Human induced pluripotent stem （iPS） cells are similar to embryonic stem （ES） cells, and can proliferate intensively and differentiate into a variety of cell types. However, the hepatic differentiation of human iP...Human induced pluripotent stem （iPS） cells are similar to embryonic stem （ES） cells, and can proliferate intensively and differentiate into a variety of cell types. However, the hepatic differentiation of human iPS cells has not yet been reported. In this report, human iPS cells were induced to differentiate into hepatic cells by a stepwise protocol. The expression of liver cell markers and liver-related functions of the human iPS cell-derived cells were monitored and compared with that of differentiated human ES cells and primary human hepatocytes. Approximately 60% of the differentiated human iPS cells at day 7 expressed hepatic markers alpha fetoprotein and Alb. The differentiated cells at day 21 exhibited liver cell functions including albumin Asecretion, glycogen synthesis, urea production and inducible cytochrome P450 activity. The expression of hepatic markers and fiver-related functions of the iPS cellderived hepatic ceils were comparable to that of the human ES cell-derived hepatic cells. These results show that human iPS cells, which are similar to human ES cells, can be efficiently induced to differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells.展开更多
DNA barcoding provides accurate stages. Single-gene-targeted metagenomic analysis identification of zooplankton species through all life based on DNA barcode databases can facilitate long- term monitoring of zooplankt...DNA barcoding provides accurate stages. Single-gene-targeted metagenomic analysis identification of zooplankton species through all life based on DNA barcode databases can facilitate long- term monitoring of zooplankton communities. With the help of the available zooplankton databases, the zooplankton community of the Changjiang （Yangtze） River estuary was studied using a single-gene-targeted metagenomic method to estimate the species richness of this community. A total of 856 mitocbondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 （coxl） gene sequences were determined. The environmental barcodes were clustered into 70 molecular operational taxonomic units （MOTUs）. Forty-two MOTUs matched barcoded marine organisms with more than 90% similarity and were assigned to either the species （similarity〉96%） or genus level （similarity〈96%）. Sibling species could also be distinguished. Many species that were overlooked by morphological methods were identified by molecular methods, especially gelatinous zooplankton and merozooplankton that were likely sampled at different life history phases. Zooplankton community structures differed significantly among all of the samples. The MOTU spatial distributions were influenced by the ecological habits of the corresponding species. In conclusion, single-gene-targeted metagenomic analysis is a useful tool for zooplankton studies, with which specimens from all life history stages can be identified quickly and effectively with a comprehensive database.展开更多
A new record of Platycephalus sp.1 （sensu Nakabo, 2002） was documented based on morphological characters and DNA barcoding. We collected 174 specimens of the genus Platycephalus from Chinese coastal waters of Dongyi...A new record of Platycephalus sp.1 （sensu Nakabo, 2002） was documented based on morphological characters and DNA barcoding. We collected 174 specimens of the genus Platycephalus from Chinese coastal waters of Dongying, Qingdao, Zhoushan, and Beihai. Samples were identified as Platycephalus sp. 1 morphologically. The coloration, meristic traits, and morphometric measurements are consistent with previously published records. In brief, it is an orange-brown flathead fish with dark brown spots scattered on head and body, lateral line scales 83 to 99 with one or two spine-bearing anteriormost pored scale, no yellow blotch on the caudal fin. Cytochrome oxidase I subunit （COI） gene fragments were sequenced for phylogenetic analysis. The mean evolutionary distance within the species Platycephalus sp. 1 was 0.1%. Net evolutionary distances between Platycephalus sp. 1 and other species of Platycephalus ranged from 10.8% to 19.7%, which is much greater than the threshold for species delimitation. The COl sequence analysis strongly supports the validity ofPlatyceohalus sp. 1 at genetic level.展开更多
DNA barcoding is a new method for biological taxonomy, offering the ability to identify species from fragments in any life-history stage. Pleuronichthys cornutus and P. japonicus are two morphologically similar specie...DNA barcoding is a new method for biological taxonomy, offering the ability to identify species from fragments in any life-history stage. Pleuronichthys cornutus and P. japonicus are two morphologically similar species. Pleuronichthys japonicus has never been found previously in China. However, in this study, we identified both species using DNA barcoding （cytochrome c oxidase subunit I （COI））, the mtDNA control region and cytochrome b. The results reveal that： l） intraspecific variation in the DNA barcode is much less than interspecific variation; 2） the two morphologically similar species were placed into separate clades distinguishable by high bootstrap values; 3） COI barcodes are more powerful for identifying the two species than the other two mtDNA fragments.展开更多
The mitochondrial cytochrome b gene was isolated from the caudal fin of Oryzias latipes and PCR was undertaken to determine phylogeny. The nucleotide sequence of the complete cytochrome b gene including the 5＇ and 3...The mitochondrial cytochrome b gene was isolated from the caudal fin of Oryzias latipes and PCR was undertaken to determine phylogeny. The nucleotide sequence of the complete cytochrome b gene including the 5＇ and 3＇ ends was 1,143 base pairs （bp） and 1,137 bp encoding 380 and 378 amino acids in the K-11 strain and HS strain, respectively. In addition, higher substitutions both in base and amino acid residues occurred more frequently between the former control （Hd-rR strain） and HS strains than the K-I 1 strain. Approximately similar values in polymorphism, as assessed by restriction endonuclease digestion, were detected when utilizing 20 different enzymes. Therefore, the evolutionary processes were unlikely to involve common ancestors, especially between the K-11 strain and HS strains, in O. latipes populations in Japan. The sequence had been deposited in GenBank Data Base under accession number AB480878 （K-I I strain） and AB480879 （HS strain）.展开更多
Animal species are delimited by reproductive isolation mechanisms （RIMs）. Postzygotic RIMs are mainly products of genetic differences and thus their strength increases with elapsed divergence time. The relationship ...Animal species are delimited by reproductive isolation mechanisms （RIMs）. Postzygotic RIMs are mainly products of genetic differences and thus their strength increases with elapsed divergence time. The relationship between postzygotic repro- ductive isolation and genetic divergence, however, differs considerably among major clades of vertebrates. We reviewed the available literature providing empirical evidence of natural and/or experimental hybridization between distinct species of lizards （squamates except snakes）. We found that hybridization events are widely distributed among nearly all major lizard clades. The majority of research focuses on parthenogenetic species and/or polyploid hybrids in families Lacertidae, Teiidae and Gekkonidae. Homoploid bisexual hybrids are mainly reported within Lacertidae and Iguania groups. As a proxy of genetic divergence of the hybridizing taxa we adopted nucleotide sequence distance （HKY85） of mitochondrial cyt b gene. The upper limit of genetic di- vergence was similar with regard to both parthenogenetic and bisexual hybrids. Maximum values of these distances between hy- bridizing species of lizards approached 18%-21%, which is comparable to or even exceeds the corresponding values reported for other principal clades of vertebrates. In spite of this, F1 hybrids are typically at least partially fertile in lizards and thus genetic introgression between highly divergent species is possible. The relationship between the genetic distance and hybrid fertility was not found [Current Zoology 61 （1）： 155-180, 2015].展开更多
Ancient DNA data have supported a sister relationship between woolly rhinoceros and extant Sumatran rhinoceros.This relationship has been used to explore the divergent times for the woolly rhinoceros from their relati...Ancient DNA data have supported a sister relationship between woolly rhinoceros and extant Sumatran rhinoceros.This relationship has been used to explore the divergent times for the woolly rhinoceros from their relatives.Complete and partial ancient DNA sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b(cyt b)gene were retrieved from bones of the late Pleistocene Coelodonta antiquitatis excavated from northern and northeastern China.The newly obtained sequences together with the European and northern Asian Coelodonta antiquitatis sequences from GenBank were used to estimate the evolutionary divergence time.Phylogenetic analyses showed the exchange of genetic information between the Chinese individuals and Coelodonta antiquitatis of north Asia,which also indicated a more recent evolutionary timescale(3.8–4.7 Ma)than previous molecular estimations(17.5–22.8 or 21–26 Ma)for woolly rhinoceros based on the fossil calibration of outgroups.This new timescale was more consistent with the fossil record of the earliest known genus Coelodonta.展开更多
基金We thank Dr Zicai Liang and Huang Huang （Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University） for their kind help with BioTek Multi-Detection Microplate Reader and Yizhe Zhang for technical support on real-time PCR. We also thank Chengyan Wang, Pengbo Zhang, Pingping Hou, Haisong Liu, Chun Liu and other colleagues in our laboratory for technical assistance and advice in carrying out these experiments. This study was supported by a Bill ＆ Melinda Gates Foundation Grant （37871）, a Ministry of Education grant （705001）, the National Basic Research Program of China （973 program, 2009CB522502, 2009CB941200 and 2007CB947901）, National Natural Science Foundation of China for Creative Research Groups （30421004）, the Chinese Science and Technology Key Project （2008zx10002-014, 2008zx10002- 011 and 2009ZX 10004-403） and a 111 Project to Deng H.
文摘Human induced pluripotent stem （iPS） cells are similar to embryonic stem （ES） cells, and can proliferate intensively and differentiate into a variety of cell types. However, the hepatic differentiation of human iPS cells has not yet been reported. In this report, human iPS cells were induced to differentiate into hepatic cells by a stepwise protocol. The expression of liver cell markers and liver-related functions of the human iPS cell-derived cells were monitored and compared with that of differentiated human ES cells and primary human hepatocytes. Approximately 60% of the differentiated human iPS cells at day 7 expressed hepatic markers alpha fetoprotein and Alb. The differentiated cells at day 21 exhibited liver cell functions including albumin Asecretion, glycogen synthesis, urea production and inducible cytochrome P450 activity. The expression of hepatic markers and fiver-related functions of the iPS cellderived hepatic ceils were comparable to that of the human ES cell-derived hepatic cells. These results show that human iPS cells, which are similar to human ES cells, can be efficiently induced to differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41230963)the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(No.2011CB403604)+2 种基金the"135"Fund of Institute of Oceanology,Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.2012I0060102)the Innovative Research Group Funding of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41121064)the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA11020305)
文摘DNA barcoding provides accurate stages. Single-gene-targeted metagenomic analysis identification of zooplankton species through all life based on DNA barcode databases can facilitate long- term monitoring of zooplankton communities. With the help of the available zooplankton databases, the zooplankton community of the Changjiang （Yangtze） River estuary was studied using a single-gene-targeted metagenomic method to estimate the species richness of this community. A total of 856 mitocbondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 （coxl） gene sequences were determined. The environmental barcodes were clustered into 70 molecular operational taxonomic units （MOTUs）. Forty-two MOTUs matched barcoded marine organisms with more than 90% similarity and were assigned to either the species （similarity〉96%） or genus level （similarity〈96%）. Sibling species could also be distinguished. Many species that were overlooked by morphological methods were identified by molecular methods, especially gelatinous zooplankton and merozooplankton that were likely sampled at different life history phases. Zooplankton community structures differed significantly among all of the samples. The MOTU spatial distributions were influenced by the ecological habits of the corresponding species. In conclusion, single-gene-targeted metagenomic analysis is a useful tool for zooplankton studies, with which specimens from all life history stages can be identified quickly and effectively with a comprehensive database.
基金Supported by the Public Science and Technology Research Funds Projects of Ocean(Nos.201305030,2013418043)
文摘A new record of Platycephalus sp.1 （sensu Nakabo, 2002） was documented based on morphological characters and DNA barcoding. We collected 174 specimens of the genus Platycephalus from Chinese coastal waters of Dongying, Qingdao, Zhoushan, and Beihai. Samples were identified as Platycephalus sp. 1 morphologically. The coloration, meristic traits, and morphometric measurements are consistent with previously published records. In brief, it is an orange-brown flathead fish with dark brown spots scattered on head and body, lateral line scales 83 to 99 with one or two spine-bearing anteriormost pored scale, no yellow blotch on the caudal fin. Cytochrome oxidase I subunit （COI） gene fragments were sequenced for phylogenetic analysis. The mean evolutionary distance within the species Platycephalus sp. 1 was 0.1%. Net evolutionary distances between Platycephalus sp. 1 and other species of Platycephalus ranged from 10.8% to 19.7%, which is much greater than the threshold for species delimitation. The COl sequence analysis strongly supports the validity ofPlatyceohalus sp. 1 at genetic level.
基金Supported by the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest (No. 201003068)Special Key Program of Zhejiang Provincial Department of Science and Technology (No. 2008C12011)
文摘DNA barcoding is a new method for biological taxonomy, offering the ability to identify species from fragments in any life-history stage. Pleuronichthys cornutus and P. japonicus are two morphologically similar species. Pleuronichthys japonicus has never been found previously in China. However, in this study, we identified both species using DNA barcoding （cytochrome c oxidase subunit I （COI））, the mtDNA control region and cytochrome b. The results reveal that： l） intraspecific variation in the DNA barcode is much less than interspecific variation; 2） the two morphologically similar species were placed into separate clades distinguishable by high bootstrap values; 3） COI barcodes are more powerful for identifying the two species than the other two mtDNA fragments.
文摘The mitochondrial cytochrome b gene was isolated from the caudal fin of Oryzias latipes and PCR was undertaken to determine phylogeny. The nucleotide sequence of the complete cytochrome b gene including the 5＇ and 3＇ ends was 1,143 base pairs （bp） and 1,137 bp encoding 380 and 378 amino acids in the K-11 strain and HS strain, respectively. In addition, higher substitutions both in base and amino acid residues occurred more frequently between the former control （Hd-rR strain） and HS strains than the K-I 1 strain. Approximately similar values in polymorphism, as assessed by restriction endonuclease digestion, were detected when utilizing 20 different enzymes. Therefore, the evolutionary processes were unlikely to involve common ancestors, especially between the K-11 strain and HS strains, in O. latipes populations in Japan. The sequence had been deposited in GenBank Data Base under accession number AB480878 （K-I I strain） and AB480879 （HS strain）.
文摘Animal species are delimited by reproductive isolation mechanisms （RIMs）. Postzygotic RIMs are mainly products of genetic differences and thus their strength increases with elapsed divergence time. The relationship between postzygotic repro- ductive isolation and genetic divergence, however, differs considerably among major clades of vertebrates. We reviewed the available literature providing empirical evidence of natural and/or experimental hybridization between distinct species of lizards （squamates except snakes）. We found that hybridization events are widely distributed among nearly all major lizard clades. The majority of research focuses on parthenogenetic species and/or polyploid hybrids in families Lacertidae, Teiidae and Gekkonidae. Homoploid bisexual hybrids are mainly reported within Lacertidae and Iguania groups. As a proxy of genetic divergence of the hybridizing taxa we adopted nucleotide sequence distance （HKY85） of mitochondrial cyt b gene. The upper limit of genetic di- vergence was similar with regard to both parthenogenetic and bisexual hybrids. Maximum values of these distances between hy- bridizing species of lizards approached 18%-21%, which is comparable to or even exceeds the corresponding values reported for other principal clades of vertebrates. In spite of this, F1 hybrids are typically at least partially fertile in lizards and thus genetic introgression between highly divergent species is possible. The relationship between the genetic distance and hybrid fertility was not found [Current Zoology 61 （1）： 155-180, 2015].
基金Yang Hong was supported by a short term Guest Professor through the sponsorship of China University of Geosciences in Wuhansupported by National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2011CB808800)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.40672006,40902008)"111"Project of Chinese State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs(Grant No.B08030)
文摘Ancient DNA data have supported a sister relationship between woolly rhinoceros and extant Sumatran rhinoceros.This relationship has been used to explore the divergent times for the woolly rhinoceros from their relatives.Complete and partial ancient DNA sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b(cyt b)gene were retrieved from bones of the late Pleistocene Coelodonta antiquitatis excavated from northern and northeastern China.The newly obtained sequences together with the European and northern Asian Coelodonta antiquitatis sequences from GenBank were used to estimate the evolutionary divergence time.Phylogenetic analyses showed the exchange of genetic information between the Chinese individuals and Coelodonta antiquitatis of north Asia,which also indicated a more recent evolutionary timescale(3.8–4.7 Ma)than previous molecular estimations(17.5–22.8 or 21–26 Ma)for woolly rhinoceros based on the fossil calibration of outgroups.This new timescale was more consistent with the fossil record of the earliest known genus Coelodonta.
