共和国边境自卫反击第一战 克节朗雪火突击——1962年中印边境自卫反击战经典战例选登

2003年,印度国防部长费尔南德斯和总理瓦杰帕依先后访问中国,两国政府均表示摆脱1962年大规模边境冲突给两国关系造成的负面影响,开启中印友好合作的序幕。而当年两国士兵的枯骨早已融进了喜马拉雅山南麓的土壤中,只有矗立在藏边风雪中的塔格拉山脊和潺潺流淌的克节朗河作为沉默的见证者诉说着那场惊心动魄的大战和那段风云激荡的历史。 1947年印度独立后,不仅要中国政府承认英属印度当局对中印边界非法的划分(麦克马洪线和约翰逊线),而且进一步侵占中国领土。西藏解放使印度“缓冲国”的梦想破灭,印度更加变本加厉的推行“前进政策”,不断在我国境内建立据点,蚕食我国领土。中国政府为和平解决边界问题作了不懈的努力,然而印度坚持要中国让出大片领土作为谈判的先决条件,关闭了和平谈判之门。 中共中央作出决定:为了保卫祖国边疆的安全,创造中印边界问题谈判解决的条件,对入侵印军进行反击。遵照中共中央和中央军委的指示,由西藏军区组成了“西藏军区前进指挥部”.西藏军区司令员张国华担任总指挥,负责东段指挥。西段新疆边防部队组成“新疆军区康西瓦指挥部”,由何家产负责指挥。

“连根烂”变成“跑得欢”

最近随领导去陕北老区搞调查研究，在延安地区的黄龙县听到一个震奋人心的消息：千百年来危害黄龙人民健康，困拢黄龙山区经济发展的克山病。

Cloning of Brassica napus EIN3 Gene and Its Expression Induced by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

[Objective] The study was to investigate roles of Brassica napus EINB in （ BnEIN3 ） resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. [ Methods] Genomic PCR and RT-PCR were carded out to isolate genomic DNA and cDNA sequences of BnEIN3 from oilseed rape, based on the highly conserved region of EIN3 gene from Arabidopsis thaliana and the homologous sequences of oilseed rape ESTs. Expression levels of BnEIN3 were detected in three varieties of oilseed rape inoculated with S. sclerotiorum by real-time quantitative PCR.[Results] A 1 947 bp DNA fragment was obtained from oilseed rape. The fragment shared 82% identity to A. thaliana EIIV3, encoded 614 amino acids containing an EIN3 domain, and was named as BnEIN3. Real-time PCR results showed that expression patterns of BnEIN3 were drastically different in different varieties. In highly resistant oilseed rape variety D083, BnEIN3 expression level was significantly increased 72 h after S. sclerotiorum inoculation whereas in middle resistant and susceptible varieties Zhongshuang 9 and 84039, BnEIN3 expression was suppressed. [ Conclusion ] BnEIIV3 may play an important role in oilseed rape resistance to S. sclerotiorum.

Clonality and allelotype analyses of focal nodular hyperplasia compared with hepatocellular adenoma and carcinoma

AIM： To identify clonality and genetic alterations in focal nodular hyperplasia （FNH） and the nodules derived from it. METHODS： Twelve FNH lesions were examined. Twelve hepatocellular adenomas （HCAs） and 22 hepatocellular carcinomas （HCCs） were used as references. Nodules of different types were identified and isolated from FNH by microdissection. An X-chromosome inactivation assay was employed to describe their clonality status. Loss of heterozygosity （LOH） was detected, using 57 markers, for genetic alterations.RESULTS： Nodules of altered hepatocytes （NAH）, the putative precursors of HCA and HCC, were found in all the FNH lesions. Polyclonality was revealed in 10 FNH lesions from female patients, and LOH was not detected in any of the six FNH lesions examined, the results apparently showing their polyclonal nature. In contrast, monoclonality was demonstrated in all the eight HCAs and in four of the HCCs from females, and allelic imbalances were found in the HCAs （9/9） and HCCs （15/18）, with chromosomal arms 11p, 13q and 17p affected in the former, and 6q, 8p, 11p, 16q and 17p affected in the latter lesions in high frequencies （≥ 30%）. Monodonality was revealed in 21 （40%） of the 52 microdissected NAH, but was not found in any of the five ordinary nodules. LOH was found in all of the 13 NAH tested, being highly frequent at six loci on 8p, 11p, 13q and 17p. CONCLUSION： FNH, as a whole, is polyclonal, but some of the NAH lesions derived from it are already neoplastic and harbor similar allelic imbalances as HCAs.

Applying a highly specific and reproducible cDNA RDA method to clone garlic up-regulated genes in human gastric cancer cells

AIM: To develop and optimize cDNA representational difference analysis (cDNA RDA) method and to identify and clone garlic up-regulated genes in human gastric cancer (HGC) cells. METHODS: We performed cDNA RDA method by using abundant double-stranded cDNA messages provided by two self-constructed cDNA libraries (Allitridi-treated and paternal HGC cell line BGC823 cells cDNA libraries respectively). Bam H I and Xho I restriction sites harbored in the library vector were used to select representations. Northern and Slot blots analyses were employed to identify the obtained difference products. RESULTS: Fragments released from the cDNA library vector after restriction endonuclease digestion acted as good marker indicating the appropriate digestion degree for library DNA. Two novel expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and a recombinant gene were obtained. Slot blots result showed a 8-fold increase of glia-derived nexin/protease nexin 1 (GDN/PN1) gene expression level and 4-fold increase of hepatitis B virus x-interacting protein (XIP) mRNA level in BGC823 cells after Allitridi treatment for 72h. CONCLUSION: Elevated levels of GDN/PN1 and XIP mRNAs induced by Allitridi provide valuable molecular evidence for elucidating the garlic's efficacies against neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases. Isolation of a recombinant gene and two novel ESTs further show cDNA RDA based on cDNA libraries to be a powerful method with high specificity and reproducibility in cloning differentially expressed genes.

Taxonomic study of the genus Rhamphophasma Brunner von Wattenwyl(Phasmatodea: Phasmatidae: Clitumninae) in China, with descriptions of three new species

This study provides a taxonomic study of the genus Rhamphophasma Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893 from China. Three new species, R. obtusum sp. nov., R. pseudomodestum sp. nov. and R. serratum sp. nov., are described. The female R. dianicum Chen ＆ He, 1994 is described for the first time. A key to species of Rhamphophasma is provided.

Clinical significance of granuloma in Crohn's disease

AIM: Granuloma is considered the hallmark of microscopic diagnosis in Crohn's disease (CD), but granulomas can be detected in only 21-60% of CD patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of granulomas by multiple endoscopic biopsies in patients with CD and to examine whether group of patients with or without granuloma exhibit a different clinical course. METHODS: Fifty-six patients with newly diagnosed CD were included in the study. Jejunoscopy, enteroclysis and ileo-colonoscopy were performed in all patients. At least two biopsy specimens from each examined gastrointestinal segment were examined microscopically searching granuloma. The clinical course was followed in all patients, and extraintestinal manifestations as well as details of any immunosuppressive therapy and surgical intervention were noted. RESULTS: Granuloma was found in 44.6% of the cases (25 patients). Patients with granuloma had higher activity parameters at the time of the biopsies. Extraintestinal manifestations were observed and surgical interventions were performed more often in the granuloma group. The need of immunosuppressive therapy was significantly more frequent in the patients with granuloma. Granuloma formation is mote often seen in younger patients, and mainly in the severe, active penetrating disease. CONCLUSION: The significantly higher frequency of surgical interventions and immunosuppressive therapy suggests that granuloma formation is associated with a more severe disease course during the first years of CD.

Timing of surgery in Crohn’s disease: A key issue in the management

The timing of the decision for operation in Crohn’s disease is based on an evaluation of the several factors such as the failure of medical treatment, complications due to the Crohn’s disease or to the farmacological therapy, development of dysplasia or cancer and growth retardation. A complete evaluation of these factors should result in operation timed to the patient’s best advantage, achieving maximal relief of symptoms with improvement of quality of life. Given the complexity and heterogeneity of the disease and the different options for treatment, is difficult to systematize when the optimal moment for the surgery is arrived. A very important factor in the management of Crohn’s disease is the multidisciplinary approach and the patient preference should be a significant factor in determining the choice of therapy. The surgery should be considered such another option in the sequential treatment of Crohn’s disease. We have analyzed the factors that are involved in the decision taking of the surgical treatment regarding to the experience and the published literature. When did the medical therapy fail? when is the appropriate moment to operate on the patient? Or which complications of Crohn’s disease need a surgery? These are some of the questions we will try to answer.

Crohn’s disease-Defect in innate defence

Crohn’s disease may prinicipally involve the whole gastrointestinal tract. Most commonly, the inflammation occurs in the small intestine and/or in the colon with stable disease location over the years. The pathogenesis of both disease phenotypes is complex, the likely primary defect lies in the innate rather than adaptive immunity, particularly in the chemical antimicrobial barrier of the mucosa. Crohn’s ileitis is associated with a reduced expression of the Wnt signalling pathway transcription factor T-cell factor 4 (TCF4), which is regulating Paneth cell differentiation. As a result, the alpha-defensins and principal Paneth cell products HD5 and HD6 are deficiently expressed in ileal disease, independent of current inflammation. In contrast, Crohn’s colitis is typically associated with an impaired induction of the beta-defensins HBD2 and HBD3 caused by fewer gene copy numbers in the gene locus of the beta-defensins on chromosome 8. This ileal and colonic defect in innate defence mediated by a deficiency of the protective alpha- and beta- defensins may enable the luminal microbes to invade the mucosa and trigger the inflammation. A better understanding of the exact molecular mechanisms behind ileal and colonic Crohn’s disease may give rise to new therapeutic strategies based on a stimulation of the protective innate immune system.

Oral immune regulation using colitis extracted proteins for treatment of Crohn's disease: Results of a phase Ⅰ clinical trial

AIM: To evaluate safety and possible efficacy of induction of oral immune regulation using colitis extracted proteins (CEP) in Crohn's disease (CD) subjects. METHODS: Ten CDs were treated orally with autologous CEP thrice weekly for 16 wk. Subjects were monitored for CDAI and IBDQ. Immune modulatory effect was assessed by T-lymphocyte FACS analysis, CEP-specific IFNγ ELISPOT assay and cytokine levels. RESULTS: Induction of oral immune regulation significantly ameliorated disease activity. All (10/10) subjects had clinical response (CDAI≤70) and 7/10 achieved clinical remission (CDAI≤150). Significant increase in mean IBDQ score was noted (134±9 vs 164±12). No treatment-related adverse events were noted. High levels of CEP-specific IFNγ spot forming colonies were detected in five subjects prior to treatment and in all five, a marked decrease was observed. The CD4+/CD8+ lymphocyte ratio and peripheral NKT cell numbers increased significantly, in 7/10 and in 5/10 subjects, respectively. Significant increase in serum IL-10 and IL-4 levels was observed in 7/10 subjects during treatment period. CONCLUSION: Immune regulation via oral administration of CEP is a safe and possibly effective treatment for subjects with moderate CD and may provide means of antigen-specific immune modulation.

Adherence to surveillance guidelines for dysplasia and colorectal carcinoma in ulcerative and Crohn's colitis patients in the Netherlands

AIM: To study adherence to the widely accepted surveillance guidelines for patients with long-standing colitis in the Netherlands. METHODS: A questionnaire was sent to all 244 gastroenterologists in the Netherlands. RESULTS: The response rate was 63%. Of all gastroenterologists, 95% performed endoscopic surveillance in ulcerative colitis (UC) patients and 65% in patients with Crohn's colitis. The American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) guidelines were followed by 27%, while 27% and 46% followed their local hospital protocol or no specific protocol, respectively. The surveillance was correctly initiated in cases of pancolitis by 53%, and in cases of left-sided colitis by 44% of the gastroenterologists. Although guidelines recommend 4 biopsies every 10 cm, less than 30 biopsies per colonoscopy were taken by 73% of the responders. Only 31%, 68% and 58% of the gastroenterologists referred patients for colectomy when low-grade dysplasia, high-grade dysplasia (HGD) or Dysplasia Associated Lesion or Mass (DALM) was present, respectively. CONCLUSION: Most Dutch gastroenterologists performendoscopic surveillance without following international recommended guidelines. This practice potentially leads to a decreased sensitivity for dysplasia, rendering screening for colorectal cancer in this population highly ineffective.

Nutritional therapy for active Crohn’s disease

Nutritional therapy for active Crohn’s disease (CD) is an underutilised form of treatment in adult patients, though its use is common in the paediatric population. There is evidence that nutritional therapy can effectively induce remission of CD in adult patients. Enteral nutrition therapy is safe and generally well tolerated. Meta-analysis data suggest that corticosteroids are superior to nutritional treatment for induction of remission in active CD. However, the potential side effects of such pharmacotherapy must be taken into consideration. This review examines the evidence for the efficacy of elemental and polymeric diets, and the use of total parenteral nutrition in active CD.

Endoscopic identification of Peyer's patches of the terminal ileum in a patient with Crohn's disease

We presented a 20-year-old patient with Crohn's disease (CD).Colonoscopy revealed longitudinal ulceration in the terminal ileum and rectal aphtoid ulcers.After treatment with mesalamine and total parenteral nutrition,repeat colonoscopy revealed a granular elevated area in the terminal ileum,which appeared as an irregular dome-like elevation with irregularly arranged villi on magnifying endoscopy.Biopsy specimens taken from the region showed microgranulomas and lymphoid hyperplasia,Scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of M cells,confirming that the area corresponded to Peyer's patches.Peyer's patches by magnifying endoscopy and electron microscopy may provide insights into the pathogenesis of CD.

Co-expression of heat shock protein 70 and glucose-regulated protein 94 in human gastric carcinoma cell line BGC-823

AIM:To investigate the co-expression and significance of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and glucose-regulated protein 94 (grp94) in human gastric carcinoma cell line BGC-823. METHODS: The expression and localization of HSP70 and grp94 in human gastric carcinoma cell line BGC-823 were determined by immunocytochemistry and indirect immunofluorescence cytochemical staining. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the correlation between expression of HSP70, grp94 and cell cycle in BGC-823 cell line. RESULTS: Gastric cancer cell line BGC-823 expressed high level of HSP70 and grp94. The positive rate of HSP70 and grp94 was 84.9±4.94% and 79.6±5.16%, respectively. Both of them were stained in cell plasma. There was a significant difference compared with control group (1.9±0.94%, P<0.01). During the cell cycle, HSP70 and grp94 were continuously expressed in BGC-823. CONCLUSION: HSP70 and grp94 are highly expressed in human gastric carcinoma BGC-823 cells through the whole cell cycle. There is no relationship between expression of HSP70, grp94 and cell cycle.

Breastfeeding and genetic factors in the etiology of inflammatory bowel disease in children

Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic,debilitating disorder of the gastrointestinal tract.The etiology of inflammatory bowel disease has not been elucidated,but is thought to be multifactorial with both environmental and genetic influences.A large body of research has been conducted to elucidate the etiology of inflammatory bowel disease.This article reviews this literature,emphasizing the studies of breastfeeding and the studies of genetic factors,particularly NOD2 polymorphisms.

Crohn’s disease complicated by multiple stenoses and internal fistulas clinically mimicking small bowel endometriosis

We report a 31-year-old woman with Crohn's disease complicated by multiple stenoses and internal fistulas clinically misdiagnosed as small bowell endometriosis, due to the patient's perimenstrual symptoms of mechanical subileus for 3 years; at first monthly, but later continuous, and gradually increasing in severity. We performed an exploratory laparotomy for small bowel obstruction, and found multiple ileal strictures and internal enteric fistulas. Because intraoperative findings were thought to indicate Crohn's disease, a right hemicolectomy and partial distal ileum resection were performed for obstructive Crohn's ileitis. Histopathology of the resected specimen revealed Crohn's disease without endometrial tissue. The patient made an uneventful recovery from this procedure and was discharged home 10 d post-operatively. The differential diagnosis of Crohn's diease with intestinal endometriosis may be difficult pre-operatively. The two entities share many overlapping clinical, radiological and pathological features. Nevertheless, when it is difficult to identify the cause of intestinal obstruction in a woman of child-bearing age with cyclical symptoms suggestive of small bowel endometriosis, Crohn's disease should be included in the differential diagnosis.

Postoperative Crohn’s disease recurrence: A practical approach

Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory condition that may involve any segment of the gastrointestinal tract. Although several drugs have proven efficacy in inducing and maintaining disease in remission, resectional surgery remains as a cornerstone in the management of the disease, mainly for the treatment of its stenosing and penetrating complications. However, the occurrence of new mucosal (endoscopic) lesions in the neoterminal ileum early after surgery is almost constant, it is followed in the mid-term by clinical symptoms and, in a proportion of patients, repeated intestinal resections are required. Pathogenesis of postoperative recurrence (POR) is not fully understood, but luminal factors (commensal microbes, dietary antigens) seem to play an important role, and environmental and genetic factors may also have a relevant influence. Many studies tried to identify clinical predictors for POR with heterogeneous results, and only smoking has repeatedly been associated with a higher risk of POR. Ileocolonoscopy remains as the gold standard for the assessment of appearance and severity of POR, although the real usefulness of the available endoscopic score needs to be revisited and alternative techniques are emerging. Several drugs have been evaluated to prevent POR with limited success. Smoking cessation seems to be one of the more beneficial therapeutic measures. Aminosalicylates have only proved to be of marginal benefit, and they are only used in low-risk patients. Nitroimidazolic antibiotics, although efficient, are associated with a high rate of intolerance and might induce irreversible side effects when used for a long-term. Thiopurines are not widely used after ileocecal resection, maybe because some concerns in giving immunomodulators in asymptomatic patients still remain. In the era of biological agents and genetic testing, a well-established preventive strategy for POR is still lacking, and larger studies to identify good clinical, serological, and genetic predictors of early POR as well as more effective drugs (or drug combinations) are needed.

Use of the Crohn's disease activity index in clinical trials of biological agents

The Crohn＇s disease activity index （CDAI） has been commonly used to assess the effects of treatment with different agents in Crohn＇s disease （CD）. However, these studies may be compromised, if the results compared to a placebo or standard therapy group （in the absence of a placebo） substantially differ from the expected response. In addition, significant concerns have been raised regarding the reliability and validity of the CDAI. Reproducibility of the CDAI may be limited as significant inter-observer error has been recorded, even if measurements are done by experienced clinicians with expertise in the diagnosis and treatment of CD. Finally, many CDAI endpoints are open to subjective interpretation and have the potential for manipulation. This is worrisome as there is the potential for significant financial gain, if the results of a clinical trial appear to provide a positive result. Physicians caring for patients should be concerned about the positive results in clinical trials that are sponsored by industry, even if the trials involve respected centers and the results appear in highly ranked medical journals.

3个国外引进的肉用绵羊新品种

1、节福克羊 节福克羊原产于新西兰.是体型最大的肉用羊品种,具有适应性强,生长速度快、产肉多等特点,适宜作为肉羊繁育的终端父本.成年公羊体重110～140kg,母羊60～90kg,毛纤维细度30～35um,毛纤维长7.5～10cm,产毛量2.5～3.0kg,产羔率140%.