字法章法墨法艺法——浅谈书法练习和艺术评论的四级台阶

现代书法练习和理论研究的多元化说教,直接造成书法练习和评论者无法准确定位自己的艺术造诣和理论评述所处的层次和阶段。本文试图从书法练习的字法、章法、墨法和艺法四个阶段的先后递进来浅论四个层次的艺术进步和主要特点,特别提出了艺法的主张,并从中国书法传统的继承出发,寄希望于通过从传统书法的精神和审美角度来引导书法行为。

手机短信辞章艺法探析

当前,被称为“拇指文化”的手机短信,风靡世界。它大量运用夸张、仿拟、析字、曲解、假借、摹拟、歧疑等辞章艺法, 使短信内容丰富多彩,花样百出,幽默风趣,充分表现人们的思想情感,也促进了汉语话语艺术的发展。

增艺法:高健散文翻译风格研究

'增艺'看似一种'背叛',高健却称之为忠实,其译文确实经得起文本层面的推敲,在声音节奏、选词炼字或形象塑造方面忠实于原文且富有艺术性。'增艺法'翻译风格源自语性说、民族语言风格和风格可译论,其内涵实质为以形式易形式,打造顺势顺口、文白融合、寓象于文的散文汉译风格特征。

梵戴克木艺九法

纵观历史长河，浩浩荡荡，群星璀璨，硕果累累，木艺传承，源远流长。梵戴克木艺，中西合璧，西学为神，中学为法。取神于西方油画艺术之韵，取法于中国传统木雕工艺精髓，九大核心技术环节控制，片片精雕细琢。云霞雕色，深得大师之妙；草木贲华，超越锦匠之奇，是谓梵戴克木艺九法。

Cross-section distortion and springback characteristics of double-cavity aluminum profile in force controlled stretch-bending

3D elastic-plastic FE model for simulating the force controlled stretch-bending process of double-cavity aluminum profile was established using hybrid explicit−implicit solvent method.Considering the computational accuracy and efficiency,the optimal choices of numerical parameters and algorithms in FE modelling were determined.The formation mechanisms of cross-section distortion and springback were revealed.The effects of pre-stretching,post-stretching,friction,and the addition of internal fillers on forming quality were investigated.The results show that the stress state of profile in stretch-bending is uniaxial with only a circumferential stress.The stress distribution along the length direction of profile is non-uniform and the maximum tensile stress is located at a certain distance away from the center of profile.As aluminum profile is gradually attached to bending die,the distribution characteristic of cross-section distortion along the length direction of profile changes from V-shape to W-shape.After unloading the forming tools,cross-section distortion decreases obviously due to the stress relaxation,with a maximum distortion difference of 13%before and after unloading.As pre-stretching and post-stretching forces increase,cross-section distortion increases gradually,while springback first decreases and then remains unchanged.With increasing friction between bending die and profile,cross-section distortion slightly decreases,while springback increases.Cross-section distortion decreases by 83%with adding PVC fillers into the cavities of profile,while springback increases by 192.2%.

书法教育应找到适合的方法与路径

教育部提出在全国中小学推行书法普及教育已有多年,但实施方面依然存在着很多问题。无论从实用书法教育还是艺用书法教育的历史发展和现实意义来看,中小学书法普及教育都直接关系到孩子们的健康成长和全面发展,是每一个孩子的必修课;是基础教育,尤其是素质教育的重要一环。对中小学书法教育认识上的偏差,是导致中小学书法普及教育的具体实施面临书法师资的严重缺乏与书法课时的难以安排等问题的原因。应明确实用书法、艺用书法和美术书法这三种书法教育形态的相互关系和相互作用,从书法师资、书法课结构、书法教学内容等方面寻找中小学书法普及教育的有效路径。

Studies on preparations and analysis of essential oil from Chinese fir

Three steam distillation devices (D-1, D-2 and D-4) or one simultaneous distillation (D-3, water-diethyl ether) as well as the process of CO2-SFE (Supercritical fluid extraction) were adopted in extraction of essential oils from Chinese-fir (Cunninghamia lancedata (Lamb) Hook.) and the chemical components of the extracted essential oil were analyzed by Gas chromatograph-MS analyses. The results showed that the essential oil could be almost extracted out within 2 hours and the device-3 had the highest extraction efficiency. The major chemical component of the oil was cedrol. The yield of the extracted essential oils from Chinese fir decreased gradually with the increase of the distillation time. The best condition for extraction by means of CO2-SFE is 100 kg·cm?2 in pressure and 40°C in temperature for. Keywords Chinese fir - Essential oil - Cedrol - Supercritical fluid extraction CLC number S781.4 Document code A Foundation item: This paper was support by the Key Foundation Research Project (G1999016001) of China and the Japan International Cooperation AgencyBiography: HUANG Luo-hua (1957-), male, Research associate, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of forestry, Beijing 100091, P. R. ChinaResponsible editor: Song Funan

A RECURSIVE GENERATIVE APPROACH IN OPTICAL PRISM CAPP

In this paper, the generative approach utilizes recursion to generate process sequence for a part, and then match detail procedure design and select process equipment. A set of recursive formulas are found. Finally a complete process program is produced. The method is simple than that of the knowledge system, the artificial neural networks and variant approach computer aided process planning(VACAPP).

书势

文字从实用书写发展到具有观赏性的艺用书法,笔法的研究、总结与发展在其中起到了根本性作用,而作为观赏性的书法之美就在于书势。书势包含三个方面的含义,即字势、体势与笔势三者的特征及其相互关系,其中笔势是书法的根本,是作为观赏性的艺用书法的核心。

名实

就最直接的内质规定而言,书法是文字书写的方法,而这个外延在今天看来就太宽泛,那么,将其缩小一下,可以说书法是文字书写的优选方法或可以作为优选方法的典范性文字书迹。书法的概念是历史的,是流动变化的。从书法发生发展的历史过程来看,书法出现了实用书法、艺用书法和美术书法等历史形态。因此,我们不应当、也不可能用某一种书法形态的内质规定来界定多元性的书法。

Grain refinement of Mg-Al alloys by optimization of process parameters based on three-dimensional finite element modeling of roll casting

To study the influence of roll casting process parameters on temperature and thermal-stress fields for the AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets,three-dimensional geometric and 3D finite element models for roll casting were established based on the symmetry of roll casting by ANSYS software.Meshing method and smart-sizing algorithm were used to divide finite element mesh in ANSYS software.A series of researches on the temperature and stress distributions during solidification process with different process parameters were done by 3D finite element method.The temperatures of both the liquid-solid two-phase zone and liquid phase zone were elevated with increasing pouring temperature.With the heat transfer coefficient increasing,the two-phase region for liquid-solid becomes smaller.With the pouring temperature increasing and the increase of casting speed,the length of two-phase zone rises.The optimized of process parameters（casting speed 2 m/min,pouring temperature 640 ℃ and heat transfer coefficient 15 kW/（m2·℃） with the water pouring at roller exit was used to produce magnesium alloy AZ31 sheet,and equiaxed grains with the average grain size of 50 μm were achieved after roll casting.The simulation results give better understanding of the temperature variation in phase transformation zone and the formation mechanism of hot cracks in plates during roll casting and help to design the optimized process parameters of roll casting for Mg alloy.

Influence of pretreatment process on structure, morphology and electrochemical properties of Li[Ni_(1/3)Co_(1/3)Mn_(1/3)]O_2 cathode material

The layered Li[Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3]O2 was separately synthesized by pretreatment process of ball mill method and solution phase route, using [Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]3O4 and lithium hydroxide as raw materials. The physical and electrochemical behaviors of Li[Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3]O2 were characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, field emission scanning electron microscopy （FESEM） and electrochemical charge/discharge cycling tests. The results show that the difference in pretreatment process results in the difference in compound Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2 structure, morphology and the electrochemical characteristics. The Li[Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3]O2 prepared by solution phase route maintains the uniform spherical morphology of the [Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]3O4, and it exhibits a higher capacity retention and better rate capability than that prepared by ball mill method. The initial discharge capacity of this sample reaches 178 mA-h/g and the capacity retention after 50 cycles is 98.7% at a current density of 20 mA/g. Moreover, it delivers high discharge capacity of 135 mA-h/g at a current density of 1 000 mA/g.

中国认识、处理中西文化及其相互关系的历史与逻辑

中国认识、处理中西文化及其相互关系的历史大致可以分为下述这样四个阶段:一是认为中华以外均不学无术的“蛮、夷、戎、狄”,他们无任何值得我们吸取的东西可言的阶段;接着是认为西方的坚船利炮乃“法、术、艺,不足以言学”的阶段。与此相对应的是“师夷之长技以制夷”、“借法自强”、搞洋务运动,引进西方近代工业,学习其先进的科学技术和发展经济的方法;第三阶段是认为西方文化也是一种学问—“西学”,不过它仍不能与中国文化相提并论,只是一种次要的学问,而且就是这些学问也是从中国传过去的。这就是所谓的“西学中源论”。与此相对应的社会运动是想改变社会制度,先是搞“戊戌变法”,想引进西方的君主立宪政体,然后想搞“民主共和制”;第四阶段是把西方文化称作“新学”,与此相对应的中国传统文化成为“旧学”,于是出现了“打倒孔家店,全盘西化”的“五四”新文化运动,认识到要从根本上改造中国,必须改变其社会文化土壤,“全盘西化”。开始是全盘“法兰西化”,接着是“全盘俄罗斯化”。苏联解体、东欧易帜后,这些国家都放弃了“俄罗斯文明”,重新回归“西方文明”,经过七八十年的重大曲折,对照苏、东易帜后又开始迅速恢复、发展,中国越来越多的人也感到在坚持马克思主义和社会主义的前提下,还是要好好学习“西方文明”,来加速自己的现代化进程。

Graph Clustering Algorithm for RT Level ALU Technology Mapping

Register transfer level mapping (RTLM) algorithm for technology mapping at RT level is presented,which supports current design methodologies using high level design and design reuse.The mapping rules implement a source ALU using target ALU.The source ALUs and the target ALUs are all represented by the general ALUs and the mapping rules are applied in the algorithm.The mapping rules are described in a table fashion.The graph clustering algorithm is a branch and bound algorithm based on the graph formulation of the mapping algorithm.The mapping algorithm suits well mapping of regularly structured data path.Comparisons are made between the experimental results generated by 1 greedy algorithm and graphclustering algorithm,showing the feasibility of presented algorithm.

Extraction Techniques of Krill Oils Optimized with Response Surface Methodology

The research explored the extraction techniques of organic solvents of Antarctic kril oil and the effects of freezing temperature, extractant proportion, ex-traction time, drying temperature and ratio of material and liquid on extraction ratio of Antarctic kril oil. Based on single-factor experiments, optimal extraction conditions were concluded as per response surface methodology, as fol ows： freezing tempera-ture at -38.5 ℃, the ratio of material and liquid at 1 g：6.7 ml, and drying tempera-ture at 66.8 ℃, where the yield rate of crude oil reached 13.71%.

Removal of AlN from secondary aluminum dross by pyrometallurgical treatment

A new process of AlN removal from secondary aluminum dross(SAD)by pyrometallurgical treatment with added cryolite was applied for solving the problem of recycling the secondary aluminum dross.The response surface methodology(RSM)was used to design experiments and optimize parameters.The results show that adding the appropriate amount of cryolite can effectively promote the oxidation of AlN in the SAD,and too much cryolite will reduce the promotion effect.The effects of roasting temperature and cryolite on the denitrification rate are the most significant(p<0.0001)followed by holding time.Predicted values of the denitrification rate are found to be in good agreement with experimental values(R^(2)=0.9894 and R_(adj)^(2)=0.9775),which confirms the validity of the model employed.The optimum conditions of roasting temperature of 750°C,holding time of 194 min,mass fraction of cryolite of 17.7%are obtained according to the quadratic model.Under these conditions,the maximum actual denitrification rate reaches 94.71%and the AlN content in the SAD is only 0.55 wt%.The unfired brick with compressive strength of 18.62 MPa(GB/T 2542−2012)was prepared based on the roasted SAD.

Measurements of in situ stress and mining-induced stress in Beiminghe Iron Mine of China

In order to obtain the distribution rules of in situ stress and mining-induced stress of Beiminghe Iron Mine, the stress relief method by overcoring was used to measure the in situ stress, and the MC type bore-hole stress gauge was adopted to measure the mining-induced stress. In the in situ stress measuring, the technique of improved hollow inclusion cells was adopted, which can realize complete temperature compensation. Based on the measuring results, the distribution model of in situ stress was established and analyzed. The in situ stress measuring result shows that the maximum horizontal stress is 1.75-2.45 times of vertical stress and almost 1.83 times of the minimum horizontal stress in this mineral field. And the mining-induced stress measuring result shows that, according to the magnitude of front abutment pressure the stress region can be separated into stress-relaxed area, stress- concentrated area and initial stress area. At the -50 m mining level of this mine, the range of stress-relaxed area is 0-3 m before mining face; the range of stress-concentrated area is 3-55 m before mining face, and the maximum mining-induced stress is 16.5-17.5 MPa, which is 15-20 m from the mining face. The coefficient of stress concentration is 1.85.

A new hole-flanging method for thick plate by upsetting process

Flange height and lip accuracy are generally restricted by the formability of sheet metals in the conventional hole-flanging operation. A new hole-flanging process, named upsetting-flanging process, was proposed to obtain a more substantial flange from thick plate. The finite element method （FEM） with DEFORM was utilized to simulate the novel upsetting-flanging process and the influence of geometric parameters on the flange height was studied in details. A series of flanging experiments with A1050P-O were carried out to validate the FEM results, and the variations of Vicker hardness in the plate section were discussed. The results showed that the newly upsetting-flanging process revealed higher flange height and better lip accuracy than the conventional hole-flanging process, and the results between FEM simulations and experiments showed good agreement. Besides, the hardness of the plate around the flange part increases due to the work hardening after the upsetting-flanging process, which reveals better superiority in strength for the subsequent machining or assembling processes.

Microstructure of partially remelted billet of AM60 alloy prepared with self-inoculation method

The billets of AM60 alloy, prepared with self-inoculation method, were partially remelted into semisolid state. Effects of process parameters on remelting microstructure of semisolid billet were investigated. Experimental results show that the solid particles obtained with self-inoculation method are in smaller grain size and globular shape after partial remelting, compared with those prepared with other casting methods. In the optimized process conditions, the average size of solid particles of partially remelted billet is 65 μm, and the shape factor is 1.12. The process parameters, i.e. pouting temperature, addition amount of self-inoculants, and the slope angle of multi-stream mixing cooling chalmel have influence on the microstructure of partially remelted billet. The optimized temperature is from 680 ℃ to 700 ℃, addition amount of self-inoculants is between 5% and 7% （mass fraction）, slope angle of multi-stream mixing cooling channel is between 30° and 45°, with which the dendritic microstructure of as-cast billet can be avoided, and the size of solid particles ofremelted billet is reduced.