浅析“良质”与产品设计——读《万里任禅游》有感于产品设计

本文借由罗伯特·M.波西格(Robert M.Pirsig)的《万里任禅游》(又译《禅与摩托车维修艺术》)一书,跟随作者在书中从哲学辩证的角度去理解并试图定义"良质(quality)"的思想,基于约瑟夫·M·朱兰(Joseph M.Juran)博士的产品质量的含义,试图寻找产品设计中的良质。

《禅与摩托车维修艺术》中的“良质”

作为美国当代禅文学的代表,罗伯特·M.波西格的《禅与摩托车维修艺术》以作者的精神分裂经历为原型,讲述了一次横跨美国大陆的摩托车骑行。主人公“我”在旅途中反思了精神分裂前的自己“斐德洛”从理论道路去探索“良质”的错误,转而选择了一条实践“良质”的道路。与东方思想相通的“良质”是小说所找到的解决当代人物质精神危机的良药,但囿于“良质”对日常词义的违背及其无法定义,学界对其内涵仍未有系统充分的阐释。本文结合现象学和相关理论对小说文本进行深入分析,尝试从前二元论和日常实践的角度去充分挖掘“良质”的内涵。

良质保单是寿险永续经营的基础

良质保单是寿险永续经营的基础，是使寿险业务经营良性循环的关键。良质保单就是能切实给客户带来他所需要的保障、易于服务、不存在误导的保险契约。只有努力提高承保质量、改善契约品质，使寿险契约成为良质保单，才能使寿险行业的经营走上良性循环之路。寿险公司承保的业务契约品质是否优良，取决于营销人员的展业行为是否规范；营销人员的展业行为是否规范，则取决于寿险公司的教育、培训及管理。为此，寿险公司应加强对营销队伍进行职业道德教育与契约品质重要性的教育；加强对营销队伍的专业知识培训；针对极个别品质不良人员的故意误导及违规行为，加大管理力度。

“大国良师”集体人格及其培育

“集体人格”这一概念源自荣格的集体无意识,指向人类精神的深层领域。教师集体人格是在长期的历史发展过程中深埋在人们的意识深处,存在于人们集体无意识沉淀之中教师的集体经验、情感与品质。从中国教师集体人格的向度解读“大国良师”:一方面诠释中国所需教育人才要有大视野、大格局、大情怀和大境界;另一方面表明良师乃有良心之师,兼具良好的自然德性与人为德性;良师乃有良知之师,自觉践行师德并保持高度的道德敏感性;良师乃追求良质之师,这是良师最为可贵之处,即在物质和精神层面的一种对于“好”的追求,这是一种精神态度,永葆教师工作的向上、向好。中国教师“大国良师”集体人格可从教师角色期待的历史嬗变中探寻、在教师隐喻文化的不断变化中凸显、在历代教师楷模的光辉形象中体现。“大国良师”集体人格培育核心在教师精神养成,源头在师范生培养,重在良师基因孕育,关键在教师教育方式变革。

小麦粉面包烘烤品质指标的研究 2.聚类分析评价品种的品质指标特征

本文通过对14项面包烘烤品质指标遗传距离的测定,应用聚类分析把50个小麦品种(系)客观地分为六类四群:优质群、良质群、高蛋白群和劣质群。评价了各群品种的品质指标特征,发现优质类群的特点是大多数烘烤品质指标优良且相互协调,明确了选择面包用品种的指标体系,并讨论了劣质群的改良途径。

Effects of Biochar on Tobacco-planting Soil Improvement and Tobacco Quality in Mudanjiang Area

This study was conducted to study the feasibility of biochar in soil im- provement and tobacco quality. The black soil in NinganCountry of Mudanjiang was used as the material in this study, and the effects of biochar on tobacco-planting soil C/N, soil microorganisms, the development of tobacco, and chemical compo- nents and neutral aroma components in flue-cured tobacco werestudied. The results showed that the application of biochar at a rate of 1 800 kg/hm2 could increase soil C/N by 31.79%, and the quantity of actinomycetes in the soil was 3.8 times as much as that in control. The growth wasobviously better after biochar application, plant height and effective leaf number were significantly higher than those ofcontrol, but total sugar and nicotine were not significantly different. The application of biochar at a rate of 1 200 kg/hm2 increased the potassium content by 11%, the application of biochar at a rate of 2 400 kg/hm2 improved total sugar content by 5.40%, and the application of biochar at a rate of 1 800 kg/hm2 made the tobacco solanone content 1.97 times as that of control. Comprehensive studies showed that the application of biochar 1 200-1 800 kg/hm2 could improvesoilenvironment, and promote tobacco growth and quality.

禽肉及肉制品的鉴别

禽产品质量是消费者广为关注的大事。如何保障禽类产品质量安全?除政府监管以外,消费者能对产品进行简单的鉴别显得尤为重要。本期专题刊载两篇文章,分别介绍了蛋类及蛋制品、禽肉及肉制品的鉴别原则和方法,希望对读者有所裨益。

Properties of Basic Soils in Different Types and Improvements and Uses in Burundi

SoiI in Africa is one of the most infertiIe soiIs on the earth. With soiIs in Burundi as study objects, the soiI-forming conditions, the properties of basic soiI types, and soiI improvement were discussed, which provides a reference for the decision maker and the rational deveIopment and utiIization of soiI in Burundi.

Genetic Improvement Progress and Productive Effect of Rapeseed in Henan Province

The research progress and major achievements on genetic breeding, het- erosis utilization of rapeseed in Henan Province were summarized, with the aim to provide technical guidance for rapeseed genetic breeding in the future work. Faced with the problems of lack of special varieties, highly demand for healthy oil and high production cost in rapeseed production in recent years, the breeding goals of rapeseed have been adjusted from high yield, high quality and disease resistance to high oil, high oleic acid, adaptative to mechanization, late planting resistance. The breeding technologies mainly focused on the isolated microspore culture, molecular marker assisted selection, and the corresponding high efficiency technical systems were constructed. The innovative research on excellent germplasm resources were carried on, which created and established breeding populations and distinctive new germplasm resources with diverse variations such as high oil content, high oleic acid content and low linolenic acid, cold resistance, drought resistance, pod shatter resistance and different flower color variations. A series of rapeseed hybrids of dou- ble low varieties with strong heterosis and high oil contents were released and these hybrids significantly improved seed yield, quality and resistance. The average yield of rapeseed in Henan Province was 22.49% higher than the national average yield in 2003-2015. All of the achievements provided strong technical support for the upgrading of rapeseed varieties and increasing both production and income.

Effects of a Complex Amendment on the Quality of Cucumber Fruit under Cd Contamination Stress

Pot experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of a complex amendment on the soil organic matter content, pH, microbial quantity, Cd uptake and nutritional quality of the fruit of cucumber （Cucumis sativus L.） planted in two levels （CdCl2·2.5H2O mg/kg and 4 mg/kg） of Cd-contaminated soil in which different concentrations of complex amendments （0, 600, 900, 1 200 mg/kg） were added. The results showed that when applying 1 200 mg/kg amendment, the organic mat-ter content, bacterial number and total microorganism amounts in 2 and 4 mg/kg Cd-contaminated soil increased by 23.17% and 32.89%, 87.61% and 96.02%, 59.95% and 55.81%, respectively. When 900 mg/kg amendment was applied, the fungi number in 2 and 4 mg/kg Cd-contaminated soil reached the maximum, in-creasing by 137.50% and 106.72% respectively. However, applying the amendment had no significant effect on the pH of soil. The security and nutritional quality of cu-cumber fruits were obviously improved comparing with control. The Cd content in cucumber fruits decreased by 31.40% and 24.35%, respectively, in 2 and 4 mg/kg Cd-contaminated soil. Furthermore, Vc, soluble sugar and soluble fixation content in cucumber fruits of 2 and 4 mg/kg Cd-contaminated soil went up by 25.00% and 91.42%, 37.03% and 27.06%, 14.29% and 58.80%, respectively. lt was indicated that the complex amendment can obviously improve the quality of cucumber fruit and thus can be used in the in situ_repair of Cd-contaminated soil.

论《禅与摩托车维修艺术》中的后现代禅宗思想

《禅与摩托车维修艺术》是美国作家波西格的长篇小说代表作,内容源于作者与儿子和朋友骑摩托车横穿明尼苏达州到达加州的真实经历。小说中,波西格在其禅修式游历中对现代人面临的理性与感性、古典与浪漫的二元对立进行了思考,从中可以窥见“良质”对迷途灵魂的自我救赎。从建设性的后现代主义角度来看,“良质”可谓后现代禅宗思想的核心,其独特性在于它是继“垮掉派”主张的“披头禅”之后,成功解决西方人精神挣扎和文化困境的思想结晶。更重要的是,《禅与摩托车维修艺术》中的后现代主义禅宗思想不仅对人们的现实生活意义重大,而且对禅宗自身的发展有积极的促进作用。

Malnutrition affects quality of life in gastroenterology patients

AIM： To investigate the association between malnutrition and quality of life in patients with benign gastrointestinal disease.METHODS： Two hundred patients （104 wellnourished and 96 malnourished） were assessed according to the Subjective Global Assessment, anthropometric measurements and bioelectrical impedance analysis. Quality of life was determined with the validated Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short-Form General Health Survey （SF 36）. Muscle function was assessed by hand grip strength and peak flow.RESULTS： Body mass index, body cell mass, arm muscle area and hand grip strength were significantly lower in the malnourished patients. Quality of life was generally lower when compared to norm values. Seven out of eight quality of life scales （excluding bodily pain） were significantly reduced in the malnourished patients. Comparing patients with liver cirrhosis and inflammatory bowel disease （IBD）, patients with IBD experienced significantly lower values in the perception of bodily pain, social functioning and rnenta/health. Malnourished liver cirrhotics suffered reductions in more scales （six out of eight） than malnourished IBD patients did （four out of eight）.CONCLUSION： Quality of life is generally low in benign gastrointestinal disease and is further reduced in patients who are classified as malnourished. It appears that liver cirrhosis patients experience a higher quality of life than IBD patients do, but the impact of malnutrition seems to be greater in liver cirrhosis than in IBD.

Application of Projection Pursuit Evaluation Model Based on Real-Coded Accelerating Genetic Algorithm in Evaluating Wetland Soil Quality Variations in the Sanjiang Plain, China

A new technique of dimension reduction named projection pursuit is applied to model and evaluatewetland soil quality variations in the Sanjiang Plain, Helongjiang Province, China. By adopting the im-proved real-coded accelerating genetic algorithm (RAGA), the projection direction is optimized and multi-dimensional indexes are converted into low-dimensional space. Classification of wetland soils and evaluationof wetland soil quality variations are realized by pursuing optimum projection direction and projection func-tion value. Therefore, by adopting this new method, any possible human interference can be avoided andsound results can be achieved in researching quality changes and classification of wetland soils.

Effect of substrate amendment on alkaline minerals and aggregate stability in bauxite residue

Bauxite residue is an alkaline waste material in the process of alumina production due to its characteristics of higher salinity and alkalinity,which results in environmental issues and extremely restricts the sustainable development of alumina industries.In this work,we conduct a column experiment to study the effects of two amendments on aggregate stability and variations in alkaline minerals of bauxite residue.The two amendments are phosphogypsum(PG)and phosphogypsum and vermicompost(PVC).The dominant fraction in aggregate is 1–0.25 mm in diameter on the surface,which takes up 39.34%,39.38%,and 44.51%for CK,PG,and PVC,respectively.Additions of PG and PVC decreased pH,EC,ESP,exchangeable Na^+concentration and the percentage of alkaline minerals,and then increased exchangeable Ca^2+concentration in bauxite residue.There was significant positive correlation between pH and exchangeable Na^+concentration,the percentage of cancrinite,tricalcium aluminate and calcite;while negative correlation was found in pH value versus exchangeable Ca^2+concentration.Theses findings confirmed that additions of phosphogypsum and vermicompost have a stimulative effect on aggregate stability in bauxite residue.In particular,amendment neutralization(phosphogypsum+vermicompost)in column represents an advantage for large-scale simulation of vegetation rehabilitate in bauxite residue disposal areas.

Effects of a Composite Soil Amendment on the Quality of Pak Choi(Brassica rapa L. Chinensis Group) Growing in Pb-contaminated Soils

In the present study, a pot experiment was carded out to investigate the effects of a composite soil amendment at different levels （0, 600, 900 and 1 200 mg/kg） on the soil organic matter content, pH, Pb uptake and nutritional quality of pak choi （Brassica rapa L. Chinensis Group） grown in the soils contaminated by four levels （800, 1 200, 1 600 and 2 000 mg/kg） of Pb. The results showed that 900 mg/kg soil amendment increased the soil organic matter content by 24.19%- 60.00%, but had no significant influence on soil pH. Comparing with control （without amendment application）, the security and nutritional quality of pak choi were obviously improved by applying the soil amendment. In detail, 900 mg/kg soil amendment improved the content of Vc of pak choi growing in 800, 1 200, 1 600 and 2 000 mg/kg Pb-contaminated soils by 13.27%-69.30%, the content of soluble sugar by 54.17%- 87.50%, the dry matter weight by 28.36%-33.39%, and decreased the content of Pb by 19.11%-35.72% and the content of crude fiber by 20.83%-31.03%, respectively. These data indicated that the composite amendment can be used for the in situ repair of Pb-contaminated soils, and the recommended dosage is 900 mg/kg.

Natural ripening with subsequent additions of gypsum and organic matter is key to successful bauxite residue revegetation

The processes involved in the major steps of successful revegetation of bauxite residues are examined.The first phase is the natural physical,chemical and microbial ripening of the profile.This involves allowing the profile to drain,dry,shrink and crack to depth,leaching of soluble salts,alkalinity and Na down out of the surface layers,acidification by direct carbonation and natural seeding of tolerant vegetation with an accumulation of organic matter near the surface and an attendant development of an active microbial community.Following ripening,the surface layer can be tilled and gypsum and organic matter(e.g.manures,composts,biosolids)incorporated.These amendments result in a further decrease in pH,increase in Ca and other exchangeable cations,increased leaching of Na(with a reduction in exchangeable Na and ESP),improved physical properties,particularly aggregation,and a large increase in microbial activity.Other important considerations include the choice of suitable plant species tolerant to salinity/sodicity and local environmental conditions and the addition of balanced fertilizer applications.

Rehabilitation of bauxite residue to support soil development and grassland establishment

Rehabilitation(amendment and vegetation establishment)on bauxite residue is viewed as a promising strategy to stabilize the surface and initiate soil development.However,such approaches are inhibited by high pH,high exchangeable sodium(ESP)and poor nutrient status.Amendment with gypsum is effective in improving residue physical and chemical properties and promoting seed establishment and growth.Application of organics(e.g.compost)can address nutrient deficiencies but supplemental fertilizer additions may be required.A series of germination bioassays were performed on residue to determine candidate species and optimum rehabilitation application rates.Subsequent field trials assessed establishment of grassland species Holcus lanatus and Trifolium pratense as well as physical and chemical properties of amended residue.Follow up monitoring over five years assessed elemental content in grassland and species dynamics.With co-application of the amendments several grassland species can grow on the residue.Over time other plant species can invade the restored area and fast growing nutrient demanding grasses are replaced.Scrub species can establish within a 5 Yr period and there is evidence of nutrient cycling.High pH,sodicity and nutrient deficiencies are the major limiting factors to establishing grassland on residue.Following restoration several plant species can grow on amended residue.

Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell transplantation for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Due to their relative abundance,stable biological properties and excellent reproductive activity,umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells have previously been utilized for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy,which is a muscular atrophy disease.Three patients who were clinically and pathologically diagnosed with Duchenne muscular dystrophy were transplanted with umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells by intravenous infusion,in combination with multi-point intramuscular injection.They were followed up for 12 months after cell transplantation.Results showed that clinical symptoms significantly improved,daily living activity and muscle strength were enhanced,the sero-enzyme,electromyogram,and MRI scans showed improvement,and dystrophin was expressed in the muscle cell membrane.Hematoxylin-eosin staining of a muscle biopsy revealed that muscle fibers were well arranged,fibrous degeneration was alleviated,and fat infiltration was improved.These pieces of evidence suggest that umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell transplantation can be considered as a new regimen for Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Protein-loosing enteropathy associated with rotavirus infection in an infant

Rotavirus is an acute enteric pathogen in infants and children. We reported a rare case of a 6-mo-old infant with protein-loosing enteropathy (PLE) caused by rotavirus gastroenteritis, and evaluated the immunological profile in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Laboratory examinations showed lymphopenia, hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, hypogammaglobulinemia, and elevation of alpha-1-antitrypsin (α1-AT) clearance. Lymphocytes subpopulation study revealed the reversal of CD4+/CD8+ ratio with the selective decrease of CD4- positive lymphocytes. Moreover, the excessive increase of T cells producing IFN-gamma (IFN-γ) was found, which plays an important role in the protection against viral infection. The primary or secondary activation of immune system by rotavirus may influence structural integrity and vascular permeability, which may play a triggering role in protein-loosing enteropathy.

Gender differences in ghrelin, nociception genes, psychological factors and quality of life in functional dyspepsia

AIM to evaluate gender differences in the aspect of ghrelin,nociception-related genes and psychological aspects and the quality of life(Qo L) in Korean functional dyspepsia(FD) patients.METHODS Total of 191 persons were prospectively enrolled between March 2013 and May 2016 in Seoul National Bundang Hospital,and classified into control and FD group based on ROME Ⅲ criteria. Questionnaire included assessment for dyspepsia symptoms,Qo L and anxiety or depression. Preproghrelin and nociception genes in the gastric mucosa and plasma acyl/des-acyl ghrelin were measured. RESULTS Lower level of plasma acyl ghrelin in FD patients compared to control was significant only in male(15.9 fmol/m L vs 10.4 fmol/m L,P = 0.017). Significantly higher m RNA expressions of nerve growth factor and transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor 1 were observed in male(P = 0.002 and P = 0.014,respectively) than in female. In contrast,female FD patients had a higher anxiety and depression score than male FD(P = 0.029),and anxiety score was correlated with epigastric pain only in female FD patients(female: Spearman rho = 0.420,P = 0.037). The impairment of overall Qo L was more prominent in female FD patients than male patients(5.4 ± 0.3 vs 6.5 ± 0.3,P = 0.020). CONCLUSION Gender differences of ghrelin and nociception-related genes in male and psychological factors in female underlie FD symptoms. More careful assessment of psychological or emotional status is required particularly for the female FD patients.