服装前后腰节差的确定方法

前后腰节差的变化是服装结构制图中的一个重要因素,影响腰节长正确取值的因素有性别、年龄、款式等。目前前后腰节差没有十分确切的数值,在服装结构制图时只能用一个常规值,从而影响穿着的美观和舒适性。服装的前后腰节差反映在函数关系上的变化是非线性的,可以用数理统计方法找到其变化的近似线性规律。

井底降压差短节显著提高机械钻速

提出了最新研制的井底降压差短节的设计原理，介绍了其水力参数设计和现场试验情况。在坪西１井的现场试验表明，井底降压差短节能降低井底压差，减少井底压持效应，可提高机械钻速１２％，具有推广应用价值。

双压差节流式慢阻肺筛查设备的设计与验证

该文通过宽量程低分辨率和窄量程高分辨率两个流量传感器组合使用实现双压差节流式呼气流量测量,低成本和精准获得用力肺活量(Forced Vital Capacity,FVC)、第一秒用力肺活量(Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second,FEV1)和1秒率(FEV1/FVC(%))等筛查慢性阻塞性肺疾病(Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease,COPD)的量化指标。并与英国迈科ML3500肺功能仪进行了有效性验证,结果表明两款设备的FVC和FEV1相关性分别为0.998和0.999,配对t检验的P值均大于0.05,FVC、FEV1和FEV1/FVC(%)的Bland-Altman分析显示三个参数的测量结果均有90%以上落在一致性区间内。因此,该设备可提供准确的FVC和FEV1测量,对于提高中国COPD有效筛查和知晓率具有重要意义。

平衡差压节流装置的选用分析

参考传统节流装置的精度和新项目对流量精度的设计要求,决定选用平衡差压节流装置。详细分析了平衡差压节流装置精度高、直管段要求低、压损小、适用范围广等诸多优点。

Evaluation of corneal parameter changes under different accommodative stimuli with Scheimpflug imaging-based tomography

AIM:To evaluate the reliability of measurements of corneal changes with accommodation in healthy eyes using a Scheimpflug imaging-based system and how these measurements distribute in the normal population.METHODS:Prospective,non-randomized,comparative study including 27 healthy subjects(54 eyes),including emmetropia(13 eyes),myopia(17 eyes),hyperopia(4 eyes)and astigmatism(20 eyes)groups.In all cases,a complete eye examination was performed,including the analysis of corneal changes with different accommodative stimuli(+2.00,0.00 and-3.00 D)using the Pentacam AXL system.The investigation was structured in 2 phases:repeatability analysis and characterization of accommodation-related corneal changes in healthy populations.RESULTS:In the repeatability analysis,the index of height asymmetry(IHA)showed the greatest variability with the three accommodative stimuli,being the results for the rest of parameters acceptable.The group of emmetropes showed significant differences with accommodative changes in the position of maximum keratometry(Kmax;P<0.05),whereas in the astigmatism group,significant changes were not only observed in the position of Kmax,but also in minimum corneal thickness(MCT),corneal spherical aberration,and total and low order aberration root mean square(all P<0.05).Likewise,a significant difference was found in the displacement of the X position of Kmax with+2.00 D and-3.00 D in the myopia group(P=0.033)as well as in changes with+2.00 D and-3.00 D in the magnitude of the position vector of Kmax in the emmetropia group(P<0.05).No significant changes were found between accommodative stimuli in the displacement of coordinates of MCT(P≥0.109).CONCLUSION:The position of Kmax and MCT in healthy corneas can change significantly when presenting different accommodative stimuli using the accommodation mode of the Pentacam system,with different trends in these accommodation-related corneal changes between refractive errors.Likewise,the consistency of the measurements obtained with Scheimpflug has been confirmed.

浅谈女装特体的版型调整——以挺胸体和驼背体为例

这篇文章详细阐述了特殊体型中的挺胸体和驼背体的体态变化特征,利用胸省和肩省与人体的轴原理,在标准原型中做了相应的平衡补正处理,更加符合特殊体型的身体形态,进一步完善了特殊体型前后腰节差,达到对因体型问题造成的衣身不平衡的相应补正。通过这些对体型变化的分析和具体调整方案,有助于提高结构制版师对衣身平衡的理解,提高制版师的专业技能和提高制版效率,从而推动我国服装业高级定制人才的培养,提升制版师的国际竞争力。

关于数字式汽车衡的使用和维修方法

本文介绍了xk3190—ds3仪表的主要功能,特点和使用中的技巧,以及在现场安装和维修的注意事项及检修方法。

Differences between English and Chinese Syllables and Its Inspiration on English Pronunciation Teaching

English and Chinese belong to different linguistic systems, so English and Chinese syllables, as the basic linguistic structure, own great differences in syllable structure, syllabification, syllable function as well as liaison. Chinese English learners are apt to have the negative transfer in English pronunciation acquisition under the influence of their mother tongue-Chinese. Therefore, only the repeated imitation and practice on the ground of theoretical contrasts and analyses can help learners speak perfect English.

Trends in Temperature and Precipitation Extremes over Circum-Bohai-Sea Region,China

Trends in temperature and precipitation extremes from 1961 to 2008 have been investigated over Circum-Bohai-Sea region, China using daily temperature and precipitation data of 63 meteorological stations. The re- suits show that at most stations, there is a significant increase in the annual frequency of warm days and warm nights, as well as a significant decrease in the annual frequency of cold days, cold nights, frost days, and annual diurnal tem- perature range （DTR）. Their regional averaged changes are 2.06 d/1 0yr, 3.95 d/10yr, -1.88 d/10yr, -4.27 d/10yr, -4.21 d/10yr and -0.20℃/10yr, respectively. Seasonal changes display similar patterns to the annual results, but there is a large seasonal difference. A significant warming trend is detected at both annual and seasonal scales, which is more contributed by changes of indices defined by daily minimum temperature than those defined by daily maximum tem- perature. For precipitation indices, the regional annual extreme precipitation displays a weak decrease in terms of magnitude and frequency, i.e. extreme precipitation days （RD95p）, intensity （RINTEN）, proportion （RPROP） and maximum consecutive wet days （CWD）, but a slight increase in the maximum consecutive dry days （CDD）, which are consistent with changes of annual total precipitation （PRCPTOT）. Seasonally, PRCPTOT and RD95p both exhibit an increase in spring and a decrease in other seasons with the largest decrease in summer, but generally not significant. In summary, this study shows a pronounced warming tendency at the less rainy period over Circum-Bohai-Sea region, which may affect regional economic development and ecological protection to some extent.

Monthly variation in the fat content of anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) in the Yellow Sea: implications for acoustic abundance estimation

Anchovy is a key species in the Yellow Sea ecosystem. An accurate estimate of anchovy abundance is vital for the management of the anchovy stock and measurement of the ecosystem response to changes in anchovy abundance. However, the acoustic fish abundance estimate may be biased by 30%-40% if the fat-content induced target strength variation is not taken into account. We measured the monthly variation in the fat content of anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) in the Yellow Sea, and evaluated the potential effect of variation in fat content on the acoustic assessment of anchovy abundance. The fat content of anchovy varied seasonally, with two maxima and two minima in a year. The highest fat content (14.75%) was measured in the pre-spawning period in May, and the lowest fat content (2.48%) was measured during the post-spawning period in October. Fat content appeared to correlate with water content, but not body size. Assuming that the target strength is decreased by 0.2dB for every 1% increase in fat content, the seasonal difference in the target strength of anchovy may be as high as 2.45 dB. Given this, the acoustic abundance estimate may be biased by between 43% and 76%. Our results highlight the need for more information on the changes in fat content of fishes whose abundance is estimated by acoustic surveys.

A New Method for Identifying the Model Error of Adjust ment System

Some theory problems affecting parameter estimation are discussed in this paper. Influence and transformation between errors of stochastic and functional models is pointed out as well. For choosing the best adjustment model, a formula, which is different from the literatures existing methods, for estimating and identifying the model error, is proposed. On the basis of the proposed formula, an effective approach of selecting the best model of adjustment system is given.

Response of Lakes to Climate Change in Xainza Basin Tibetan Plateau Using Multi-Mission Satellite Data from 1976 to 2008

Changes in the lake areas of Xainza basin in the past 33 years （1976 to 2008） were studied using Landsat data from Multispectral Scanners （1973- 1977）, Thematic Mapper （1989-1992, 2007-2009）, and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus （1999-2002）. The results indicated that lakes in the study area evidently expanded from 1976 to 2008, with total expansion of 1512.64km2. The mean annual air temperature presented an upward trend with certain fluctuations from 1966 to 2008. The air temperature rise rates in the cold season （o.31~C/loa） were higher than those in the hot season （0.24℃/1oa）, in the Xainza station example. Precipitation exhibited evident seasonal differences. Mean annual precipitation in hot season is 281.48 mm and cold season is 32.66 mm from 1966 to 2008 in study area. Precipitation in the hot season was the major contributor to the increase in annual precipitation. Grey relational analysis （GRA） was used to study the response of lake areas to climatic factors. The mean air temperature and precipitation were selected as comoared series, and the lake areas were regarded as the reference series. The grey relational grade （GRG） between compared series and reference series were calculated through GRA. The results indicated that changes in lake areas were mainly affected by climatic factors in the hot season. Lakes in this region were classified into three grades, namely, Grades I, II, and III according to the recharge source and elevation. The GRGs of each series varied for different grade lakes： the area of Grade III lakes were the most relevant to the hot season factors, the GRGs of precipitation and air temperature were 0.7570 and 0.6606; followed by the Grade II lakes; Grade I lakes were more sensitive to the air temperature.

Community Structure and Seasonal Variation of Soil Arthropods in the Forest-Steppe Ecotone of the Mountainous Region in Northern Hebei,China

Soil fauna have been receiving more and more attention because they play an important role in nutrient cycling.However,there is a lack of information on soil arthropods in the forest-steppe ecotone in the mountainous region of northern Hebei,which makes it difficult to meet the need of protecting biodiversity in this area.Soil arthropod communities were investigated in the forest-steppe ecotone in northern Hebei province to provide basic information on changes in mountain soil fertility,which could promote the development of soil arthropod communities in mountain ecotones.From the preliminary identification,a total of 7994 individual soil arthropods were collected,which belonged to 25 groups,6 classes and 24 orders.Acarina,Hymenoptera and Collembola were the dominant groups in the ecotone.The number of Acarina was higher than Collembola,and this phenomenon was obviously different from other areas in the same climate zone.The increased abundance of rare groups in the Forest zone with the richer vegetation,higher arthropod abundance and more substantial litter depth,could be interpreted as a reaction to the suitable soil environment and food supply.And these rare groups were sensitive to environmental changes,which could be regarded as biotic indicators for evaluating soil quality.The analysis of community diversity showed that the abundance index (d),the Shannon-Wiener index (H'),the evenness index (J) and the density-group index (DG) were significantly higher in the forest zone,lower in the forest-steppe zone,and lowest in the meadow-steppe zone.Seasonal variations in community composition correlated with changes in average air temperature and precipitation in this ecotone.Groups and individuals of soil arthropod communities in the three zones were present in greater numbers in the middle of the rainy season than in the early or late periods of the rainy season as a whole.At the same time,seasonal changes in soil arthropod communities from different plots were also influenced by habitat condition.

同步带节线差对传动性能影响研究

基于同步带的节线差对传动性能影响研究,得出同步带传动中节线差的误差是产生带齿与轮齿之间节距差主要原因之一。由此提出了同步带加工过程中通过控制节线差误差获得合理节距差新方法,使带齿的载荷分布均匀,从而提高传动性能。

Spatio-temporal distribution of net-collected phytoplankton community and its response to marine exploitation in Xiangshan Bay

To explore the spatial-temporal distribution of the phytoplankton community and evaluate the combined effects of marine resource exploitation, net-collected phytoplankton and physical-chemical parameters were investigated in the Xiangshan Bay during the four seasons of 2010. A total of eight phyla, 97 genera, and 310 species were found, including 232 diatom species, 45 dinoflageUate species and 33 other taxa. The phytoplankton abundances presented a significant （P〈0.001） seasonal difference with the average of 60.66x104 cells/m3. Diatoms （mainly consisting of Coscinodiscus jonesianus, Cerataulina pelagica, Skeletonema costatum, and genus Chaetoceros） dominated the phytoplankton assemblage in all seasons. We found great spatio-temporal variation in community composition based on the multidimensional scaling and similarity analysis. Canonical correspondence analysis show that temperature, nutrition, illumination, and salinity were the main variables associated with microalgal assemblage. Compared with the previous studies, an increase in phytoplankton abundance and change in the dominant species coincided with increased exploitation activities in this bay （e.g. operation of coastal power plants, intensive mariculture, tidal fiat reclamation, and industrial and agricultural development）. The present findings suggest that the government should exercise caution when deciding upon developmental patterns in the sea-related economy.

Decadal Variability of Global Ocean Significant Wave Height

This paper presents the long-term climate changes of significant wave height(Hs) in 1958–2001 over the entire global ocean using the 45-year European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF) Reanalysis(ERA-40) wave data. The linear trends in Hs and regional and seasonal differences of the linear trends for Hs were calculated. Results show that the Hs exhibits a significant increasing trend of about 4.6 cm decade-1 in the global ocean as a whole over the last 44 years. The Hs changes slowly during the periods 1958–1974 and 1980–1991, while it increases consistently during the periods 1975–1980 and 1995–1998. The Hs reaches its lowest magnitude in 1975, with annual average wave height about 2 m. In 1992, the Hs has the maximum value of nearly 2.60 m. The Hs in most ocean waters has a significant increasing trend of 2–14 cm decade-1 over the last 44 years. The linear trend exhibits great regional differences. Areas with strong increasing trend of Hs are mainly distributed in the westerlies of the southern Hemisphere and the northern Hemisphere. Only some small areas show obvious decreasing in Hs. The long-term trend of Hs in DJF(December, January, February) and MAM(March, April, May) is much more stronger than that in JJA(June, July, August) and SON(September, October, November). The linear trends of the Hs in different areas are different in different seasons; for instance, the increasing trend of Hs in the westerlies of the Pacific Ocean mainly appears in MAM and DJF.

Extended-range prediction of a heat wave event over the Yangtze River Valley:role of intraseasonal signals

The authors previous study reported the important role of extratropical intraseasonal oscillation(ISO)on the occurrence of a typical heatwave event over the Yangtze River Valley.Based on the ECMWF subseasonal reforecast database,this follow-up study evaluates the extended-range prediction skill of the heatwave event and further unravels the close link between the ISO and extended-range prediction of the event.With a two-week lead time,this heatwave event fails to occur in the reforecast because the predicted surface temperature is signi cantly underesti-mated.More detailed analysis demonstrates that the biases for both the intensity and the location of the warming region are primarily attributable to the inaccurate extratropical intrasea-sonal traveling signals.This work strongly indicates that accurately capturing the extratropical intraseasonal signal from the Eurasian continent is indispensable for extended-range prediction of East Asian extreme heatwave events.

A detail-preserving random-valued impulse noise removal algorithm based on S-ROAD

In a random-valued impulse noise corrupted image, in order to remove impulse noise and, meanwhile, efficiently preserve image edges and details, a novel two-phase detail- preserving random-valued impulse noise removal algorithm is proposed. At the noise detecting phase, an image statistic called S-estimate based rank-ordered absolute difference （S- ROAD） is presented to distinguish image edge and detail pixels from impulse noise pixels in a noise corrupted image. By introducing S-estimate into ROAD statistic, the interference caused by the image edges and details in the ROAD statistic is eliminated. With the S-ROAD statistic, most of the noise pixels, including the noise at edges and details, can be distinguished. At the noise pixels filtering phase, a two-threshold iterative method is used to restore the identified noise pixels and the estimate precision is improved; thus, the image details can be efficiently preserved. Experimental results show that the proposed method provides a significant improvement over many existing filters in terms of both subjective and objective evaluations.

Accuracy Compensation Technology of Closed⁃Loop Feedback of Industrial Robot Joints

The existing kinematic parameter calibration method cannot further improve the absolute positioning accuracy of the robot due to the uncertainty of positioning error caused by robot joint backlash.In view of this problem,a closed‑loop feedback accuracy compensation method for robot joints was proposed.Firstly,a Chebyshev polynomial error estimation model was established which took geometric error and non‑geometric error into account.In addition,the absolute linear grating scale was installed at each joint of the robot and the positioning error of the robot end was mapped to the joint angle.And the joint angle corrected value was obtained.Furthermore,the closed‑loop feedback of robot joints was established to realize the online correction of the positioning error.Finally,an experiment on the KUKA KR210 industrial robot was conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method.The result shows that the maximum absolute positioning error of the robot is reduced by 75%from 0.76 mm to 0.19 mm.This method can compensate the robot joint backlash effectively and further improve the absolute positioning accuracy of the robot.