The morphology and structure of the olfactory organ of Cynoglossus semilaevis Gunther are described. The oval olfactory sacs on both sides differ in size and in the number of lamellae, With those on the abocular side ...The morphology and structure of the olfactory organ of Cynoglossus semilaevis Gunther are described. The oval olfactory sacs on both sides differ in size and in the number of lamellae, With those on the abocular side having smaller sacs and fewer lamellae than those on the ocular side. On the ocular side, the average ratio of sac length to eye diameter is 2.1 （i.e.〉1） with an average of 91 lamellae, while on the abocular side, the values were 1.7 （i.e.〉1） and 69, respectively. In addition, the surface morphology varies in different parts of the lamella. The frontal part, near the anterior nostril, is a non-sensory margin with cilia-free epidermal cells. Within this is an internal ciliated sensory area, which is intercalated with ciliated receptor cells and a few ciliated non-sensory cells. Additionally, some dense ciliated non-sensory cells make up a non-sensory area, which also contains cilia-free epidermal cells distributed in patches. In the rear of the olfactory sac near the posterior nostril, the lamellae differ in morphology from those of the frontal olfactory sac but are similar in having few ciliated receptor cells. In other words, the surface of the lamellae in the rear part of the olfactory sac is mainly non-sensory. At present, four types of lamellae （~ E IlIand IV） have been recognized in relation to the pattern of the sensory epithelium. In this study, the frontal and rear lamellae resembled types I and IV, respectively, but are referred to as types r and IV because they are slightly less developed. Data on the ratio of length of lamellae to eye diameter, number of lamellae and the type of surface pattern of the lamellae show that the development of the olfactory system of C. semilaevis facilitates prey capture.展开更多
This study was conducted to clarify the distribution and morphology of free neuromasts during the development of half-smooth tongue sole （Cynoglossus semilaevis） using scanning electron microscopy. During developmen...This study was conducted to clarify the distribution and morphology of free neuromasts during the development of half-smooth tongue sole （Cynoglossus semilaevis） using scanning electron microscopy. During development, （1） the apical surface of free neuromasts changed in shape from a circle to a four-poiut star; （2） the external structure changed from being level with the epidermis to papilla-like above the level of the epidermis; （3） the neuromast cupula changed from cylindrical to blade-shaped; （4） the free neuromasts went from occurring singly to being in clusters of a few single organs; （5） the arrangement changed from a linear array to no discernable pattern; （6） there was a significant increase in the number of free neuromasts after metamorphosis. In adult C. semilaevis, free neuromasts were only observed on the abocular side of the head. Thus, there were more free neuromasts located on the abocular side of the head with a higher concentration around the anterior nostril and mouth, which may have a mechanical sensory function to help locate food as an adaptation to a benthic mode of life.展开更多
Objective: To propose a method to segment tongue- images efficiently, and extract tongue- body accurately and quickly. Methods: Firstly, a kind of color- images' pre- processing technique was used to solve tongue-...Objective: To propose a method to segment tongue- images efficiently, and extract tongue- body accurately and quickly. Methods: Firstly, a kind of color- images' pre- processing technique was used to solve tongue- surface reflection problem. Neighbouring and similar region's information was used to restore the region with tongue- surface reflection problem by replacement. Secondly, the restored image was transformed into a gray one, and then processed by mathematical morphological operation- dilation to get a closed- loop edge. The third technique used was watershed algorithm, which is an usual tool in image segmentation. 'Watershed' function of matlab software was used to complete this algorithm. After that, region- combination technique was used. Through measuring neighbourship and similarity of regions, a non- objective and non- background region was merged into one of its neighbouring regions. This step was repeated until only two regions, objective and background regions, were left in the image. At last, corresponding to the merged image, tongue- body image was got from the original image. Results: 316 images were randomly taken from the image library for experiments, and 299 images were correctly segmented, so, the successful ratio is 94.62%. On the other hand, average time of running this method was about 50 s under whole sampling environment. Conclusion: The method presented in this paper can segment a tongue- body image from its original one effectively, and thus laying a good foundation for the following analysis work.展开更多
Half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) is a promising species for aquaculture in China.The wild population of C. semilaevis is under threat from environmental factors. Microsatellite markers are very suitabl...Half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) is a promising species for aquaculture in China.The wild population of C. semilaevis is under threat from environmental factors. Microsatellite markers are very suitable for assessing genetic diversity. Four microsatellite-enriched libraries of half smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) were constructed,from which 57 polymorphic microsatellites were isolated and characterized.The polymorphism of these microsatellites was assessed by genotyping in 30 individual fish.The number of alleles ranged from 2 to 11, with an average of 4.614 alleles per locus.The values of observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.1000 to 1.0000 and from 0.0966 to 0.8847 respectively. Polymorphism information content (PIC) ranged from 0.0905 to 0.862.These markers would be useful for population structure assessment,genetic linkage map construction and parentage analysis for this species.展开更多
Major histocompatibility complex （MHC） class II B molecules play an important role in the adaptive immune response in fish. Previous study has reported that two highly polymorphic class II B genes, Cyse-DAB and Cyse...Major histocompatibility complex （MHC） class II B molecules play an important role in the adaptive immune response in fish. Previous study has reported that two highly polymorphic class II B genes, Cyse-DAB and Cyse-DBB exist in half-smooth tongue sole （Cynoglossus semilaevis）. In this study, the polymorphism within exon 2 of the class II B genes following bacterial challenge was evaluated. Two hundred C. semilaevis individuals were injected intraperitoneally with Vibrio anguillarum. Muscle tissue from the first 20 dead and 20 of the survivors was collected for genotyping. Sixty alleles from the 40 individuals were isolated, of which 32 belonged to Cyse-DAB and 28 belonged to Cyse-DBB. The rate of dN （non-synonymous substitution） was higher than that of ds （synonymous substitution） in the PBRs （peptide binding residues） of both class I1 B genes. Conversely, the rate of ds was higher than dy in the non-PBRs and the complete exon 2 sequence. Thus, the results suggest that positive selection has occurred in the PBRs and purifying selection in the non-PBRs and exon 2. Thirteen class II B alleles were used to study the association between alleles and resistance to infection. Though not significant, alleles Cyse-DAB＊ 0601, Cyse-DAB ＊ 0706, and Cyse-DBB＊O 101, Cyse-DBB＊ 1301 were only found in surviving individuals and may represent alleles that have resistance against V. anguillarum infection. Alleles Cyse-DAB＊0701 and Cyse-DAB＊1301 were significantly more prevalent in dead individuals than in surviving ones and may represent alleles that are associated with increased susceptibility to V. anguillarum infection.展开更多
基金Supported by Qingdao Natural Science Foundation (No. 09-1-3-10-jch)"Taishan Scholar" Project Special Fundthe Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute Scientific and Research Fund
文摘The morphology and structure of the olfactory organ of Cynoglossus semilaevis Gunther are described. The oval olfactory sacs on both sides differ in size and in the number of lamellae, With those on the abocular side having smaller sacs and fewer lamellae than those on the ocular side. On the ocular side, the average ratio of sac length to eye diameter is 2.1 （i.e.〉1） with an average of 91 lamellae, while on the abocular side, the values were 1.7 （i.e.〉1） and 69, respectively. In addition, the surface morphology varies in different parts of the lamella. The frontal part, near the anterior nostril, is a non-sensory margin with cilia-free epidermal cells. Within this is an internal ciliated sensory area, which is intercalated with ciliated receptor cells and a few ciliated non-sensory cells. Additionally, some dense ciliated non-sensory cells make up a non-sensory area, which also contains cilia-free epidermal cells distributed in patches. In the rear of the olfactory sac near the posterior nostril, the lamellae differ in morphology from those of the frontal olfactory sac but are similar in having few ciliated receptor cells. In other words, the surface of the lamellae in the rear part of the olfactory sac is mainly non-sensory. At present, four types of lamellae （~ E IlIand IV） have been recognized in relation to the pattern of the sensory epithelium. In this study, the frontal and rear lamellae resembled types I and IV, respectively, but are referred to as types r and IV because they are slightly less developed. Data on the ratio of length of lamellae to eye diameter, number of lamellae and the type of surface pattern of the lamellae show that the development of the olfactory system of C. semilaevis facilitates prey capture.
基金Supported by the earmarked fund for Modem Agro-Industry Technology Research System(CARS-50-G01)the Fund for Outstanding Talents and Innovative Team of Agricultural Scientific Research,the Qingdao Natural Science Foundation(No.12-1-4-12-(1)-jch)the Research Fund for the Postgraduate of Shanghai Ocean University(No.A1-0209-14-0900-5)
文摘This study was conducted to clarify the distribution and morphology of free neuromasts during the development of half-smooth tongue sole （Cynoglossus semilaevis） using scanning electron microscopy. During development, （1） the apical surface of free neuromasts changed in shape from a circle to a four-poiut star; （2） the external structure changed from being level with the epidermis to papilla-like above the level of the epidermis; （3） the neuromast cupula changed from cylindrical to blade-shaped; （4） the free neuromasts went from occurring singly to being in clusters of a few single organs; （5） the arrangement changed from a linear array to no discernable pattern; （6） there was a significant increase in the number of free neuromasts after metamorphosis. In adult C. semilaevis, free neuromasts were only observed on the abocular side of the head. Thus, there were more free neuromasts located on the abocular side of the head with a higher concentration around the anterior nostril and mouth, which may have a mechanical sensory function to help locate food as an adaptation to a benthic mode of life.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China grant number: 30371717
文摘Objective: To propose a method to segment tongue- images efficiently, and extract tongue- body accurately and quickly. Methods: Firstly, a kind of color- images' pre- processing technique was used to solve tongue- surface reflection problem. Neighbouring and similar region's information was used to restore the region with tongue- surface reflection problem by replacement. Secondly, the restored image was transformed into a gray one, and then processed by mathematical morphological operation- dilation to get a closed- loop edge. The third technique used was watershed algorithm, which is an usual tool in image segmentation. 'Watershed' function of matlab software was used to complete this algorithm. After that, region- combination technique was used. Through measuring neighbourship and similarity of regions, a non- objective and non- background region was merged into one of its neighbouring regions. This step was repeated until only two regions, objective and background regions, were left in the image. At last, corresponding to the merged image, tongue- body image was got from the original image. Results: 316 images were randomly taken from the image library for experiments, and 299 images were correctly segmented, so, the successful ratio is 94.62%. On the other hand, average time of running this method was about 50 s under whole sampling environment. Conclusion: The method presented in this paper can segment a tongue- body image from its original one effectively, and thus laying a good foundation for the following analysis work.
基金supported by the 863 Project of China(2006AA10A403)the Natural Science Foundation of China(No.30972244)Taishan Scholar Project of Shandong Province,China
文摘Half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) is a promising species for aquaculture in China.The wild population of C. semilaevis is under threat from environmental factors. Microsatellite markers are very suitable for assessing genetic diversity. Four microsatellite-enriched libraries of half smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) were constructed,from which 57 polymorphic microsatellites were isolated and characterized.The polymorphism of these microsatellites was assessed by genotyping in 30 individual fish.The number of alleles ranged from 2 to 11, with an average of 4.614 alleles per locus.The values of observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.1000 to 1.0000 and from 0.0966 to 0.8847 respectively. Polymorphism information content (PIC) ranged from 0.0905 to 0.862.These markers would be useful for population structure assessment,genetic linkage map construction and parentage analysis for this species.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.30901098)
文摘Major histocompatibility complex （MHC） class II B molecules play an important role in the adaptive immune response in fish. Previous study has reported that two highly polymorphic class II B genes, Cyse-DAB and Cyse-DBB exist in half-smooth tongue sole （Cynoglossus semilaevis）. In this study, the polymorphism within exon 2 of the class II B genes following bacterial challenge was evaluated. Two hundred C. semilaevis individuals were injected intraperitoneally with Vibrio anguillarum. Muscle tissue from the first 20 dead and 20 of the survivors was collected for genotyping. Sixty alleles from the 40 individuals were isolated, of which 32 belonged to Cyse-DAB and 28 belonged to Cyse-DBB. The rate of dN （non-synonymous substitution） was higher than that of ds （synonymous substitution） in the PBRs （peptide binding residues） of both class I1 B genes. Conversely, the rate of ds was higher than dy in the non-PBRs and the complete exon 2 sequence. Thus, the results suggest that positive selection has occurred in the PBRs and purifying selection in the non-PBRs and exon 2. Thirteen class II B alleles were used to study the association between alleles and resistance to infection. Though not significant, alleles Cyse-DAB＊ 0601, Cyse-DAB ＊ 0706, and Cyse-DBB＊O 101, Cyse-DBB＊ 1301 were only found in surviving individuals and may represent alleles that have resistance against V. anguillarum infection. Alleles Cyse-DAB＊0701 and Cyse-DAB＊1301 were significantly more prevalent in dead individuals than in surviving ones and may represent alleles that are associated with increased susceptibility to V. anguillarum infection.
