辨证认识中药色脏相应理论

五色对应五脏及五脏所概括的五大体系,是对中药规律的探索和有益实践。古代中医药学家也没有局限于将五色五味机械的对应五脏,色脏相应只是认识中药药理的一个途径。从《内经》时代的五色、五味各入五脏到药物归经理论的形成,从取类比象的认识事物方法到法象药理理论,所有这些具有中国特色的认识论的形成不是主观和随意的,而是中国历代医家通过长期的临床用药实践创造出来的。这些独具特色的中药理论,一定程度上反映了客观事实。时至今日依然有其科学价值和临床指导意义。

望面色自察疾病

祖国医学认为,人体“十二经脉,三百六十五络,其血气皆上注于面”。全身五脏六腑的气血盛衰皆可通过经络反映到面部上来,面部的色泽是脏腑气血的外荣,所以通过望面色的变化可诊断多种疾病。

Determination of trans-resveratrol in mouse liver by high performance liquid chromatography

To develop a sensitive high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） assay for the determination of trans-resveratrol in mouse liver. The whole liver of a mouse was removed from the body, homogenated, and extracted by ethyl acetate. The organic layer was isolated and evaporated to dryness, the residue was reconstituted in 0.2 mL mobile phase for centrifugation, and 50 uL of the supernatant was injected into the/-IPLC instrument. The sample was separated on a Shimadzu ODS column （150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 um） at 35 ℃ and detected by ultraviolet （UV） detector at the wavelength of 305 nm. The mobile phase consisted of methanol and 0.1 mol/L acetic acid （4：6, v/v） with the flow-rote at 1 mL/min. The limit of detection was 3.0 ng/g in liver homogenate with a signal/noise ratio of 3：1. The linear range of the calibration curve was 5.0-120.0 ng/g. The mean recoveries at the concentrations of 6, 10 and 80 ng/g were 102%, 96.0% and 91.5%, respectively. The RSDs for inter- and intra-day assays were less than 5%. Compared with other reported methods, this method was faster and more sensitive. It was also proved to be of good linearity, selectivity, accuracy and precision, and can be efficiently applied to the pharmacoldnetic study of trans-resveratrol in mouse liver.

Drug-induced liver injury:Is it somehow foreseeable?

The classic view on the pathogenesis of drug-induced liver injury is that the so-called parent compounds are made hepatotoxic by metabolism (formation of neosubstances that react abnormally), mainly by cytochromes P-450 (CYP), with further pathways, such as mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis, also playing a role. Risk factors for drug-induced liver injury include concomitant hepatic diseases, age and genetic polymorphisms of CYP. However, some susceptibility can today be predicted before drug administration, working on the common substrate, by phenotyping and genotyping studies and by taking in consideration patients' health status. Physicians should always think of this adverse effect in the absence of other clear hepatic disease. Ethical and legal problems towards operators in the health care system are always matters to consider.

Determination of glycated hemoglobin in patients with advanced liver disease

AIM:To evaluate the glycated hemoglobin(HbA_(1c)) determination methods and to determine fructosamine in patients with chronic hepatitis,compensated cirrhosis and in patients with chronic hepatitis treated with ribavirin. METHODS:HbA_(1c) values were determined in 15 patients with compensated liver cirrhosis and in 20 patients with chronic hepatitis using the ion-exchange high performance liquid chromatography and the immunoassay methods. Fructosamine was determined using nitroblue tetrazolium. RESULTS:Forty percent of patients with liver cirrhosis had HbA_(1c) results below the non-diabetic reference range by at least one HbA_(1c)method,while fructosamine results were either within the reference range or elevated.Twenty percent of patients with chronic hepatitis(hepatic fibrosis) had HbA_(1c)results below the non-diabetic reference range by at least one HbA_(1c)method.In patients with chronic hepatitis treated with ribavirin,50% of HbA_(1c)results were below the non-diabetic reference using at least one of the HbA_(1c)methods. CONCLUSION:Only evaluated in context with all liver function parameters as well as a red blood count including reticulocytes,HbA_(1c)results should be used in patients with advanced liver disease.HbA_(1c)and fructosamine measurements should be used with caution when evaluating long-term glucose control in patients with hepatic cirrhosis or in patients with chronic hepatitis and dbavidn treatment.

FEASIBILITY STUDY OF AN ULTRASOUND CONTRAST AGENT(LEVOVIST) IN COLOR DOPPLER IMAGING OF LIVER NEOPLASMS

The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of using an ultrasound contrast agent(levovist)to enhance the color Doppler imaging of liver neoplasms.Thirty patients with hepatic tumors were enrolled in this study.After intravenous administration of levovist,the color Doppler signals of normal hepatic vessels were enhanced.In various hepatic tumors,the different patterns of tumor vascularity were observed,which had not been demonstrated in conventional non contrast color Doppler imaging.In 11 of 16 patients with hepatocarcinoma,additional color Doppler signals were observed in the central part of the tumors.On the contrary,3 patients with metastatic liver lesions the enhanced color Doppler signals appear only at the peripheral of tumors.A typical rim like color enhancement was seen in 2 of the 3 cases.In six patients with hepatic hemangiomas contrast enhanced color Doppler imaging demonstrated the blood vessels at the margin of the neoplasms.Contrast enhanced color Doppler imaging improves the visualization of the hepatic neoplasm vascularity.This technique holds great promise for detecting small liver tumors and differentiating hepatic neoplasms.

Establishment and Characterization of a New Cell Line from the Kidney of Spotted Halibut Verasper variegates

A cell line, SHK, was derived from the kidney of spotted halibut Verasper variegates. The cell line was subcultured more than 40 passages in minimum essential medium （MEM） supplemented with fetal bovine serum （FBS） and 10 ng ml4 basic fibroblast growth factor （bFGF）. Cell morphology from primary culture and subculture was observed continuously by microscopy. The SHK cell line consisted predominantly of fibroblast-like cells. The cell line was able to grow between 20℃ and 30℃ with the optimum growth at 24℃ and with a reduced growth between 12℃ and 20℃. The growth rate of the cells increased as the proportion of FBS increased from 10% to 20% at 28℃ with optimum growth at the concentration of 20%. The doubling time of the cells was determined to be 44.8 h. Chromosome analysis revealed that 52% of the SHK cells maintained a normal diploid chromosome number （2n=46）. The cells were successfully transfected with green fluorescent protein （GFP） reporter plasmids and the expression of GFP gene in the cells indicated the possible utility of the cells in gene expression studies. The cells were infected by lymphosystis disease virus （LCDV） and found to be susceptible to the virus in cytopathic effect （CPE） observation. The infection was confirmed by PCR and electron microscopy experiments, which proved the existence of the viral particles in the cytoplasm of the virus-infected cells.

Variation in metabolic enzymatic activity in white muscle and liver of blue tilapia,Oreochromis aureus,in response to long-term thermal acclimatization

The effects of rearing temperature on white muscle and hepatic phosphofructokinase （PFK）, pyruvate kinase （PK）, lactate dehydrogenase （LDH）, aspartate aminotransferase （AST） and alanine aminotransferase （ALT） were examined in fingerlings of blue tilapia, Oreochromis aureus. The experiment was conducted for 14 weeks at temperatures of 18, 22, 26, 30, and 34℃. The activity of the glycolytic enzymes PFK, PK, and LDH in white muscle increased significantly with increase in water temperature. A reverse trend was observed for these enzymes in the liver, except for LDH, which behaved in the same manner as in white muscle. Cytosolic AST and ALT activity increased in both white muscle and liver in response to warm thermal acclimatization, while a reduction in mitochondrial AST and ALT activity was noticed at high temperatures in comparison with those at a lower temperature.

Color Doppler sonography and angioscintigraphy in hepatic Hodgkin's lymphoma

AIM： To estimate the characteristics of Color Doppler findings and the results of hepatic radionuclide angiography （HRA） in secondary Hodgkin＇s hepatic lymphoma. METHODS： The research included patients with a diagnosis of Hodgkin＇s lymphoma with metastatic focal lesions in the liver and controls. Morphologic characteristics of focal liver lesions and hemodynamic parameters were examined by pulsed and Color Doppler in the portal, hepatic and splenic veins were examined. Hepatic perfusion index （HPI） estimated by HRA was calculated. was observed. Lesions were mostly hypoechoic and mixed, solitary or multiple. Some of the patients presented with dilated splenic veins and hepatofugal blood flow. A pulse wave was registered in the centre and at the margins of lymphoma. The average velocity of the pulse wave was higher at the margins （P 〉 0.05）. A continuous venous wave was found only at the margins of lymphoma. There was no linear correlation between lymphoma size and velocity of pulse and continuous wave （r = 390, P 〈 0.01）. HPI was significantly lower in patients with lymphomas than in controls （P 〈 0.05）, pointing out increased arterial perfusion in comparison to portal perfusion. CONCLUSION： Color Doppler ultrasonography is a sensitive method for the detection of neovascularization in Hodgkin＇s hepatic lymphoma and estimation of its intensity. Hepatic radionuclide angiography can additionally help in the assesment of vascularisation of liver lesions.

Diagnosis of parathyroid tumor using Color Doppler ultrasound

What the liver organized examining to the diagnosis of liver disease, course of disease alive is appraised and treated and taught fruits by stages, judge respects such as the prognosis, etc. play an important role. In recent years, supersound lead down, examine marksmanship walk liver puncture the technology that examines living to employ at clinic extensively becoming while being living. In order to appraise its application effect, specially carry on reviewing summary analysis.

Primary malignant melanoma of the liver：One case report and literature review

Objective Primary malignant melanomas of the liver are exceedingly rare.Only 19 cases have been reported in the literature worldwide.In this report,we describe our pathological findings and review the literature in order to improve our understanding of the disease and prevent misdiagnosis,as well as provide evidence for its treatment and prognosis.Methods We present a case of an isolated malignant melanoma of the liver in a 61-year-old male Chinese patient.Results Comprehensive dermatological and ophthalmological examinations did not reveal any evidence of a primary cutaneous or ocular lesion.Similarly,serial physical examinations,auxiliary examinations,and bone scans did not demonstrate any other lesions in the brain,respiratory tract,and gastrointestinal tract.Microscopic examination of the resected specimen revealed malignant melanoma,which was confirmed by immunohistochemical staining for S-100 protein(+),ki67(30%+),EMA(+),CD10(+),and HMB-45(++).Conclusion Primary malignant melanoma may occur in the liver,and should be considered when the histopathological appearance is atypical of other hepatic neoplasms.The diagnostic criteria for hepatic malignant melanoma depend mainly on the clinical,radiographic,and histopathological findings.Pathomorphology and immumohistochemical staining can be utilized to confirm the diagnosis.

Pig model of chronic myocardial ischemia and its investigation by ultrasonic integrated backscatter and Doppler tissue imaging

Objective: To construct an animal model of chronic ischemic myocardium, and evaluate it by ultrasonic integrated backscatter (IBS) and Doppler tissue imaging (DTI). Methods: An Ameroid constrictor was placed around the porcine left circumflex coronary artery (LCX). The calibrated average image intensity (%AII), cyclic variation of IBS (CVIB), transmural gradient index (TGI) of CVIB in lateral-posterior wall (LPW), and DTI spectrum of LPW in left ventricular papillary muscle level short axis view (LVPM-SAM) and apical four chamber view (AP-4CV) at normal state, 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks postoperatively were measured. Results: Normal %AII, CVIB and TGI were 2.29±0.32, 9.69±2.22dB and 0.22±0.08, respectively. The %AII increased gradually postoperatively. The CVIB decreased also gradually, and the decrease was higher in subepicardium than in subendocardium. Most of TGI decrease occurred from 2 to 4 weeks postoperatively and became zero at 8 weeks (P<0.01); Normal V S (peak systolic velocity) of AP-4CV was higher than that of LVPM-SAM (P<0.01). V E (peak early diastolic velocity) of AP-4CV was lower than that of LVPM-SAM (P<0.05). V S and V E were all decreased after operation (P<0.01). The decrease of V S in AP-4CV was greater than that in LVPM-SAM. Conclusion: The pathological changes of the myocardium in human ischemic heart disease (IHD) are similar to that of Ameriod model. IBS and DTI can detect echo changes and ventricular wall motion in chronic ischemic myocardium, and provide more information for clinical investigation and treatment of IHD.

Expression of PKD2 gene in human renal tissue and other tissues

Objective: To study the expression of PKD2 gene in human kidney and other tissues. Methods: The expression of PKD2 was detected by reverse transcription PCR(RT-PCR) and in situ hybridization(ISH) . The results of ISH were analyzed by micromegakargooytes. Results: Distribution of pkd-2 in normal adult kidney was stronger in proximal convoluted tubule, Henle's loop ascending branch, distal convoluted tubule and cortical collecting ducts, and inferior signal were observed in fetal kidney. Negative was seen in ADPKD 2 kidney. Conclusion: Down-regulation of PKD2 gene expression in kidney may take effect on the occurrence and development of ADPKD2.

Mechanical Circulatory Support in Patients with Sepsis： A Case Series

MCS （mechanical circulatory support） has shown great efficacy in treatment of respiratory mid cardiovascular diseases when conventional therapy is insufficient. The use of ECMO （extracolporeal membrane oxygenation） for the treatment of cardiogenic shock secondary to sepsis is still controversial. Studies have shown that ECMO should be considered as a valuable therapeutic option in cases of refractory cardiovascular dysfunction in severe septic patients, although more studies ale needed to consolidate its efficacy. We report the case of two patients, without previous history of cardiopathy, subjected to temporary MCS, with use of ECMO for the treatment of refractory cardiogenic shock secondary to sepsis.

Effect of BEDGEN 40 on Growth, Anti-Oxidant Activity and Resistance against Aeromonas Hydrophila Infection in Tilapia （Oreochromis niloticus x O. aureus）

The globe artichoke has become important as a medicinal herb in recent years following the discovery of cynarin. This bitter-tasting compound, which is found in the leaves, improves liver and gall bladder function, stimulates the secretion of digestive juices, especially bile, and lowers blood cholesterol levels. The leaves are anticholesterolemic, antirheumatic, cholagogue, digestive, diuretic, hypoglycaemic and lithontripic. BEDGEN 40 , a compound made with Cynara scolymus L. （artichoke） extract and choline chloride was evaluated for growth performance and anti-oxidant activity in tilapia. There were four treatment groups; group 1 was fed only with a basal diet and served as the control, group 2 - 4 were experimental groups that received 150, 300, or 600 mg/kg BEDGEN 40 , respectively, added to the basal diet and fed for 8 weeks. The results showed signifi- cant differences for weight gain, feed conversion, and protein efficiency in fish diets containing 150, 300, or 600 mg/kg BEDGEN 40 compared to the control. Generally, BEDGEN 40 improved the body condition factor and hepatosomatic index of tilapia, and reduced liver fat content. Fish consum- ing BEDGEN 40 also exhibited improved liver antioxidant status. BEDGEN 40 （300, or 600 mg/kg） was also found to significantly reduce the mortality of tilapia subsequently challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila.

Mechanism of dorsal root ganglion SERT in electroacupuncture regulation of P2X3 receptor-mediated visceral hypersensitivity in IBS rats

Objective:To investigate the role of serotonin reuptake transporter(SERT)and P2X3 receptor of dorsal root ganglion(DRG)in regulating visceral hypersensitivity of rats with irritable bowel syndrome(IBS)by electroacupuncture(EA).Methods:Male Sprague-Dawley and SERT^(-/-)rats were subjected to preparing IBS visceral hypersensitivity models with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid(TNBS)enema.Three weeks post-modeling,interventions including EA,intrathecal injection,and EA plus intrathecal injection were applied,respectively.Hematoxylin-eosin staining and abdominal withdrawal reflex(AWR)score were used to confirm the successful establishment of the IBS model.AWR score,whole-cell patch clamp technique,and Western blotting assay were used to evaluate the changes in visceral pain sensitivity,electrophysiological properties of DRG neurons,and the expression of DRG P2X3 receptor and SERT in IBS rats.Results:Compared to the model group,the AWR score in the EA group decreased significantly(P<0.05),the resting membrane potential(P<0.05)and the number of action potentials(P<0.05)of DRG neurons reduced,and the baseline intensity increased(P<0.05);additionally,the expression of P2X3 receptor in DRG decreased(P<0.01),and the SERT expression increased(P<0.05).Compared to the P2X3 receptor agonist group,the SERT protein expression in DRG was higher in the EA group.In SERT^(-/-)rats,the P2X3 receptor expression in DRG increased in the EA group compared to the model group(P<0.01).Conclusion:EA modulates the electrophysiological characteristics of intestinal primary sensory neurons by regulating the expression of SERT and P2X3 receptor in DRG of IBS rats.This modulation may contribute to the mechanism by which EA alleviates peripheral sensitization of visceral pain in IBS rats.

Effect of Yajieshaba,a preparation of Dai indigenous medicine,on enhanced liver detoxification

OBJECTIVE:To explore the mechanistic effects of Yajieshaba(YJSB) on enhanced liver detoxification.METHODS:The effects of YJSB on alanine aminotransferase(ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase(AST) were assayed in five acute chemical liver injury models[carbon tetrachloride(CCU),D-galactosamine(D-Glan),4-acetamidophenol(AAP),thioacetamide(TAA) and 1-naphthyl isothiocyanate(ANIT)].Sleep latency and sleep time of pentobarbital sodium were tested in control mice and CCL model miceafter oral YJSB administration.The effects of YJSB on drug metabolism enzymes of liver microsomes were tested in control rats and CCI_4model rats.The levels of cytochrome P450(CYP450) and Cyt b5 in liver microsomes were assayed using the method by Omura and Sato,and activities of erythromycin N-demethylase(ERD)and aminopyrine N-demethyl(ADM) were evaluated by Nash colorimetry.Probe substrate-based high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)methods were established for CYP3A4 and CYP1A2.RESULTS:The level of serum ALT was reduced by YJSB at 3.51 g/kg in the five models as follows:CCl_4 > D-Glan,AAP,ANIT > TAA.YJSB treatment did not reduce the level of serum AST.YJSB at 3.51 g/kg prolonged the sleep latency in control mice and shortened the sleep time of control mice and CCl_4 model mice.For control rats,YJSB at 2.43 g/kg increased the levels of CYP450 and Cyt b5 and induced the activities of ERD and ADM;for liver injuries induced by CCI_4 in rats,YJSB at 2.43 g/kg increasedthe levels of CYP450 and Cyt b5.These results suggest that YJSB at 2.43 g/kg induces CYP3A4 and CYP1A2.CONCLUSION:These results suggest that YJSB enhanced liver detoxification and the mechanisms may be partially related to CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 induction.