-term experiments, a 9-month experiment was carried out in eight 800-L tanks with four nutrient level combinations(+N+P,-N+P, +N-P, and-N-P), with an 18-month whole-ecosystem experiment in eight ~800-m^2 ponds as the reference. Phytoplankton abundance was determined by P not N, regardless of the initial TN/TP level, which was in contrast to the nutrient limitation predicted by the N/P theory. Net natural N inputs were calculated to be 4.9, 6.8, 1.5, and 3.0 g in treatments +N+P,-N+P, +N-P, and-N-P, respectively, suggesting that N deficiency and P addition may promote natural N inputs to support phytoplankton development. However, the compensation process was slow, as suggested by an observed increase in TN after 3 weeks in-N+P and 2 months in-N-P in the tank experiment, and after 3 months in-N?+P and ~3 months in-N-P in our pond experiment. Obviously, such a slow process cannot be simulated in short-term experiments. The natural N inputs cannot be explained by planktonic N-fixation because N-fixing cyanobacteria were scarce, which was probably because there was a limited pool of species in the tanks. Therefore, based on our results we argue that extrapolating short-term, small-scale experiments to large natural ecosystems does not give reliable, accurate results.展开更多
This research was carried out to study the effect of fermentation on the chemical composition, anti-nutrient content, PH, titratable acidity, and microbiological changes of millet and soyabean blend. Millet and soyabe...This research was carried out to study the effect of fermentation on the chemical composition, anti-nutrient content, PH, titratable acidity, and microbiological changes of millet and soyabean blend. Millet and soyabean composite flours were mixed in gram of six combinations as follows millet and soyabean （A） = 100：0, millet and soyabean （B） = 90：10, millet and soyabean （C） = 80：20, millet and soyabean （D） = 70：30, millet and soyabean （E） = 60：40, millet and soyabean （F） = 50：50 and subjected to natural fermentation for 72 h. The following bacteria isolates were obtained from the fermentation; Lacobacillus fermentum, L. acidophilus, L. bulgaricus, L. plantarum, L. dextranicum, L. rhamnosus, L. delbrueckii, L. leichemanii, L. divergens, L. reuteri, L. jenseni, L. casei, L. salivarius, L. cellubiosus, Leuconostoc mesenteroide and Pediococcus acidilactis, of which L. plantarum was the most dominant the throughout the period of fermentation. There was decrease in pH with increase in TTA in all the samples. The result of the proximate analysis revealed a marginal increase in crude protein content of each sample （from 44.41 to 63.14, from 11.02 to 24.02, from 16.64 to 23.10, from 20.83 to 26.93, from 25.43 to 30.12, 39.12 to 35.86 and from 40.66 to 54.24%） There was increase in ash content and decrease in carbohydrate, fibre and fat contents of the fermented samples. Results from this research also show significant reduction in anti-nutritional content which are hydrogen cyanide, oxalate and phytate. Fermentation has modified the microbial and nutritional quality of the millet and soyabean blend and this has greatly improved the nutrient content of the blend.展开更多
Over the past five decades, the natural wetlands in Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China, have been extensively reclaimed for agriculture with a total loss of nearly 80% of the surface area and the undrained marshes have r...Over the past five decades, the natural wetlands in Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China, have been extensively reclaimed for agriculture with a total loss of nearly 80% of the surface area and the undrained marshes have received a large amount of exogenous nitrogen （N） input from the adjacent agricultural land because of fertilization. In the present study, the effects of nitrogen additions on seed germination and seedling biomass of Calamagrostis angustifolia in freshwater marsh were tested in a greenhouse study. Seed bank soil was exposed to different N additions （0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 g/m^2） under non-flooded water regime. Results revealed that, low level of N additions （less than 10 g/m^2） did not significantly affect the species richness and seedling density, while the seedling biomass at 5 g/m^2 of N addition was higher than other nutrient conditions. But species richness, seedling emergence and biomass decreased significantly at high level of N additions （20-40 g/m^2）. The responses were species-specific. High level of N additions had negative impacts on seed germination, seedling growth and biomass of dominant species Eleocharis ovata, Calamagrostis angustifolia, duncus effusus in the seed bank. To protect and restore the wetland vegetation community in the Sanjiang plain, fertilization, irrigation and land management strategies will need to be implemented to reduce the nutrient input from the agricultural land to the wetlands.展开更多
The present study investigated potential effectiveness of certain chemical candidates for controlling internal phosphorus loading, and for delineating inactivation pattern in sediment depths of an eutrophic pond under...The present study investigated potential effectiveness of certain chemical candidates for controlling internal phosphorus loading, and for delineating inactivation pattern in sediment depths of an eutrophic pond under simulated mesocosm condition. Chemical administration （@ 30 mg/dm3） resulted in phosphate precipitation from water column concomitant with inactivation in sediments, under specific pH range and/or redox regime. The alum-lime combination dosing wrought the maximum reduction in orthophosphate （65.6%） and soluble reactive phosphate （71.9%） in water plus the utmost increment in sediment-P （0.257 ppm）. The inactivated P forms typically exhibited a downhill concentration gradient with highest sequestration in the uppermost sediment stratum. Ironbound P displayed the highest mobility while calcium- and aluminum- bound P behaved almost immune to internal feedback dynamics. The combo-treatment was established as the most effective phosphate scavenging and confiscating agent, to be adopted as chemical remediation regime for de-eutrophication, restoration and rehabilitation of the water body.展开更多
Disturbance of the inflammatory response in the gut is important in several clinical diseases ranging from inflmmatory bowel disease to postoperative ileus. Several feedback mechanisms exist that control the inflammat...Disturbance of the inflammatory response in the gut is important in several clinical diseases ranging from inflmmatory bowel disease to postoperative ileus. Several feedback mechanisms exist that control the inflammatory cascade and avoid collateral damage. In the gast rointestinal tract, it is of particular importance tocontrol the immune response to maintain the balance that allows dietary up take and utilization of nutrientson one hand, while preventing invasion of bacteria and toxins on the other hand. The process of digestion and absorption of nutrients requires a relative hyporesponsiveness of the immune cells in the gut to luminacontents which is not yet fully understood. Recentlythe autonomic nervous system has been identifi ed asan important pathway to control local and systemic inflammation and gut barrier integrity. Activation of thepathway is possible via electrical or via pharm acological interventions, but is also achieved in a physiologicamanner by ingestion of dietary lipids. Administration of dietary lipids has been shown to be very effectivein reducing the inflammatory cascade and maintaining intestinal barrier integrity in several experimental studies. This beneficial effect of nutrition on the inflammatory response and intestinal barrier integrity opens new therapeutic opportunities for treatment of certain gastrointestinal disorders. Furthermore, this neural feedback mechanism provides more insight in the relative hyporesponsiveness of the immune cells in the gut. Here, we will discuss the regulatory function of the autonomic nervous system on the inflammatory response and gut barrier function and the potential benefit in a clinical setting.展开更多
This paper makes a comparative analysis of testing stability of seed coat neps (SCN) number and size with Advanced Fiber Information System (AFIS) and aQura.After testing the number and size of SCN in sliver produced ...This paper makes a comparative analysis of testing stability of seed coat neps (SCN) number and size with Advanced Fiber Information System (AFIS) and aQura.After testing the number and size of SCN in sliver produced by two different experiments (twelve plans in each experiment)with AFIS and aQura,the test results are analyzed with the theory of statistical analysis and the following conclusions are drawn:(1) the testing stability of SCN number and size of aQura is better than that of AFIS;(2) to get a reliable testing stability of SCN number,more than 24 samples should be tested on aQura,while more than 130 samples on AFIS;(3) for SCN size test,more than 10 and 12 samples should be tested on aQura and AFIS,respectively;(4) the basic reason for higher testing stability of SCN number and size on aQura is that the weight of the samples is greater than that on AFIS.展开更多
This paper studies a three tier ecological food chain model consisting of nutrient,autotroph,and herbivore populations.Regeneration of nutrient from dead autotroph and herbivore biomass bydecomposers present in the so...This paper studies a three tier ecological food chain model consisting of nutrient,autotroph,and herbivore populations.Regeneration of nutrient from dead autotroph and herbivore biomass bydecomposers present in the soil is included.The time required for maturation of the herbivore populationis incorporated as a distributed time delay.Next,the authors introduce the time lag requiredfor regeneration of nutrient from the dead herbivore as a discrete time delay.Stability and bifurcationbehavior of the one-and two-delay models are carried out and a comparative study of the significanceof these delays in controlling the system dynamics is performed.Numerical simulations are done tojustify analytical results.展开更多
文摘Recent reports have suggested that autoimmune enteropathy involving the small bowel may occur in adults as well as in children. Apparently, the endoscopic and histological changes are similar to celiac disease before treatment, but these are not altered by any form of dietary restriction, including a gluten-free diet. As in celiac disease, histologic changes in gastric and colonic biopsies have also been recorded. Anti-enterocyte antibodies detected with immunofluorescent methods have been reported by a few laboratories, but these antibodies appear not to be specific and may simply represent epiphenomena. A widely available, reproducible and quantitative anti-enterocyte antibody assay is needed that could be applied in small bowel disorders that have the histological appearance of celiac disease, but fail to respond to a gluten-free diet.
文摘Chronic atrophic autoimmune gastritis (CAAG) is an organ-specific autoimmune disease characterized by an immune response, which is directed towards the parietal cells and intrinsic factor of the gastric body and fundus and leads to hypochlorhydria, hypergastrinemia and inadequate production of the intrinsic factor. As a result, the stomach’s secretion of essential substances, such as hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor, is reduced, leading to digestive impairments. The most common is vitamin B12 deficiency, which results in a megaloblastic anemia and iron malabsorption, leading to iron deficiency anemia. However, in the last years the deficiency of several other vitamins and micronutrients, such as vitamin C, vitamin D, folic acid and calcium, has been increasingly described in patients with CAAG. In addition the occurrence of multiple vitamin deficiencies may lead to severe hematological, neurological and skeletal manifestations in CAAG patients and highlights the importance of an integrated evaluation of these patients. Nevertheless, the nutritional deficiencies in CAAG are largely understudied. We have investigated the frequency and associated features of nutritional deficiencies in CAAG in order to focus on any deficit that may be clinically significant, but relatively easy to correct. This descriptive review updates and summarizes the literature on different nutrient deficiencies in CAAG in order to optimize the treatment and the follow-up of patients affected with CAAG.
基金Supported by the State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology(Nos.2014FB14,2011FBZ14)Science and Technology Support Program of Hubei Province(No.2015BBA225)the Youth Innovation Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.2014312)to WANG Haijun
文摘Whether it is necessary to reduce nitrogen(N) and/or phosphorus(P) input to mitigate lake eutrophication is controversial. The controversy stems mainly from differences in time and space in previous studies that support the contrasting ideas. To test the response of phytoplankton to various combinations of nutrient control strategies in mesocosms and the possibility of reflecting the conditions in natural ecosystems with short-term experiments, a 9-month experiment was carried out in eight 800-L tanks with four nutrient level combinations(+N+P,-N+P, +N-P, and-N-P), with an 18-month whole-ecosystem experiment in eight ~800-m^2 ponds as the reference. Phytoplankton abundance was determined by P not N, regardless of the initial TN/TP level, which was in contrast to the nutrient limitation predicted by the N/P theory. Net natural N inputs were calculated to be 4.9, 6.8, 1.5, and 3.0 g in treatments +N+P,-N+P, +N-P, and-N-P, respectively, suggesting that N deficiency and P addition may promote natural N inputs to support phytoplankton development. However, the compensation process was slow, as suggested by an observed increase in TN after 3 weeks in-N+P and 2 months in-N-P in the tank experiment, and after 3 months in-N?+P and ~3 months in-N-P in our pond experiment. Obviously, such a slow process cannot be simulated in short-term experiments. The natural N inputs cannot be explained by planktonic N-fixation because N-fixing cyanobacteria were scarce, which was probably because there was a limited pool of species in the tanks. Therefore, based on our results we argue that extrapolating short-term, small-scale experiments to large natural ecosystems does not give reliable, accurate results.
文摘This research was carried out to study the effect of fermentation on the chemical composition, anti-nutrient content, PH, titratable acidity, and microbiological changes of millet and soyabean blend. Millet and soyabean composite flours were mixed in gram of six combinations as follows millet and soyabean （A） = 100：0, millet and soyabean （B） = 90：10, millet and soyabean （C） = 80：20, millet and soyabean （D） = 70：30, millet and soyabean （E） = 60：40, millet and soyabean （F） = 50：50 and subjected to natural fermentation for 72 h. The following bacteria isolates were obtained from the fermentation; Lacobacillus fermentum, L. acidophilus, L. bulgaricus, L. plantarum, L. dextranicum, L. rhamnosus, L. delbrueckii, L. leichemanii, L. divergens, L. reuteri, L. jenseni, L. casei, L. salivarius, L. cellubiosus, Leuconostoc mesenteroide and Pediococcus acidilactis, of which L. plantarum was the most dominant the throughout the period of fermentation. There was decrease in pH with increase in TTA in all the samples. The result of the proximate analysis revealed a marginal increase in crude protein content of each sample （from 44.41 to 63.14, from 11.02 to 24.02, from 16.64 to 23.10, from 20.83 to 26.93, from 25.43 to 30.12, 39.12 to 35.86 and from 40.66 to 54.24%） There was increase in ash content and decrease in carbohydrate, fibre and fat contents of the fermented samples. Results from this research also show significant reduction in anti-nutritional content which are hydrogen cyanide, oxalate and phytate. Fermentation has modified the microbial and nutritional quality of the millet and soyabean blend and this has greatly improved the nutrient content of the blend.
文摘Over the past five decades, the natural wetlands in Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China, have been extensively reclaimed for agriculture with a total loss of nearly 80% of the surface area and the undrained marshes have received a large amount of exogenous nitrogen （N） input from the adjacent agricultural land because of fertilization. In the present study, the effects of nitrogen additions on seed germination and seedling biomass of Calamagrostis angustifolia in freshwater marsh were tested in a greenhouse study. Seed bank soil was exposed to different N additions （0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 g/m^2） under non-flooded water regime. Results revealed that, low level of N additions （less than 10 g/m^2） did not significantly affect the species richness and seedling density, while the seedling biomass at 5 g/m^2 of N addition was higher than other nutrient conditions. But species richness, seedling emergence and biomass decreased significantly at high level of N additions （20-40 g/m^2）. The responses were species-specific. High level of N additions had negative impacts on seed germination, seedling growth and biomass of dominant species Eleocharis ovata, Calamagrostis angustifolia, duncus effusus in the seed bank. To protect and restore the wetland vegetation community in the Sanjiang plain, fertilization, irrigation and land management strategies will need to be implemented to reduce the nutrient input from the agricultural land to the wetlands.
文摘The present study investigated potential effectiveness of certain chemical candidates for controlling internal phosphorus loading, and for delineating inactivation pattern in sediment depths of an eutrophic pond under simulated mesocosm condition. Chemical administration （@ 30 mg/dm3） resulted in phosphate precipitation from water column concomitant with inactivation in sediments, under specific pH range and/or redox regime. The alum-lime combination dosing wrought the maximum reduction in orthophosphate （65.6%） and soluble reactive phosphate （71.9%） in water plus the utmost increment in sediment-P （0.257 ppm）. The inactivated P forms typically exhibited a downhill concentration gradient with highest sequestration in the uppermost sediment stratum. Ironbound P displayed the highest mobility while calcium- and aluminum- bound P behaved almost immune to internal feedback dynamics. The combo-treatment was established as the most effective phosphate scavenging and confiscating agent, to be adopted as chemical remediation regime for de-eutrophication, restoration and rehabilitation of the water body.
文摘Disturbance of the inflammatory response in the gut is important in several clinical diseases ranging from inflmmatory bowel disease to postoperative ileus. Several feedback mechanisms exist that control the inflammatory cascade and avoid collateral damage. In the gast rointestinal tract, it is of particular importance tocontrol the immune response to maintain the balance that allows dietary up take and utilization of nutrientson one hand, while preventing invasion of bacteria and toxins on the other hand. The process of digestion and absorption of nutrients requires a relative hyporesponsiveness of the immune cells in the gut to luminacontents which is not yet fully understood. Recentlythe autonomic nervous system has been identifi ed asan important pathway to control local and systemic inflammation and gut barrier integrity. Activation of thepathway is possible via electrical or via pharm acological interventions, but is also achieved in a physiologicamanner by ingestion of dietary lipids. Administration of dietary lipids has been shown to be very effectivein reducing the inflammatory cascade and maintaining intestinal barrier integrity in several experimental studies. This beneficial effect of nutrition on the inflammatory response and intestinal barrier integrity opens new therapeutic opportunities for treatment of certain gastrointestinal disorders. Furthermore, this neural feedback mechanism provides more insight in the relative hyporesponsiveness of the immune cells in the gut. Here, we will discuss the regulatory function of the autonomic nervous system on the inflammatory response and gut barrier function and the potential benefit in a clinical setting.
基金Fund of Scientific and Technological Key Project Plan of Liaoning Province,China(No.2003220026) Fund of Scientific and Technological Key Project Plan of Dandong City,China(No.06133)
文摘This paper makes a comparative analysis of testing stability of seed coat neps (SCN) number and size with Advanced Fiber Information System (AFIS) and aQura.After testing the number and size of SCN in sliver produced by two different experiments (twelve plans in each experiment)with AFIS and aQura,the test results are analyzed with the theory of statistical analysis and the following conclusions are drawn:(1) the testing stability of SCN number and size of aQura is better than that of AFIS;(2) to get a reliable testing stability of SCN number,more than 24 samples should be tested on aQura,while more than 130 samples on AFIS;(3) for SCN size test,more than 10 and 12 samples should be tested on aQura and AFIS,respectively;(4) the basic reason for higher testing stability of SCN number and size on aQura is that the weight of the samples is greater than that on AFIS.
基金supported by the Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Govt. of India under Grant No. SR/S4/MS:296/05
文摘This paper studies a three tier ecological food chain model consisting of nutrient,autotroph,and herbivore populations.Regeneration of nutrient from dead autotroph and herbivore biomass bydecomposers present in the soil is included.The time required for maturation of the herbivore populationis incorporated as a distributed time delay.Next,the authors introduce the time lag requiredfor regeneration of nutrient from the dead herbivore as a discrete time delay.Stability and bifurcationbehavior of the one-and two-delay models are carried out and a comparative study of the significanceof these delays in controlling the system dynamics is performed.Numerical simulations are done tojustify analytical results.
