绿色债券发行能引发市场良性反应吗?--兼论“双碳”目标的政策激励效应

本文利用2016―2021年我国A股非金融上市公司发行的绿色债券及其匹配的安慰剂债券数据,对绿色债券发行的市场反应进行实证检验。事件研究结果显示,绿色债券发行能够显著提升公司股价,并且经第三方绿色认证、重污染行业、国有企业等发行绿色债券的股价提升效应更加显著。回归分析结果显示,绿色债券发行相对于匹配的安慰剂债券发行能引发投资者对发行公司更高的超额关注度,从而造成公司股票的量价齐升。然而,基于双重差分模型的检验结果显示,“双碳”目标的提出在短期内无法进一步提升绿色债券发行的市场良性反应,这一结果在多种检验途径下依然稳健,甚至对于更加具有针对性的碳中和债券具有反应减弱的表现。

企业社会责任演进与企业良性行为反应的互动研究

本文在界定企业社会责任内涵和类型的基础上,分析了企业社会责任的演化趋势和主要争论观点,提出企业应自觉承担除经济责任以外的社会责任,并对从企业内部和外部共同营造有利于引导企业履行社会责任的机制和环境提出了相关建议。

小儿伏九穴位贴敷各种反应回顾性分析

伏九穴位贴敷是冬病夏治、夏病冬防的主要方法之一,在儿科主要用来防治小儿呼吸系统疾病,其作用已得到广泛认同。作为一种未病先防、内病外治的方法,在应用中可见到各种反应,包括全身及局部的良性反应和不良反应,笔者对此作出统计与分析,以期指导临床应用。一般资料研究对象来自2005-2013年我科门诊三伏三九穴位贴敷者,共计9176例33 599人次。

核转录因子红系2相关因子2和p62在宫颈鳞状细胞癌和上皮内病变中的表达及诊断价值

目的 探讨核转录因子红系2相关因子2(Nrf2)与选择性自噬接头蛋白p62/Sequestosome1 (SQSTM1)在诊断宫颈癌和上皮内病变中的价值,并且分析二者在不同宫颈病变中的相关性。方法 收集2008年1月至2021年12月南通市肿瘤医院120例宫颈鳞状细胞癌(SCC)、102例低级别鳞状上皮内病变(LSIL)和101例高级别鳞状上皮内病变(HSIL)病人及49例宫颈良性/反应性鳞状上皮病人的石蜡标本,免疫组织化学方法检测其中Nrf2和p62的表达,并分析二者在不同宫颈病变中的相关性及评估二者在诊断中的价值。结果 Nrf2和p62在LSIL、HSIL和SCC中表达明显高于良性/反应性宫颈鳞状上皮(均P<0.05),Nrf2和p62在HSIL和SCC中表达明显高于LSIL(均P<0.05),p62在SCC中表达明显高于HSIL(P<0.05),而Nrf2在HSIL中表达稍低于SCC(P<0.05)。Nrf2和p62在良性/反应性宫颈鳞状上皮、LSIL、HSIL和SCC中均具有正相关性,相关系数分别为0.63、0.58、0.69和0.38(均P<0.05)。ROC曲线结果显示,除Nrf2在诊断HSIL与SCC中差异无统计学意义外,Nrf2、p62以及联合Nrf2和p62在诊断良性/反应性鳞状上皮与LSIL、良性/反应性鳞状上皮与HSIL、良性/反应性鳞状上皮与SCC、LSIL与HSIL、LSIL与SCC、HSIL与SCC各个组别中均差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论 Nrf2和p62在良性/反应性鳞状上皮中不表达或低表达,LSIL中表达有所增高,HSIL和SCC中表达最高,二者在不同宫颈病变中均具有正相关性,而且单独使用Nrf2或p62就能够有效诊断不同的宫颈病变,二者联用诊断效果更佳。

腹腔镜手术联合醋酸亮丙瑞林治疗子宫内膜异位症的效果分析

临床将种植于子宫体之外的、具备功能的子宫内膜组织病变称之为子宫内膜异位症,现已成为临床妇科较为常见的疾病类型,且以育龄期女性为高发人群,近些年其发病率呈现不断上升的严峻态势[1,2]。临床研究显示,虽绝大多数患者均呈现良性反应,但因其具备极强的转移与种植能力,导致患者出现痛经、月经不调等症状,严重时可能诱发不孕,对女性的身心健康带来诸多不利影响[3,4]。腹腔镜手术或药物治疗为现阶段应用范围较广泛的治疗方案,但研究发现,单纯手术或单纯药物治疗均会因带来的较高复发率导致临床效果不佳,故如何选用合适的治疗方案成为临床重点关注的问题[5]。醋酸亮丙瑞林作为促性腺激素释放激素激动剂,在降低复发率及提高临床效果中具备一定显著功效[6]。现将我院2018年1月至2020年1月抽取的68例子宫内膜异位症患者,采用腹腔镜手术+醋酸亮丙瑞林治疗的效果进行深入探究,以期为临床提供给更多的参考依据,现报告如下。

Differences in biological features of gastric dysplasia, indefinite dysplasia, reactive hyperplasia and discriminant analysis of these lesions

AIM: To investigate the differences in biological features of gastric dysplasia (Dys), indefinite dysplasia (IDys) and reactive hyperplasia (RH) by studying the biomarker alterations in cell proliferation, cell differentiation, cell cycle control and the expression of house-keeping genes, and further to search for markers which could be used in guiding the pathological diagnosis of three lesions. METHODS: Expressions of MUC5AC, MUC6, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), p53, Ki-67, proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and EGFR were studied by immunohistochemistry with a standard Envision technique in formalinfixed and paraffin-embedded specimens from 43 RH, 35 IDys, 35 Dys and 36 intestinal type gastric carcinomas (IGC). In addition, Bayes discriminant analysis was used to investigate the value of markers studied in differential diagnosis of RH, IDys, Dys and IGC. RESULTS: The MUC5AC and MUC6 antigen expressions in RH, IDys, Dys and IGC decreased gradually (MUC5AC:86.04%, 77.14%, 28.57%, 6.67%; MUC6: 65.15%, 54.29%, 20.00%, 25.00%, respectively). The expressions of the two markers had no significant difference between RH and IDys, but were all significantly higher than those ofthe other two lesions (MUC5AC: x2 = 27.607, 38.027 and 17.33, 26.092; MUC6: x2= 16.54, 12.665 and 9.282, 6.737, P＜0.01). There was no significant differencebetween RH and IDys, Dys and IGC in MUC6 expression. The APC gene expression in the four lesions had a similar decreasing tendency (RH 69.76%, IDys 68.57%, Dys39.39%, IGC 22.86%), and it was significantly higher in the first two lesions than in the last two (x2 = 7.011,16.995 and 14.737, 19.817, P＜0.05). The p53 expressionin RH, IDys, Dys and IGC was 6.98%, 20%, 57.14% and 50%, respectively. There was no significant differencebetween RH and IDys or Dys and IGC, but the p53 expression in RH and IDys was significantly lower than that in Dys and IGC (x2 = 7.011, 16.995 and 14.737, 19.817, P＜0.01).The Ki-67 label index was significantly different among four lesions (RH: 0.298±8.92%, IDys: 0.358±9.25%,Dys: 0.498±9.03%, IGC: 0.620±10.8%, P＜0.001). Positive immunostaining of PCNA was though observed in all specimens, significant differences were detected among four lesions (F= 95.318, P＜0.01). In addition, we used Bayes discriminant analysis to investigate molecular pathological classification of the lesions, and obtained the best result with the combination of MUC5AC, Ki-67 and PCNA. The overall rate of correct classification was67.4% (RH), 68.6% (IDys), 70.6% (Dys) and 84.8% (IGC), respectively.CONCLUSION: Dys has neoplastic biological characteristics, while RH and IDys display hyperplastic characteristics. MUC5AC and proliferation-related biomarkers (Ki-67, PCNA) are more specific in distinguishing Dys from RH and IDys.

A nonsynonymous SNP in human cytosolic sialidase in a small Asian population results in reduced enzyme activity: potential link with severe adverse reactions to oseltamivir

The use of oseltamivir, widely stockpiled as one of the drugs for use in a possible avian influenza pandemic, has been reported to be associated with neuropsychiatric disorders and severe skin reactions, primarily in Japan. Here we identified a nonsynonymous SNP （single nucleotide polymorphism） in dbSNP database, R41Q, near the enzymatic active site of human cytosolic sialidase, a homologue of virus neuraminidase that is the target of oseltamivir. This SNP occurred in 9.29% of Asian population and none of European and African American population. Our structural analyses and Ki measurements using in vitro sialidase assays indicated that this SNP could increase the unintended binding affinity of human sialidase to oseltamivir carboxylate, the active form of oseltamivir, thus reducing sialidase activity. In addition, this SNP itself results in an enzyme with an intrinsically lower sialidase activity, as shown by its increased Km and decreased Vmax values. Theoretically administration of oseltamivir to people with this SNP might further reduce their sialidase activity. We note the similarity between the reported neuropsychiatric side effects ofoseltamivir and the known symptoms of human sialidase-related disorders. We propose that this Asian-enriched sialidase variation caused by the SNP, likely in homozygous form, may be associated with certain severe adverse reactions to oseltamivir.

Rifaximin in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease

The gut microbiota plays a role in promoting and maintaining inflammation in inflammatory bowel diseases （IBD）, hence the rationale for the use of antibiotics in the treatment of those disorders. Antibiotics, however, may induce untoward effects, especially during longterm therapy. Rifaximin α polymer is an antibacterial agent that is virtually unabsorbed after oral administration and is devoid of systemic side effects. Rifaximin has provided promising results in inducing remission of Crohn＇s disease （up to 69% in open studies and significantly higher rates than placebo in double blind trials） and ulcerative colitis （76% in open studies and significantly higher rates than placebo in controlled studies） and might also have a role in maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis and pouchitis. The potential therapeutic activity of rifaximin in IBD deserves to be further investigated and confirmed in larger, controlled studies. The optimal dosage still needs to be better defined.

The effect and side effects of Gemcitabine plus Vinorelbine in patients with triple-negative metastatic breast cancer

Objective： The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-tumor activity and safety of Gemcitabine （GEM） combined with Vinorelbine （NVB） in patients with advanced TNABC after chemotherapy. Methods： Thirty-seven patients with immunohistochemical proved TNABC were enrolled. The patients received 21-day cycles of NVB 25mg/m^2 i.v. with GEM 1000 mg/m^2 i.v. on days 1 and 8. Results： A total of 136 cycles were given to 37 patients（median 4 cycles, ranged 2-6 cycles）. The treatment response was evaluable in all patients. Of the 37 patients, 1 received complete remission （CR）, 8 received partial remission （PR）, 20 had stable disease （SD）, 9 had progressive disease （PD）. Overall objective response （CR＋ PR） were 24.3 %. The median time to progress （TTP） was 6 months （95% CI, 4-6 months）. The median overall survival was 24 months （95% CI, 11-37 months）. The median 1-year survival rate was （66.24±8.43）%. The median 3-year survival rate was （28.77±11.96）%. The major adverse events were grade Ⅰ-Ⅱ myelosuppression, peripheral neurologic toxicities, nausea and vomiting. Some patients had rash and hepatic dysfunction. A total of 40% of patients experienced flu-like symptoms. Alopecia and diarrhea were rare. Conclusion： The combination of GEM and NVB is an effective and well tolerated regimen for the patients with TNABC.

The observation of single-agent gemcitabine maintenance therapy in patients with metastatic breast cancer

Objective:The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of single-agent gemcitabine in the maintenance treatment of histologically confirmed metastatic breast cancer cases.Methods:The 45 patients carried efficacious chemotherapy were divided into maintenance therapy group(n=23) and control group(n=22) according to the different treatment methods.Patients in the maintenance therapy group received gemcitabine therapy until 6 cycles,disease progression or adverse effect intolerance.Within the control group,the patients were given best supportive care.Follow-up was made until disease progression,death or 2 years.The short-term clinical efficacy and adverse effects,progression-free survival(PFS) and median survival of recurrence(MSR) of these two groups were compared and analyzed.Results:Compared with the control group,the experiment group had higher response rate(RR;73.9% vs 31.8%;P<0.05),and significantly progress of median PFS(13.1 vs 9.6 months;P<0.05).However,the progression of MSR had no statistically difference with the control group(23.3 vs 21.1 months;P>0.05).Most of the treatment-related adverse events were mild,and the most common adverse event was hematologic toxicity.The 3 cases occurred grades 3–4 neutropenia and 3 cases occurred grades 3–4 thrombocytopenia.The 1 patient stopped treatment because of grade 3 allergic reaction,and 4 patients required dose reduction for grade 4 adverse events.Other adverse effects were grades 1–2,and all were recovered after symptomatic treatment.There was no significant side effect which threatened the life.Conclusion:In the extension maintenance treatment,gemcitabine can consolidate the therapeutic effect in advance and significantly prolong median PFS of metastatic breast cancer patients.In conclusion,gemcitabine monotherapy with a favorable safety profile is an effective maintenance treatment in metastatic breast cancer patients.

Safety and tolerability of intradermal influenza vaccination in patients with cardiovascular disease

Background It is well-established that influenza vaccination reduces adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with cardiovascular diseases （CVD）, however, the vaccine coverage rate in most countries remains low. The concern about the local adverse effects of intramus-cular injection, particularly in CVD patients receiving antithrombotic therapy, is one of the important impediments. This study was con-ducted to assess the safety, side effects and tolerability of intradermal influenza vaccine in CVD patients. Methods This was an observa-tional study in adult CVD patients who had undergone vaccination against seasonal influenza by intradermal vaccination between May 16th and May 30th, 2012 at Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital. The medical history, patients＇ acceptability and adverse effects were collected using a written questionnaire completed by the patient immediately following vaccination and by a telephone survey eight days later. Results Among 169 patients, 52.1%were women and the mean age was 63 ＆#177; 12 years. Coronary artery disease, valvular heart disease and dilated cardiomyopathy were present in 121 （71.6%）, 40 （23.7%） and 8 （4.7%）, respectively. Antithrombotics were used in 89.3%. After vaccination, the pain score was 0, 1 or 2 （out of 10） in 44.4%, 15.1%, and 27.6%of the patients, respectively. Eight days after vaccination, the common adverse reactions were itching 19 （11.9%）, swelling 9 （5.7%） and fatigue （4.7%）. No hematoma or bruising was reported. Conclusions The intradermal influenza vaccination is safe and well tolerates with high rates of satisfaction in CVD patients. This technique should be useful in expanding influenza vaccine coverage.

Use of antiarrhythmic drugs in elderly patients

Human aging is a global issue with important implications for current and future incidence and prevalence of health conditions and disability. Cardiac arrhythmias, including atrial fibrillation, sudden cardiac death, and bradycardia requiring pacemaker placement, all increase exponentially after the age of 60. It is important to distinguish between the normal, physiological consequences of aging on cardiac electrophysiology and the abnormal, pathological alterations. The age-related cardiac changes include ventricular hypertrophy, senile amyloidosis, cardiac valvular degenerative changes and annular calcification, fibrous infiltration of the conduction system, and loss of natural pacemaker cells and these changes could have a profound effect on the development of arrhythmias. The age-related cardiac electrophysiological changes include up- and down-regulation of specific ion channel expression and intmcellular Ca2＋ overload which promote the development of cardiac arrhythmias. As ion channels are the substrates of antiarrhythmic drugs, it follows that the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of these drugs will also change with age. Aging alters the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of antiarrhythmic drugs, so liver and kidney function must be monitored to avoid potential adverse drug effects, and antiarrhythmic dosing may need to be adjusted for age. Elderly patients are also more susceptible to the side effects of many antiarrhytbanics, including bradycardia, orthostatic hypotension, urinary retention, and falls. Moreover, the choice of antiarrhythmic drugs in the elderly patient is frequently complicated by the presence of co-morbid conditions and by polypharmacy, and the astute physician must pay careful attention to potential drug-drug interactions. Finally, it is important to remember that the use of antiarrhythmic drugs in elderly patients must be individualized and tailored to each patient＇s physiology, disease processes, and medication regimen.

Raltitrexed arterial infusion chemotherapy analysis

Objective：The aim of this study was to analysis raltitrexed by the safety and ef icacy of intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy. Methods：Forty-seven cases in dif erent parts of cancer patients, interventional methods, based on digital subtraction angiography （DSA） prompt, raltitrexed-based chemotherapy, the tumor nourish artery infusion chemotherapy. Patients with postoperative chemotherapy side ef ects and complications, and ef icacy assessments. Results：Forty-seven patients, 2 patients had II-III degree of bone marrow suppression, the rate was 4.26%, 34 cases of I to II degree gastroin-testinal reactions, 1 case of grade III gastrointestinal reactions, the incidence of 2.13%, and 1 case mild diarrhea. I degrees or more chemotherapy-related adverse reactions did not occur in this group of patients. Al patients received at least 2 times arterial infusion chemotherapy, complete remission （CR） 3 cases, partial remission （PR） 11 cases, stable disease （SD） 17 cases, disease progression （PD） 6 cases, total ef ective rate of treatment 87.23%. Conclusion：Raltitrexed for intra-arterial chemotherapy is safe and ef ective. However, due to the smal number of this group of patients, time is short, its safety, ef-ficacy and long-term ef icacy needs further observation and validation.

Compatible stability study of Xing NaoJing injection based on physical-chemical properties analysis

Objective:The clinical treatment of brain diseases is urgent. Xingnaojing (XNJ) injection is often used in combination with other injection drugs. Due to the possible interaction between the injections in vivo, the particle size, osmotic pressure, pH value change and component stability decrease, that is one of the important factors causing various adverse reactions. Based on the above situation, this study investigated the physical properties and chemical composition changes of XNJ injection and its compatibility solvent and 13 kinds of clinical injection, speculated the possible interactions between the drugs in vivo from the perspective of in vitro compatibility stability, find out the safety risks of adverse reactions and provide guidance for the safe and rational use of XNJ injection. Methods:According to the clinical application, XNJ injection was mixed with 13 combination injections based on 250 mL 5% glucose injection, and placed at room temperature for 6 h. Then, the clarity, particle size, pH, osmolality, and the contents of camphor, d-borneol, and muscone of the compatible solutions were detected at 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 h, respectively. Results:The results showed that the physical-chemical properties of compatibility solution were slightly influenced when XNJ was combined with Alprostadil injection and Danhong injection. The change of particle size and the degradation of muscone content were the main factors affecting the compatibility stability of XNJ injection, indicating that there are some problems in compatibility stability, which may be one of the causes of clinical adverse reactions. Conclusion:This study suggests that XNJ injection in combination with other injections during intravenous administration should be performed cautiously.

ADRs and Children： Knowledge and Methodological Standard in PASS （Post Authorization Safety Studies）

PhV （pharmacovigilance） knowledge has the outcome of being inadequate in particular due to the lack of instruction. Pediatricians have to face the realization that over-the-counter medicines increments the peril of ADRs （adverse drug reactions） has become a public health concern. The purpose of this article is to disseminate knowledge of the PhV and to highlight the cultural and organizational difficulties for its implementation. The objectives of promoting the organization of specific training courses and research projects aimed at： （1） to foster the culture of iatrogenic disease in pediatrics; （2） to improve the appropriateness of prescribing drugs in children; （3） to enco.urage spontaneous reporting of ADRs in children; （4） to involve Pediatricians in PASS （post-authorization safety studies） according to GCP, GVP and ENCEPP Code of Conduct. An up to date proposal of PhV, a procedure of preparation improves the productivity of creating novel informative reports which can be utilized for a benefit/risk scrutiny making strides in medicine prescription. In this context, FP-MCRN （family paediatficians-medicines for children research network） established with the aim of developing competence, infrastructure and education for paediatric clinical trials, plays a crucial role in paediatric PhV, through an improvement of PhV training, a correct research methodology and very strong relationship with the families. The initial necessity is cultural, implementing culture of iatrogenic illnesses and a watchful evaluation of the importance of PASS by FPs （family pediatricians）. Participation in clinical trials that generates a precise database administered by FPs together with follow-up outcomes becomes relevant and vital for a scrupulous and accurate assessment of ADRs. PASS can foresee on one hand training and information regarding the proper use of drugs in children and possible iatrogenic pathologies caused by their improper use, the other to constitute a territorial survey in the prescriptive appropriateness and safety of pediatric drugs aimed at evaluating the risk-benefit balance on usage.

练气功的身体反应

为了使初学和自学气功的人了解练功时出现的各种身体反应,并且让大家搞清楚哪些是良性反应,哪些是不良反应以及解决的办法,这样就可避免出现思想紧张、无所适从、不可理解及产生恐惧的心理,防止产生偏差。

将“尝试错误”植入课堂 让核心素养落地生根

著名学术理论家、哲学家波普尔曾说:"错误中往往孕育着比正确更丰富的发现和创造因素,发现的方法就是试错的方法."心理学家盖耶认为:"谁不考虑尝试错误,不允许学生犯错误,就将错过最富有成效的学习时刻."尝试错误就是让学生尝试在解决问题的过程中暴露错误,教师针对学生的典型错误进行矫正性教学,引导学生审视、辨析和反思错误,从而引起学生知错、改错和防错的良性反应.

新赛季巡礼之安东尼·戴维斯×特伦斯·琼斯

安东尼·戴维斯在中国赛的受伤离场让鹈鹕全队上下惊出了一身冷汗,不过目前看来,他的状况不会像之前那样影响到整个赛季。鹈鹕队的主教练金特里应该是最担心的人了,因为他在新赛季怀着一番雄心壮志,想要帮助戴维斯开发出更多的进攻手段,以期他和埃文斯能够产生良性反应。新赛季,鹈鹕队的内外线组合绝对值得期待。

Clinical efficacy and safety of intravenous itraconazole in patients with invasive fungal infections in emergency intensive care unit

This study aimed to analyze the clinical efficacy and safety of itraconazole. We investigated 68 patients with invasive fungal infections（IFI） in emergency intensive care unit（EICU）. A retrospective analysis was performed in patients with IFI who were treated in the authors＇ institution, a grade III first class hospital in Beijing, China, between Feb. 2013 and Feb. 2015. The age of patients ranged from 35 to 90 years old with the mean age of（75.1±11.1） years old. The study population comprised 36 male and 32 female patients. Total response rate was 60.3%. The response rates in definitive diagnosis, clinical diagnosis and presumed diagnosis were 33.3%, 59.5% and 65.2%, respectively（P〈0.05）. The empirical treatment should be provided for patients with presumed diagnosis as earlier as possible. Eleven（16.2%） cases had adverse drug event（ADE） during treatment. The main signs were hepatic functional impairment and hypokalemia of ADE. The clinical efficacy and safety of intravenous itraconazole were precisely assessed. To reduce the adverse drug reaction（ADR）, hepatic and renal function and other biochemical criterion should be closely monitored.

Severe and lethal adverse reactions of linezolid--a summary analysis of case reports

A systematic summary was used to evaluate case reports of adverse drug reactions(ADRs)caused by linezolid,and to explore the effects and severity on human organs or systems in the real world.The databases,such as PubMed,Embase,Cochrane Library,and CINAHL,were searched using“linezolid”+“case reports”as search terms from the establishment of each database to 31 st December 2019,and the case reports on ADRs related to linezolid were collected.A total of 159 case reports were finally included in the analysis,including 189 patients.The ratio of male to female was 0.89:1,and the average age was(52.42±23.43)years old.The results showed that linezolid-related severe ADRs mainly occurred in the nervous system(n=86)and blood system(n=44),followed by the metabolic system(n=31)and gastrointestinal system(n=18).Other systems reported less frequently were the skin tissue(n=6),renal and urinary system(n=3),cardiovascular systems(n=2),and hepatobiliary system(n=2).The most common linezolid-related ADRs were serotonin syndrome(n=40),followed by optic neuropathy(n=25)and thrombocytopenia(n=22).The most severe ADR was lactic acidosis(n=29),and its death rate was as high as 31.0%.In the blood system ADRs,11 cases had underlying diseases of renal impairment,and four of them died.Moreover,22 cases with thrombocytopenia were mainly elderly over 65 years old(n=17),and there were also one infant and one child with thrombocytopenia.We first reported that lactic acidosis and blood system ADRs mostly occurred within 28 d,and the nervous system ADRs mostly occurred after 28 d.Besides,irreversible auditory neuropathy(n=1),hypophosphatemia(n=1),bradycardia(n=1),and tooth discoloration mostly occurring in minors(n=5)were the linezolid-related ADRs,which were not described in the instructions,related guidelines,and clinical trials of linezolid.The most severe linezolid-related ADRs was lactic acidosis that occurred within 28 d.Renal damage and special populations might be the main risk factors in the blood system ADRs.Minor linezolid-related ADRs were rare,while there were still some cases of auditory neuropathy,hypophosphatemia,bradycardia,and tooth discoloration.