自噬相关基因在前列腺癌及良性前列腺增生发生、发展中的作用

自噬可为机体细胞清除化学致癌物以及因射线、氧化应激而受损的细胞器，从而使细胞DNA避免因活性氧物质而造成的损伤，保证了遗传稳定性，降低了细胞恶变率。我们采用Westernblot及免疫组织化学法观察自噬相关基因Beclin-1、LC3在前列腺癌、良性前列腺增生发生、发展中的作用。

5-α还原酶抑制药用于治疗良性前列腺增生的研究现状

良性前列腺增生是一种进行性疾病,特征是前列腺肥大、伴随下尿路症状和最大尿流率降低,进而引发急性尿潴留等并发症,常见于老年男性。前列腺体积增大受雄激素双氢睾酮影响,睾酮在5-α还原酶催化下形成双氢睾酮。5-α还原酶抑制药可有效地降低前列腺内双氢睾酮的浓度,使前列腺组织收缩。临床上目前使用2种5-α还原酶抑制药(非那雄胺和度他雄胺)治疗良性前列腺增生,这2种药物均可降低前列腺体积,改善下尿路症状和最大尿流率,进而降低出现急性尿潴留和进行手术干预的风险。

北京地区46家医院2008-2010年抗良性前列腺增生药利用分析

目的:评价北京地区医院抗良性前列腺增生(BPH)药的利用情况。方法:采用回顾性方法,对北京地区46家医院2008-2010年抗BPH药的用药频度(DDDs)、日均费用(DDC)及药品销售金额排序(B)/DDDs排序(A)值等进行统计、分析。结果:该地区医院抗BPH药销售金额年均增长率约为13.82%;单药销售金额排序及DDDs排序列前5位的药品3年基本一致,均为非那雄胺、坦洛新、多沙唑嗪、特拉唑嗪与普适泰,其销售金额年均增长率分别为17.45%、17.35%、9.69%、9.43%、16.90%;排6～10位药品的市场份额由2008年的11.12%下降至2010的9.04%;抗雄性激素类药与α1受体拮抗药在分类金额汇总与DDDs汇总上于2010分别达98.97%和97.14%;3年中各药的DDC变化不大;占市场份额最高的非那雄胺与坦洛新的B/A均为1。结论:北京地区医院抗BPH药的应用情况呈明显的上升趋势。临床应用以抗雄性激素类药与α1受体拮抗药为主,二者联用有协同作用,但会使治疗成本增加;植物制剂无明显的不良反应,效果显著且价格相对低廉,应加大研发力度,以便进一步推动其临床应用。

四种微波治疗方式在良性前列腺增生中的应用

良性前列腺增生症（benign prostatic hyperplasia,BPH）是老年男性常见疾病,随年龄增加患病率增加[1-3],60岁以上男性发病率达70％,70岁左右患者约25％需手术治疗[4].虽然经尿道前列腺电切术（transurethral resection of the prostate,TURP）是治疗BPH的金标准,但需住院及麻醉下实施,存在术中尿外渗、出血、电解质紊乱;术后尿道狭窄、膀胱颈纤维化、尿失禁、尿路感染、附睾炎、勃起功能障碍、逆行性射精等[5-8]并发症.

超声结合尸检对前列腺外腺良性增生性低回声结节的研究

目的 应用经直肠超声(TRUS)结合尸检探讨前列腺外腺是否存在良性增生性结节的可能性。 方法 59例TRUS显示的前列腺外腺低回声结节行定点穿刺活检,HE染色;选取前列腺尸检标本16例,行水槽实验和HE染色。 结果 59例前列腺外腺低回声结节穿刺标本病理诊断为良性前列腺增生(BPH)22例,前列腺癌(PCa)29例,前列腺上皮内瘤变(PIN)1例,前列腺结核(TB)7例。水槽实验提示尸检标本声像图内外腺分界清楚,实质内见多发强回声钙化灶及多发囊肿; 16例前列腺尸检标本HE染色外腺均可见腺体、平滑肌和纤维结缔组织不同程度的增生,病理证实为BPH。 结论 TRUS显示的前列腺外腺低回声结节除了PCa、PIN、TB等疾病之外,还存在良性增生性结节。

前列腺增生 治疗用药要坚持

排尿不畅是良性前列腺增。生（BPH）患者的切身感受，最为患者本人所重视。排尿症状以及生活质量的下降程度，是治疗措施选择的重要依据。BPH患者药物治疗的短期目标是缓解下尿路症状，长期目标是延缓疾病的临床进展，预防合并症的发生。在减少药物治疗不良反应的同时，保持患者较高的生活质量，是BPH药物治疗的总体目标。

Reduced Expression of Programmed Cell Death 5 Protein in Tissue of Human Prostate Cancer

Objective To investigate the expression of programmed cell death 5 （PDCD5） in tissues of normal human prostate （NP）, benign prostatic hyperplasia （BPH）, and prostate cancer （PCa） in order to assess the clinical role of PDCD5 in PCa. Methods PDCD5 expression was determined by EnVision immunohistochemical staining in forma-lin-fixed and paraffin-embedded specimens obtained from 12 subjects with NP, 22 with BPH, and 22 with PCa. In addition, PCa cases were classified as low/middle-risk （Gleason sumS7） and high-risk （Gleason sum〉7） on the basis of Gleason grade. Positive expression rates and intensity of PDCD5 protein were observed under light microscope and analyzed with computer imaging technique. Expression of PDCD5 was compared among different prostatic tissues. Results The expression of PDCD5 was significantly lower in tissue of PCa than in tissues of NP and BPH （P〈0.01）. However, there was no significant difference in PDCD5 expression between tissues of NP and BPH. In addition, the expression of PDCD5 was further downregulated with the increase of Gleason sum in PCa. Conclusions By downregulating apoptosis, low PDCD5 expression may play an important role in the occurrence and development of PCa. PDCD5 is supposed to have a potential clinical value to be a new predictor of progression and target of gene therapy in PCa.

Expression of 6 MicroRNAs in Prostate Cancer and Its Significance

OBJECTIVE Numerous microRNAs (miRNAs) are deregulatedin human cancers. The experimental evidence supports thatmiRNAs plays a role in the initiation and progression of humanmalignancies.The present study was undertaken to evaluatethe differential expression of 6 miRNAs as biomarker for earlydetection of prostate cancer, and then to determine whether theexpression profiling of these miRNAs could predict the prognosisof prostate cancer.METHODS The expression profilings of these 6 miRNAs wereinvestigated using the method of locked nucleic acid (LNA)-modified oligonucleotide in situ hybridization (ISH). And thetechnology of tissue microarray (TMA) was employed using theformalin-fixed, paraffin-embedd (FFPE) specimens taken from52 patients with prostate carcinoma (PCa) and 38 patients withbenign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).RESULTS The rates of positive expression for 6 miRNAs (miR-15b, miR-16, let-7g, miR- 96,miR-182 and miR-183) were 26.92%,15.38%, 15.38%, 67.31%, 61.54% and 71.15% in the specimens ofprostate cancer, and 57.89%, 76.32%, 68.42%, 44.74%, 31.58%,47.37% in the tissues of benign prostatic hyperplasia, respectively.The expressions of all 6 miRNAs between the prostate cancer andbenign prostatic hyperplasia tissues were significantly different(P < 0.05). The positive rate of these 6 miRNAs was significantlyrelated to the Gleason Grading of prostate cancer (P < 0.01). Therewas no significant correlation between the expression of thesemiRNAs and age and the concentration of serum PSA of thepatient (P >0.05). We also found that the expression of miR-15b,miR-96 and miR-182 correlated with clinical stages of tumor (P <0.05). The expression of miR-96 correlated with lobus prostatae oftumor invasion (P < 0.01), but the expressions of the remaining fivemiRNAs were not correlated with that (P >0.05). In addition, theexpression of miR-15b was negatively related to that of miR-96,miR-182 and miR-183, respectively (P < 0.01, r < 0.00).There wasa positive correlation among the expressions of miR-96, miR-182and miR-183 in prostate cancer (P < 0.01, r >0.00). The expressionof miR-16 was positively related to that of miR-let-7g (P < 0.01, r >0.00).CONCLUSION The results suggest that miRNA expressionprofiling could have relevance to the biological and clinicalbehavior of prostate cancer,and they might be importantbiomarkers for early detection and prognostic assessment ofprostate cancer.

Acupuncture and moxibustion treating lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia:a systematic review and network meta-analysis

Objective: Lower urinary tract symptoms(LUTS) caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH) affect the quality of life of elderly individuals. Acupuncture and moxibustion are used in the clinic in China for improving LUTS symptoms due to BPH. However,there is no evidence to suggest which is the best option. We compared the efficacy of acupuncture and moxibustion to provide evidence for clinical decision-making.Methods: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wan Fang Data, and VIP databases were searched from inception to July 2020 to identify the randomized controlled trials(RCTs) of acupuncture and moxibustion for LUTS due to BPH. Two researchers filtered studies and extracted the information independently. This study conducted a network meta-analysis using the Bayesian random method. The interventions ranking was evaluated using the surface under the cumulative ranking curve(SUCRA).Results: We finally included 40 studies comprising 10 treating therapies and 3,655 patients with LUTS caused by BPH. In terms of the International Prostate Symptom Score, maximum urinary flow rate, and quality of life, electroacupuncture(EA) [MD =-3.6,95% credible interval(CrI)(-5.5,-1.8), very low certainty of evidence;MD = 2.2, 95% CrI(1.1, 3.3), low certainty of evidence;MD =-1.3, 95% CrI(-2.2,-0.43), very low certainty of the evidence] may be consistently the optimal treatment compared with other interventions, with SUCRA values of 84%, 81%, and 89%, respectively.Conclusions: Of all treatments, EA may have the best efficacy with fewer adverse events for LUTS due to BPH. The quality of evidence supporting this result is low to very low certainty of the evidence due to the limitations of primary studies;thus, more highquality RCTs are needed for further evidence.

Evaluation of the tumor angiogenesis in benign prostate hyperplasia and prostatic cancer with MR perfusion-weighted imaging

Objective： To explore the application of MR perfusion-weighted imaging （PWI） in the benign and malignant prostate diseases, and evaluate the correlations of PWl features with vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF） and microvessel density （MVD）. Methods： Seventy-four consecutive patients who were diagnosed clinically for the prostate diseases, including forty-four cases with benign prostate hyperplasia and thirty cases with prostatic cancer proved pathologically, were examined by PWI. MVD and VEGF were stained with immunohistochemical methods. Some parameters of PWl, including the steepest slope of signal intensity-time curve （SSmax） and the change in relaxation rate （ΔR2^＊ peak） at lesions, were analyzed. Correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship between the results of PWl and immunohistochemistry. Results： （1） In the benign prostate hyperplasia （BPH）, SSmax and ΔR2^＊ peak of perfusion curve were 34.2 ± 2.9 and 1.49 ± 0.11, respectively; however, in the prostatic cancer （Pca）, they were 58.6± 4.8 and 3.18 ±0.49 respectively; there were statistical differences （t = 2.16 and 2.31, P 〈 0.05）. （2） The VEGF and MVD expressions of thirty Pca patients were significantly higher than those of forty-four BPH patients （x2 = 28.64, P 〈 0.01; t = 21.2, P 〈 0.01）. MVD expressions of Pca and BPH groups showed positive associations with VEGF expressions （P 〈 0.01）. On MR perfusion-weighted imaging, SSmax and ΔR2^＊ peak showed associations with MVD and VEGF expressions （P 〈 0.01）. Conclusion： On MR perfusion-weighted imaging, SSmax and ΔR2^＊ peak can reflect MVD and VEGF expression levels in the benign and malignant prostate diseases and might be implied the tumor angiogenesis so as to distinguish benign from malignant and provide the important information for the surgeon to diagnose and treat the prostatic diseases.

The expression and clinical significance of BRAF in prostate cancer

Objective:The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of BRAF of prostate cancer,and to explore its relations with clinic-pathological factors.Methods:Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of BRAF in 74 cases of prostate cancer,and 51 cases of benign prostate hyperplasia(BPH).Results:The positive rate of BRAF had significant difference between patients with prostate cancer and BPH(P < 0.05).The expression of BRAF was correlated with grade and stage of prostate cancer(P < 0.05),but not to age of onset(P > 0.05).Conclusion:The expression of BRAF may play a role in the tumorigenesis and progression of colorectal cancer.BRAF could be a factor to diagnose the typing of prostate cancers and predict the prognosis of prostate cancers.

The diagnostic value of transrectal ultrasonographic features in prostate cancer

Objective:The aim of the study was to detect the valuable ultrasonographic features in diagnosing prostate cancer.Methods:The patients who underwent transrectal ultrasound in the period from May 2005 to October 2009 at the 1st Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University,China,were included,with needle biopsy diagnosis for patients with the prostate cancer and prostatic hyperplasia.Seventy-four cases of prostate cancer were diagnosed as adenocarcinoma,compared with 51 cases diagnosed as prostatic hyperplasia.Retrospective analysis of patients with transrectal ultrasound were done,comparing the difference between the two groups in the echo level (hypoechogenic),outlines (ill-defined margin),posterior acoustic attenuation,periphery halo,microcalcification incidence,the blood supply level,peak systolic velocity (Vs) and resistance index (RI).Results:The ratios of hypoechogenic lesions in the prostate cancer group and prostatic hyperplasia group were 56.76% and 35.90%,respectively (P<0.05),the ratios of irregular outlines were 85.14% and 15.38% respectively (P<0.05),the ratios of microcalcification were 39.19% and 10.26%,respectively (P < 0.05),the ratios of posterior acoustic attenuation were 41.89% and 12.82%,respectively (P<0.05),and the ratios of periphery halo were 35.14% and 38.46% respectively (P>0.05).Vs of the two groups were (44.00 ± 15.30) cm/s and (17.32 ± 4.65) cm/s,respectively (P<0.05).RI of the two groups were 0.76 ± 0.10,and 0.51 ± 0.03 respectively (P<0.05).The significant correlation was designated in the blood supply level between the prostate cancer group and prostatic hyperplasia group (r=-0.388,P<0.01).Higher revascularization grade was seen in the prostate cancer group compared to benign prostatic hyperplasia group.Conclusion:(1) The significant roles for diagnosing prostate cancer are hypoechogenic,irregular outlines,spiculation,microcalcification,high revascularization grade,posterior acoustic attenuation,high Vs and high RI.(2) It could not help in diagnosing prostate cancer with ultrasonographic periphery halo or not.

Qualitative and Quantitative Changes in Biochemical Constituents in the Rice Plant Treated with Different Xenobiotics

Experiments were conducted at Entomology division of Directorate of Rice research to study the qualitative and quantitative changes in biochemical constituents in the rice plant treated with different xenobiotics, viz. insecticides like deltamethrin, imidacloprid, herbicide like 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, fungicide like carbendazim, green manure Calotropis gigantea leaves, botanicals like Neem Seed Powder and fertilizer urea along with control plants of TN1, PTB33 and Swama varieties comprising of total 15 treatments. Application of butachlor, carbendazim, deltamethrin and excessive nitrogen fertilization resulted in increased population build up of brown plant hopper （BPH）. Significantly, lower honeydew excretion （13 mme area） in the BPH nymphs was observed on resistant PTB33 variety compared to susceptible TN1 and Swarna varieties （116 and 110 mm2 respectively）. In susceptible TN1 variety, the sucrose content was significantly higher （9.35 mg/g tissue） compared to BPH resistant PTB33 （5.32 mg/g tissue）. The BPH resistant PTB33 variety exhibited significantly lower free amino acid content （1.23 mg/g tissue） as compared to TN1 （2.51 mg/g）. The C/N ratio was comparatively high in the resistant PTB33 alone （4.32）, but was low in PTB33 applied with 2,4-D ＋ carbendazim （2.73）, 2,4-D ＋ imidacloprid ~ carbendazim （2.3）, excess urea fertilizer （2.18）. The total phenol contents measured in resistant PTB33 （7.5 mg/g dry wt）, susceptible TN1 （5.865 mg/g dry wt） and the popular variety Swarna （5.57 mg/g dry wt） were almost same and no statistical difference was observed. Further, treatment of these varieties with different xenobiotics and botanicals also did not significantly alter their total phenol content. However, the phenol content of the resistant PTB 33 alone and treated with xenobiotics was higher compared to the susceptible TN 1 and Swarna varieties alone and treated with xenobiotics. The plant biochemical constituents such as free amino acids, sucrose were lower in untreated resistant PTB33 compared to susceptible TN1, and PTB33 treated with urea and deltamethrin. The high feeding rate and population build up on the susceptible variety TN1 is positively correlated with high quantities of sucrose, free amino acids and lower quantities of phenols and low C/N ratio.

茄科植物番茄红素联合盐酸坦索罗辛治疗BPH及LUTS的临床疗效及安全性评价

番茄红素是一种天然的色素,被广泛应用于各种领域,如食品、药品和化妆品等。近年来,研究表明番茄红素对于治疗下尿路症状(LUTS)及良性前列腺增生症(BPH)具有一定的临床疗效。本研究证实番茄红素联合盐酸坦索罗辛的疗效,能够显著减少前列腺体积和改善LUTS症状,联合使用不会引起明显的不良反应和副作用,且具有较好的耐受性,具有广阔的临床应用前景。

Clinical observation of benign prostatic hyperplasia treated with scalp acupuncture and body acupuncture

Objective To observe the clinical therapeutic effects （BPH） treated with scalp-acupuncture and body-acupuncture. Methods on benign prostate hyperplasia Two hundred and forty patients diagnosed clinically with BPH were randomly divided into 3 groups. In scalp-acupuncture group （80 cases）, foot-motor-sensory area and reproductive area were selected. In body-acupuncture group （82 cases）, the acupoints were selected, such as Zhengji（中极 CV 3）, Guanyau（关元 CV 4） and Sanyfnjiao （三阴交 SP 6）. In combined therapy group of scalp acupuncture and body acupuncture （78 cases）, scalp acupuncture was applied together with body acupuncture. It was to observe the changes in prostate size, Qmax, IPSS （international prostatic symptom score） and QOL （quality of life） before and after treatment of 3 groups. Results The total effective rate was 72.5% in scalp-acupuncture group, 72.0% in bodyacupuncture group and 85.9% in combined therapy group of scalp acupuncture and body acupuncture. The therapeutic effect in combined therapy group was superior to that in either scalp-acupuncture group or body-acupuncture group （both P〈0. 05）. The improvements had been obtained in Qmax, post-void residual volume （PRV）, IPSS and QOL after treatment in 3 groups, in which, the improvement in combined therapy group was apparent. Conclusion Either scalp acupuncture or body acupuncture relieves clinical symptoms and improves the quality of life in BPH patients. But, the best therapeutic effect has been obtained specially in the treatment with combined therapy of scalp acupuncture and body acupuncture.

Fangjihuangqi Tang improved lower urinary tract dysfunction in benign prostatic hyperplasia rats model

OBJECTIVE: To investigated the effect and mechanism of Fangjihuangqi Tang (FHT) on lower urinary tract dysfunction induced by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in rats. METHODS: Male rats were randomly divided into seven groups: normal, model, finasteride (0.5 mg/ kg), terazosin (0.5 mg/kg), and FHT (10, 5, 2.5 g/kg). Rats were administered testosterone (0.5 mg sc) for 6 weeks after orchiectomy, excluding the normal group. All rats were intragastrically administered assigned drugs for 4 weeks from the third week. Urodynamics were assessed in rats under anesthesia. Serum dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) were measured. The prostate index (PI), bladder index (BI), and pathological detection were evaluated. RESULTS: In the model group, the PI, BI, serum DHT, serum PAP, threshold pressure (TP), micturition pressure (MP), and residual urine volume (RV)were significantly higher. Moreover, inter-micturition duration (IMD) was significantly lower and the prostatic and bladder showed obvious pathological changes. The IMD was significantly higher, while BI, TP, MP, and RV were significantly lower and bladder pathological changes were alleviated in the FHT (10, 5 g/kg), finasteride, and terazosin groups. The PI, DHT, and PAP were significantly lower in the finasteride group, but they did not change significantly in the FHT (10, 5, 2.5 g/kg) and terazosin groups. CONCLUSION: FHT could relieve symptoms of lower urinary tract dysfunction in BPH rats but with no apparent effect on reducing the volume of the enlarged prostate itself.

The inhibitory activities of Urtica fissa to BPH

In the present study, the BPH inhibitory activities of Urtica fissa were systematically investigated. Firstly, inhibitory activities of 5α reductase of the alcoholic extracts from different parts(root, stem, leaf, flower and fruit) were evaluated. The results indicated that the root possessed the most significant action. Subsequently, U. fissa root(UFR) was subjected to further pharmacological evaluation using the benign prostate hyperplasia(BPH) model rats induced by testosterone propionate. The results revealed that UFR could significantly decrease the prostate index, alter the hyperplasia tissue morphology, suppress the prostatic growth factors of VEGF, EGF, bF GF and KGF, decrease the inflammation factor levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, improve the activities of GSH-Px, CAT and SOD and decrease the MDA level in the prostate of the model rats. Moreover, UFR also significantly suppressed the hormone levels of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. These results indicated that the possible BPH inhibitory mechanisms of UFR were growth factor suppression, hormone level modulation, anti-inflammation, and anti-oxidative stress.