Breast metastasis from extra-mammary malignancy is rare. An incidence of 0.4% to 1.3% has been reported in literature. The primary malignancies that most commonly metastasize to the breast are leukemia, lymphoma, and ...Breast metastasis from extra-mammary malignancy is rare. An incidence of 0.4% to 1.3% has been reported in literature. The primary malignancies that most commonly metastasize to the breast are leukemia, lymphoma, and malignant melanoma. In this report, two cases of pulmonary metastasis to the breast were presented. A 40-year-old female manifested a right breast mass of 2-month duration. After physical examination was performed, a poorly defined mass was noted in the upper outer quadrant of the right breast. Another 49-year-old female manifested right breast mass of 5-day duration. A poorly defined mass was noted in the lower inner quadrant of the right breast. Mammography results also revealed breast cancer. The patients underwent local excision. After histological and immunohistochemical analyses were conducted, a primary lung carcinoma that metastasized to the breast was diagnosed. An accurate differentiation of metastasis to the breast from primary breast cancer is very important because the treatment and prognosis of the two differ significantly.展开更多
Objective To investigate the clinical and pathological characteristics of primary cervical malignant melanoma, and its prognosis. Mothods The clinical and pathological data of four patients with primary malignant mel...Objective To investigate the clinical and pathological characteristics of primary cervical malignant melanoma, and its prognosis. Mothods The clinical and pathological data of four patients with primary malignant melanoma of the cervix were analyzed retrospectively. Nerve tissue protein S-100 and monoclonal antibody to melanoma （HMB-45） were measured in all cases by immunohistochemical method. All four patients received radical hysterectomy. Three of them received chemotherapy preoperation or postoperation, and one of them received biotherapy with interferon-3, and interleukin-2 at the same time. All the cases were followed up. Results The average age of four patients was 45 years. Clinical symptoms presented with irregular vaginal bleeding, postcoital bleeding, or increase of vaginal discharge. Gynecologic examination showed polypus papilla cauliflower-shaped or nodulated black-brown or black-blue mass on the cervix. All the four cases were pathologically diagnosed with cervical malignant melanoma. S-100 and HMB-45 were positive in all patients. Two patients died at 6 and 41 months postoperation, respectively. The other two patients survived for 3.5 and 7 years postoperation, respectively. Conclusion S-100 protein and HMB-45 play very important roles in the diagnosis of primary malignant melanoma of cervix. Radical hysterectomy, chemotherapy combined with dimethyl triazemo imidazole carboxamide and biological therapies may improve the prognosis of the primary malignant melanoma of cervix if the disease could be diagnosed in an early stage.展开更多
In the past,there has been considerable focus on a host of drugs and chemicals that may produce colonic toxicity.Now,a variety of new biological monoclonal antibody agents,usually administered by infusion,have appeare...In the past,there has been considerable focus on a host of drugs and chemicals that may produce colonic toxicity.Now,a variety of new biological monoclonal antibody agents,usually administered by infusion,have appeared in the clinical realm over the last decade or so to treat different chronic inflammatory or malignant disorders.For some of these agents,adverse effects have been documented,including apparently new forms of immune-mediated inflammatory bowel disease.In some,only limited symptoms have been recorded,but in others,severe colitis with serious complications,such as bowel perforation has been recorded.In others,adverse effects may have a direct vascular or ischemic basis,while other intestinal effects may be related to a superimposed infection.Some new onset cases of ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease may also be attributed to the same agents used to treat these diseases,or be responsible for disease exacerbation.Dramatic and well documented side effects have been observed with ipilimumab,a humanized monoclonal antibody developed to reduce and overcome cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4,a key negative feedback regulator of the T-cell anti-tumor response.This agent has frequently been used in the treatment of different malignancies,notably,malignant melanoma.Side effects with this agent occur in up to 40% and these are believed to be largely immune-mediated.One of these is a form of enterocolitis that may be severe,and occa-sionally,fatal.Other agents include rituximab(an antiCD20 monoclonal antibody),bevacizumab(a monoclonal antibody against the vascular endothelial growth factor) and anti-tumor necrosis factor agents,including infliximab,adalimumab and etanercept.展开更多
Metastatic melanoma to the common bile duct is very rare with only 18 cases reported so far. We report a 46 year old women who, 18 mo after excision of a skin melanoma, developped a painless progressive obstructive ja...Metastatic melanoma to the common bile duct is very rare with only 18 cases reported so far. We report a 46 year old women who, 18 mo after excision of a skin melanoma, developped a painless progressive obstructive jaundice. At operation a melanoma within the distal third of the common bile duct was found. There were no other secondaries within the abdomen. The common bile duct, including the tumor, was resected and anastomosed with Roux-en-Y jejunal limb. The patient survived 31 mo without any sign of local recurrence and was submitted to three other operations for axillar and brain secondaries, from which she finally died. Radical resection of metastatic melanoma to the common bile duct may result in lifelong relief of obstructive jaundice. It is safe and relatively easy to perform. In other cases, a less aggressive approach, stenting or bypass procedures, should be adopted.展开更多
The authors present the clinical case of an 87-year-old Caucasian male admitted to the emergency room with hematemesis. He had a history of intermittent dys-phagia during the previous month. Endoscopic evaluation reve...The authors present the clinical case of an 87-year-old Caucasian male admitted to the emergency room with hematemesis. He had a history of intermittent dys-phagia during the previous month. Endoscopic evaluation revealed an eccentric,soft esophageal lesionlocated 25-35 cm from the incisors,which appeared asa protrusion of the esophagus wall,with active bleeding. Biopsies were acquired. Tissue evaluation wascompatible with a melanoma. After excluding other sites of primary neoplasm,the definitive diagnosis of Primary Malignant Melanoma of the Esophagus(PMME) was made. The patient developed a hospital-acquired respiratory infection and died before tumor-directed treatment could begin. Primary malignant melanoma represents only 0.1% to 0.2% of all esophageal ma-lignant tumors. Risk factors for PMME are not defined.A higher incidence of PMME has been described in Japan. Dysphagia,predominantly for solids,is the most frequent symptom at presentation. Retrosternal orepigastric discom fort or pain,melena or hemate mesishave also been described. The characteristic endoscopic finding of PMME is as a polypoid lesion,with variablesize,usually pigmented. The neoplasm occurs in thelower two-thirds of the esophagus in 86% of cases.PMME metastasizes via hematogenic and lymphatic pathways. At diagnosis,50% of the patients present with distant metastases to the liver,the mediastinum,the lungs and the brain. When possible,surgery(curative or palliative) ,is the preferential method of treatment. There are some reports in the literature where chemotherapy,chemohormon otherapy,radiotherapy and immunotherapy,with or without surgery,wereused with variable efficacy. The prognosis is poor;themean survival after surgery is less than 15 mo.展开更多
Interferon （IFN） is a cytokine with various biological functions, including antivirus, immunoregulation and anti- tumor. It has been wildly used in many anti-cancer therapies, including malignant melanoma, hepatocel...Interferon （IFN） is a cytokine with various biological functions, including antivirus, immunoregulation and anti- tumor. It has been wildly used in many anti-cancer therapies, including malignant melanoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, ad- vanced renal-cell carcinoma, non-Hodgkin＇s lymphoma, chronic myelogenous leukemia and AIDS-related Kaposi＇s sarcoma. However, its effective dose is always very high, which may bring some serious side effects, nevertheless, not all patients can benefit from the IFN therapy. So a problem we have faced is that how to improve the efficiency and sensitivity of IFN？ To solve this problem, many studies have been launched to find the effective prognostic factors and individual biomarkers for guiding the treatment better. In addition, further clarifying the anti-tumor mechanisms of IFN is benefit for explaining how the biomark- ers predict prognosis of patients. In recent studies, many IFN associated genes and proteins predicting sensitivity of IFN therapy have been found, which may associate with the progression of cancer, such as IFN regulatory factor （IRF）, IFNAR2 mRNA, microRNA, IFITM-I. Some factors in peripheral blood are easier to detect and have the potential to been popularized in clinical practice, such as CD8^high CD57^＋ lymphocyte levels in malignant melanoma, serum IFNAR2 mRNA in mCRC. This review briefly summarized the advances of antitumorally individual markers of IFN.展开更多
Objective: Our study aimed to investigate the relationships between the clinico-pathologic features and the heparanase(Hpa) and CD222 expressions in bladder carcinoma. Methods: The expressions of Hpa and CD222 in 95 b...Objective: Our study aimed to investigate the relationships between the clinico-pathologic features and the heparanase(Hpa) and CD222 expressions in bladder carcinoma. Methods: The expressions of Hpa and CD222 in 95 bladder carcinoma specimens and 20 paraneoplastic bladder tissues(controls) were assessed using the immunohistochemical staining method. Results: The positive expression rates of Hpa and CD222 in bladder carcinoma were 68.42% and 61.05%, respectively. The positive rate of Hpa was significantly higher in the carcinoma specimens than in the control specimens(P < 0.01). Similarly, the Hpa expression in the invasive bladder carcinoma was significantly higher than that in the non-invasive bladder carcinoma(P < 0.01). A positive correlation was observed between the expressions of Hpa and CD222(P < 0.05). The expressions of Hpa and CD222 were significantly correlated with lymphatic invasion and TNM staging(P < 0.05). The 5-year survival rate was significantly higher in negative expression of the Hpa group than that in the positive expression group(P < 0.05). Compared with the non-co-positive expression group, the 5-year survival rate in the co-positive expression of Hpa and CD222 group was significantly lower(P < 0.05). Conclusion: High Hpa and CD222 expressions in tumor tissues were associated with the occurrence and development of bladder carcinoma. Our results provide helpful information for the further diagnosis and therapy of bladder carcinoma.展开更多
Celiac disease is a gluten-related malabsorption in small intestine occurring in genetically susceptible patients. In this disease the risk of many malignancies is increased the most important of which being non-Hodgk...Celiac disease is a gluten-related malabsorption in small intestine occurring in genetically susceptible patients. In this disease the risk of many malignancies is increased the most important of which being non-Hodgkin lymphoma of small intestine. Other malignancies include adenocarcinoma of small intestine and squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus and melanoma. As to our knowledge so far only one case of ceJiac disease associated with hypopharyngeaJ squamous ceil car- cinoma has been reported. In this article we presented a patient suffering from celiac disease with squamous cell carcinoma of hypopharynx. She underwent chemotherapy and radiation therapy, unfortunately however she died because of progress of disease. So, in patients with celiac disease we should pay attention to various malignancies and when cases of cancers are accompanied by malabsorption we must think of celiac disease involvement.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No.81172532） the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University （Grant No.TRT0743）
文摘Breast metastasis from extra-mammary malignancy is rare. An incidence of 0.4% to 1.3% has been reported in literature. The primary malignancies that most commonly metastasize to the breast are leukemia, lymphoma, and malignant melanoma. In this report, two cases of pulmonary metastasis to the breast were presented. A 40-year-old female manifested a right breast mass of 2-month duration. After physical examination was performed, a poorly defined mass was noted in the upper outer quadrant of the right breast. Another 49-year-old female manifested right breast mass of 5-day duration. A poorly defined mass was noted in the lower inner quadrant of the right breast. Mammography results also revealed breast cancer. The patients underwent local excision. After histological and immunohistochemical analyses were conducted, a primary lung carcinoma that metastasized to the breast was diagnosed. An accurate differentiation of metastasis to the breast from primary breast cancer is very important because the treatment and prognosis of the two differ significantly.
文摘Objective To investigate the clinical and pathological characteristics of primary cervical malignant melanoma, and its prognosis. Mothods The clinical and pathological data of four patients with primary malignant melanoma of the cervix were analyzed retrospectively. Nerve tissue protein S-100 and monoclonal antibody to melanoma （HMB-45） were measured in all cases by immunohistochemical method. All four patients received radical hysterectomy. Three of them received chemotherapy preoperation or postoperation, and one of them received biotherapy with interferon-3, and interleukin-2 at the same time. All the cases were followed up. Results The average age of four patients was 45 years. Clinical symptoms presented with irregular vaginal bleeding, postcoital bleeding, or increase of vaginal discharge. Gynecologic examination showed polypus papilla cauliflower-shaped or nodulated black-brown or black-blue mass on the cervix. All the four cases were pathologically diagnosed with cervical malignant melanoma. S-100 and HMB-45 were positive in all patients. Two patients died at 6 and 41 months postoperation, respectively. The other two patients survived for 3.5 and 7 years postoperation, respectively. Conclusion S-100 protein and HMB-45 play very important roles in the diagnosis of primary malignant melanoma of cervix. Radical hysterectomy, chemotherapy combined with dimethyl triazemo imidazole carboxamide and biological therapies may improve the prognosis of the primary malignant melanoma of cervix if the disease could be diagnosed in an early stage.
文摘In the past,there has been considerable focus on a host of drugs and chemicals that may produce colonic toxicity.Now,a variety of new biological monoclonal antibody agents,usually administered by infusion,have appeared in the clinical realm over the last decade or so to treat different chronic inflammatory or malignant disorders.For some of these agents,adverse effects have been documented,including apparently new forms of immune-mediated inflammatory bowel disease.In some,only limited symptoms have been recorded,but in others,severe colitis with serious complications,such as bowel perforation has been recorded.In others,adverse effects may have a direct vascular or ischemic basis,while other intestinal effects may be related to a superimposed infection.Some new onset cases of ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease may also be attributed to the same agents used to treat these diseases,or be responsible for disease exacerbation.Dramatic and well documented side effects have been observed with ipilimumab,a humanized monoclonal antibody developed to reduce and overcome cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4,a key negative feedback regulator of the T-cell anti-tumor response.This agent has frequently been used in the treatment of different malignancies,notably,malignant melanoma.Side effects with this agent occur in up to 40% and these are believed to be largely immune-mediated.One of these is a form of enterocolitis that may be severe,and occa-sionally,fatal.Other agents include rituximab(an antiCD20 monoclonal antibody),bevacizumab(a monoclonal antibody against the vascular endothelial growth factor) and anti-tumor necrosis factor agents,including infliximab,adalimumab and etanercept.
文摘Metastatic melanoma to the common bile duct is very rare with only 18 cases reported so far. We report a 46 year old women who, 18 mo after excision of a skin melanoma, developped a painless progressive obstructive jaundice. At operation a melanoma within the distal third of the common bile duct was found. There were no other secondaries within the abdomen. The common bile duct, including the tumor, was resected and anastomosed with Roux-en-Y jejunal limb. The patient survived 31 mo without any sign of local recurrence and was submitted to three other operations for axillar and brain secondaries, from which she finally died. Radical resection of metastatic melanoma to the common bile duct may result in lifelong relief of obstructive jaundice. It is safe and relatively easy to perform. In other cases, a less aggressive approach, stenting or bypass procedures, should be adopted.
文摘The authors present the clinical case of an 87-year-old Caucasian male admitted to the emergency room with hematemesis. He had a history of intermittent dys-phagia during the previous month. Endoscopic evaluation revealed an eccentric,soft esophageal lesionlocated 25-35 cm from the incisors,which appeared asa protrusion of the esophagus wall,with active bleeding. Biopsies were acquired. Tissue evaluation wascompatible with a melanoma. After excluding other sites of primary neoplasm,the definitive diagnosis of Primary Malignant Melanoma of the Esophagus(PMME) was made. The patient developed a hospital-acquired respiratory infection and died before tumor-directed treatment could begin. Primary malignant melanoma represents only 0.1% to 0.2% of all esophageal ma-lignant tumors. Risk factors for PMME are not defined.A higher incidence of PMME has been described in Japan. Dysphagia,predominantly for solids,is the most frequent symptom at presentation. Retrosternal orepigastric discom fort or pain,melena or hemate mesishave also been described. The characteristic endoscopic finding of PMME is as a polypoid lesion,with variablesize,usually pigmented. The neoplasm occurs in thelower two-thirds of the esophagus in 86% of cases.PMME metastasizes via hematogenic and lymphatic pathways. At diagnosis,50% of the patients present with distant metastases to the liver,the mediastinum,the lungs and the brain. When possible,surgery(curative or palliative) ,is the preferential method of treatment. There are some reports in the literature where chemotherapy,chemohormon otherapy,radiotherapy and immunotherapy,with or without surgery,wereused with variable efficacy. The prognosis is poor;themean survival after surgery is less than 15 mo.
文摘Interferon （IFN） is a cytokine with various biological functions, including antivirus, immunoregulation and anti- tumor. It has been wildly used in many anti-cancer therapies, including malignant melanoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, ad- vanced renal-cell carcinoma, non-Hodgkin＇s lymphoma, chronic myelogenous leukemia and AIDS-related Kaposi＇s sarcoma. However, its effective dose is always very high, which may bring some serious side effects, nevertheless, not all patients can benefit from the IFN therapy. So a problem we have faced is that how to improve the efficiency and sensitivity of IFN？ To solve this problem, many studies have been launched to find the effective prognostic factors and individual biomarkers for guiding the treatment better. In addition, further clarifying the anti-tumor mechanisms of IFN is benefit for explaining how the biomark- ers predict prognosis of patients. In recent studies, many IFN associated genes and proteins predicting sensitivity of IFN therapy have been found, which may associate with the progression of cancer, such as IFN regulatory factor （IRF）, IFNAR2 mRNA, microRNA, IFITM-I. Some factors in peripheral blood are easier to detect and have the potential to been popularized in clinical practice, such as CD8^high CD57^＋ lymphocyte levels in malignant melanoma, serum IFNAR2 mRNA in mCRC. This review briefly summarized the advances of antitumorally individual markers of IFN.
文摘Objective: Our study aimed to investigate the relationships between the clinico-pathologic features and the heparanase(Hpa) and CD222 expressions in bladder carcinoma. Methods: The expressions of Hpa and CD222 in 95 bladder carcinoma specimens and 20 paraneoplastic bladder tissues(controls) were assessed using the immunohistochemical staining method. Results: The positive expression rates of Hpa and CD222 in bladder carcinoma were 68.42% and 61.05%, respectively. The positive rate of Hpa was significantly higher in the carcinoma specimens than in the control specimens(P < 0.01). Similarly, the Hpa expression in the invasive bladder carcinoma was significantly higher than that in the non-invasive bladder carcinoma(P < 0.01). A positive correlation was observed between the expressions of Hpa and CD222(P < 0.05). The expressions of Hpa and CD222 were significantly correlated with lymphatic invasion and TNM staging(P < 0.05). The 5-year survival rate was significantly higher in negative expression of the Hpa group than that in the positive expression group(P < 0.05). Compared with the non-co-positive expression group, the 5-year survival rate in the co-positive expression of Hpa and CD222 group was significantly lower(P < 0.05). Conclusion: High Hpa and CD222 expressions in tumor tissues were associated with the occurrence and development of bladder carcinoma. Our results provide helpful information for the further diagnosis and therapy of bladder carcinoma.
文摘Celiac disease is a gluten-related malabsorption in small intestine occurring in genetically susceptible patients. In this disease the risk of many malignancies is increased the most important of which being non-Hodgkin lymphoma of small intestine. Other malignancies include adenocarcinoma of small intestine and squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus and melanoma. As to our knowledge so far only one case of ceJiac disease associated with hypopharyngeaJ squamous ceil car- cinoma has been reported. In this article we presented a patient suffering from celiac disease with squamous cell carcinoma of hypopharynx. She underwent chemotherapy and radiation therapy, unfortunately however she died because of progress of disease. So, in patients with celiac disease we should pay attention to various malignancies and when cases of cancers are accompanied by malabsorption we must think of celiac disease involvement.
