肝硬化并发上消化道出血的季节、节气特征分析与护理对策

目的：分析肝硬化并发上消化道出血患者的发病季节、节气分布特征和护理方法。方法回顾我院2011年10月～2014年10月期间收治的149例肝硬化并发上消化道出血患者的临床资料，统计149例患者的发病季节，分析发病节气的分布特征及护理对策。结果149例患者的冬季发病率高于其它季节，P＜0.05，其次为春季。发病节气主要为大雪、霜降、大寒和小雪。结论肝硬化并发上消化出血在冬季和气温变化较大的节气有较高的发病率，临床应根据肝硬化并发上消化道出血患者的发病特点制定护理对策。

《灵棋经》解读过程中参看节气的必要性探讨

《灵棋经》是我国现存较完整且为数不多的占卜书籍。但由于历史文化等原因该书一直处于被“冷落”状态,自成书至今约一千八百年时间里已知的注解者未超过六位。且至今为止连白话译本也很少见。笔者在缺少研究资料情况下解读《灵棋经》发现些疑难点。遂结合其成书年代参考西汉易学研究方法,发现西汉易学多重视节气说。故拟定探讨解读《灵棋经》过程中参看节气的必要性,可以帮助我们更好理解卦象、卦辞和注解者意图。

PRELIMINARY DISCUSSIONS OF BASIC CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PRECIPITATION DURING RAINING SEASONS IN REGIONS SOUTH OF CHANGJIANG RIVER AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH SST ANOMALIES

Basic climatic characteristics are analyzed concerning the precipitation anomalies in raining seasons over regions south of the Changjiang River (the Yangtze). It finds that the regions are the earliest in eastern China where raining seasons begin and end. Precipitation there tends to decrease over the past 50 years. Waters bounded by 9(S -1(S, 121(E - 129(E are the key zones of SST anomalies that affect the precipitation in these regions over May ~ July in preceding years. Long-term air-sea interactions make it possible for preceding SST anomalies to affect the general circulation that come afterwards, causing precipitation anomalies in the raining seasons in regions south of the Changjiang River in subsequent years.

STATISTICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF SEA-LAND BREEZES IN HAINAN ISLAND

The sea-land breeze circulation(SLBC) occurs regularly at coastal locations and influences the local weather and climate significantly. In this study, based on the observed surface wind in 9 conventional meteorological stations of Hainan Island, the frequency of sea-land breeze(SLB) is studied to depict the diurnal and seasonal variations. The statistics indicated that there is a monthly average of 12.2 SLB days and an occurrence frequency of about 40%, with the maximum frequency(49%) in summer and the minimum frequency(29%) in autumn. SLB frequencies(41%) are comparable in winter and spring. A higher frequency of SLB is present in the southern and central mountains due to the enhancement effect of the mountain-valley breeze. Due to the synoptic wind the number of SLB days in the northern hilly area is less than in other areas. Moreover, the WRF model, adopted to simulate the SLBC over the island for all seasons, performs reasonably well reproducing the phenomenon, evolution and mechanism of SLBC. Chiefly affected by the difference of temperature between sea and land, the SLBC varies in coverage and intensity with the seasons and reaches the greatest intensity in summer. The typical depth is about 2.5 km for sea breeze circulation and about 1.5 km for land breeze circulation. A strong convergence zone with severe ascending motion appears on the line parallel to the major axis of the island, penetrating 60 to 100 km inland. This type of weak sea breeze convergence zone in winter is north-south oriented. The features of SLBC in spring are similar both to that in summer with southerly wind and to that in winter with easterly wind. The coverage and intensity of SLBC in autumn is the weakest and confined to the southwest edge of the central mountainous area. The land breeze is inherently very weak and easily affected by the topography and weather. The coverage and intensity of the land breeze convergence line is significantly less than those of the sea breeze. The orographic forcing of the central mountain exhibits significant impacts on low-level airflow. A windward land breeze front usually occurs along the coastline between the wee hours and the morning in summer, with an arc-shaped convergence zone about 10 to 30 km off shore. In winter the arc-shaped convergence zone is weak and appears only in the southeast coastal area. Landing on the flat regions of northern to western parts of the island and going inland from there, the sea breeze front at the leeward side meets with that at the windward side in the centre of the island when sea breeze fully develops, causing an intense convergence zone throughout the whole island. Consistent with prevailing winds in direction, the windward sea breeze and leeward land breeze develop quickly but are not distinguishable from background winds.

Seasonal characterization of components and size distributions for submicron aerosols in Beijing

Submicron aerosols （PMt） in Beijing were studied using an Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer （AMS） from January to Oc tober 2008. This paper presents seasonal variations of different chemical components （sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, chloride and organics） and size distributions of PM1. Results show that mass concentration of PMI was highest in summer, and lowest in autumn. Organics represented the dominant species in all seasons, accounting for 36%58% of PML, and their concentrations were highest in winter. Concentrations of inorganic components, sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium were highest in summer. Based on principal component analysis, organics were deconvolved and quantified as hydrocarbonlike and oxygenated organ ic aerosol （HOA and OOA, respectively）. HOA was highest in winter, accounting for about 70% of organics. However, OOA was highest in summer, and had lower values in autumn and winter. A similar diurnal pattern of various components was ob served, which is higher at nighttime and lower during daytime. HOA increased more dramatically than other species between 17：00 and 21：00 and peaked at noon, which could be related to cooking emissions. OOA, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium and chlo ride varied with the same trend. Their concentrations increased with solar radiation from 9：00 to 13：00, and declined with weakening solar radiation. Size distributions of all species showed apparent peaks in the range 500600 nm. Size distributions of organics were much broader than other species, particularly in autumn and winter. Distributions of sulfate, nitrate and am monium had similar patterns, broadening in winter. Contributions of different species were sizedependent; the finer the parti cle, the greater the contribution of organics. Organics represented more than 60% of particles smaller than 200 nm, contrib uting 50% to PM1 in winter. In spring and summer, HOA was the dominant organic fraction for particles smaller than 200 nm, while OOA contributed more to particles larger than 300 nm. In winter, HOA contributed more than OOA to all PM1 particles.

Unified deep learning model for El Niño/Southern Oscillation forecasts by incorporating seasonality in climate data

Although deep learning has achieved a milestone in forecasting the El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO),the current models are insufficient to simulate diverse characteristics of the ENSO,which depends on the calendar season.Consequently,a model was generated for specific seasons which indicates these models did not consider physical constraints between different target seasons and forecast lead times,thereby leading to arbitrary fluctuations in the predicted time series.To overcome this problem and account for ENSO seasonality,we developed an all-season convolutional neural network(A_CNN)model.The correlation skill of the ENSO index was particularly improved for forecasts of the boreal spring,which is the most challenging season to predict.Moreover,activation map values indicated a clear time evolution with increasing forecast lead time.The study findings reveal the comprehensive role of various climate precursors of ENSO events that act differently over time,thus indicating the potential of the A_CNN model as a diagnostic tool.