Objective To study the effects of obstructive sleep apneas on endothelial function and autonomic modulation. Methods From June 2009 to June 2011, male patients with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) we...Objective To study the effects of obstructive sleep apneas on endothelial function and autonomic modulation. Methods From June 2009 to June 2011, male patients with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) were consecutively enrolled in this study. Patients with an apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) of greater than 15 and without previous treatment for OSAHS were included as Group OSAHS and obese subjects with an AHI of less than 5 were included as non-OSAHS controls (Group Control). Electrocardiography and beat-to-beat blood pressure were continuously recorded from the radial artery by applanation tonometry which was synchronized with polysomnography recording. Endothelial function was measured by arterial augmentation index (AAI). Spectral analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) and blood pressure variability (BPV) were computed for cardiac parasympathetic modulation (high frequency power, HF); sympathetic modulation (low frequency power, LF), sympathovagal balance (LF/HF power of R-R variability, LF/HF) and BPV sympathetic modulation (BPV LF) in normalized units [total power of the components/(total power-very LF power)×100]. Results Finally, 27 moderate-severe OSAHS patients and 22 non-OSAHS obese controls were recruited in the Group OSAHS and Group Control, respectively. In Group OSAHS, the age was 43.3±9.3 year-old, body mass index (BMI) was 36.8±8.7 kg/m 2 ; in Group Control, the age was 42.9±8.6 year-old, BMI was 34.4±7.9 kg/m 2 ; there were no significant differences in age and BMI between the Group OSAHS and Group Control (all P>0.05). The baseline AAI (12.5%±2.2% vs. 8.2%±2.1%) and BPV LF (68.3%±13.5% vs. 61.1%±11.7%) of the Group OSAHS were significantly higher than those of the Group Control (all P<0.05). And after overnight sleep, systolic BP (143.7±14.2 vs. 132.8±13.3 mm Hg), diastolic BP (87.7±7.7 vs. 78.6±5.5 mm Hg), HRV LF (69.7%±14.4% vs. 64.3%±12.1%), HRV LF/HF (3.7±2.0 vs. 2.3±1.3) and BPV LF (77.8%±15.6% vs. 68.3%±13.5%) of the Group OSAHS were significantly increased (all P<0.001), while HRV HF was significantly decreased (21.1%±9.3% vs. 27.5%±10.3%, P<0.05) from baseline.Conclusions The baseline endothelial function and autonomic modulation are impaired in OSAHS patients, which happened prior to hypertension and other cardiovascular complications. And the load effects of overnight obstructive breathing events could induce blood pressure and sympathetic activity increasing in the morning in OSAHS patients without acute aggravation in endothelial dysfunction.展开更多
Along with the history of the development of financial regulation, we can see that the theory of evolution has experienced from financial liberalization to financial supervision, financial regulation, then to the stag...Along with the history of the development of financial regulation, we can see that the theory of evolution has experienced from financial liberalization to financial supervision, financial regulation, then to the stage both with the safety and efficiency of financial supervision ; development of the theory of financial regulation experienced the theory of financial supervision represented by classical economics and neo- classical economic theory, to the Keynesian theory and financial repression theory, financial fragility hypothesis, the progressive liberalization of the financial road, then to the financial regulatory theory, regulatory function theory concept, regulatory incentives theory under the framework of economics of information in the 1990s. You can see the way scholars will not have feared in the study of financial regulation, and each theory proposed has its special significance in the special economic and financial environment at the time, and we can not necessarily say what kind of theory is advanced in other theory.展开更多
基金Supported by a grant from National Natural Science Foundation of China (81070072)
文摘Objective To study the effects of obstructive sleep apneas on endothelial function and autonomic modulation. Methods From June 2009 to June 2011, male patients with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) were consecutively enrolled in this study. Patients with an apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) of greater than 15 and without previous treatment for OSAHS were included as Group OSAHS and obese subjects with an AHI of less than 5 were included as non-OSAHS controls (Group Control). Electrocardiography and beat-to-beat blood pressure were continuously recorded from the radial artery by applanation tonometry which was synchronized with polysomnography recording. Endothelial function was measured by arterial augmentation index (AAI). Spectral analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) and blood pressure variability (BPV) were computed for cardiac parasympathetic modulation (high frequency power, HF); sympathetic modulation (low frequency power, LF), sympathovagal balance (LF/HF power of R-R variability, LF/HF) and BPV sympathetic modulation (BPV LF) in normalized units [total power of the components/(total power-very LF power)×100]. Results Finally, 27 moderate-severe OSAHS patients and 22 non-OSAHS obese controls were recruited in the Group OSAHS and Group Control, respectively. In Group OSAHS, the age was 43.3±9.3 year-old, body mass index (BMI) was 36.8±8.7 kg/m 2 ; in Group Control, the age was 42.9±8.6 year-old, BMI was 34.4±7.9 kg/m 2 ; there were no significant differences in age and BMI between the Group OSAHS and Group Control (all P>0.05). The baseline AAI (12.5%±2.2% vs. 8.2%±2.1%) and BPV LF (68.3%±13.5% vs. 61.1%±11.7%) of the Group OSAHS were significantly higher than those of the Group Control (all P<0.05). And after overnight sleep, systolic BP (143.7±14.2 vs. 132.8±13.3 mm Hg), diastolic BP (87.7±7.7 vs. 78.6±5.5 mm Hg), HRV LF (69.7%±14.4% vs. 64.3%±12.1%), HRV LF/HF (3.7±2.0 vs. 2.3±1.3) and BPV LF (77.8%±15.6% vs. 68.3%±13.5%) of the Group OSAHS were significantly increased (all P<0.001), while HRV HF was significantly decreased (21.1%±9.3% vs. 27.5%±10.3%, P<0.05) from baseline.Conclusions The baseline endothelial function and autonomic modulation are impaired in OSAHS patients, which happened prior to hypertension and other cardiovascular complications. And the load effects of overnight obstructive breathing events could induce blood pressure and sympathetic activity increasing in the morning in OSAHS patients without acute aggravation in endothelial dysfunction.
文摘Along with the history of the development of financial regulation, we can see that the theory of evolution has experienced from financial liberalization to financial supervision, financial regulation, then to the stage both with the safety and efficiency of financial supervision ; development of the theory of financial regulation experienced the theory of financial supervision represented by classical economics and neo- classical economic theory, to the Keynesian theory and financial repression theory, financial fragility hypothesis, the progressive liberalization of the financial road, then to the financial regulatory theory, regulatory function theory concept, regulatory incentives theory under the framework of economics of information in the 1990s. You can see the way scholars will not have feared in the study of financial regulation, and each theory proposed has its special significance in the special economic and financial environment at the time, and we can not necessarily say what kind of theory is advanced in other theory.
