崇明东滩湿地芦苇和互花米草种群的分布格局及其与生境的相关性

应用GIS技术与实地调查相结合的方法,对上海崇明东滩湿地芦苇〔Phragmites australis(Cav.)Trin.exSteud.〕和互花米草(Spartina alterniflora Loisel.)种群斑块的分布格局和沿潮位梯度的分布特征及其与部分环境参数的相关性进行了研究。结果显示:在1 500 m×100 m尺度内共有42个斑块;其中,互花米草种群斑块数量较少(13个)但面积和周长均较大,呈集中化分布特征;芦苇种群斑块数量最多(25个)但面积和周长均较小,呈现破碎化特征;芦苇种群的斑块密度和边缘密度均大于互花米草种群,但二者的聚集度指数及连通度指数均较高。沿潮位降低,芦苇种群数量减少,互花米草种群数量增多;中、低潮位以互花米草种群为主,中、高潮位以芦苇种群为主。不同潮位二者活体与立枯体株数有明显差异且具有不同程度的相关性,其中,互花米草总株数与芦苇活体株数、互花米草立枯体株数与芦苇立枯体株数均呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。该区域内各景观和斑块类型格局指数数值均较高,Shannon多样性和均匀性指数均较大。不同潮位的环境参数差异明显且与距堤坝的距离有不同程度的相关性;中潮位相对高程最高(9.2 m),低潮位土壤盐度最高(37.17 ng.L-1);随潮位降低土壤总氮和总磷含量总体上下降,但中高潮位土壤总磷含量最高、高潮位土壤总氮含量最高。芦苇活体株数与距堤坝的距离及土壤盐度、互花米草活体株数与相对高程及土壤总磷含量、互花米草总株数与相对高程均呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。研究结果揭示:该区域景观已出现破碎化现象;互花米草种群规模逐年增大,与芦苇种群有明显的竞争,二者呈明显的镶嵌分布格局。高潮位的相对高程低而土壤盐度高,这种微生境有利于互花米草生长却能抑制芦苇生长,对二者的扩散和分布格局产生复杂的局部性影响。

芦苇叶水提物的化感活性分析及潜在化感成分的筛选

采用不同溶剂对芦苇〔Phragmites australis(Cav.)Trin.ex Steud.〕叶片水提物进行萃取,并以小麦(Triticum aestivum Linn.)和萝卜(Raphanus sativus Linn.)种子为实验材料对不同萃取物的化感效应进行检测;采用薄层层析和柱层析对抑制作用最强的正丁醇萃取物进行进一步分离,并采用GC-MS法对生物活性较高的组分进行组成成分分析;在此基础上,选择相对含量高并具有代表性的潜在化感成分进行生物活性检测,以期筛选出芦苇叶中的潜在化感成分。结果显示:随质量浓度(20、100和500 mg·L-1)提高,芦苇叶水提物的石油醚、二氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇和水萃取物对小麦和萝卜种子萌发的抑制作用均逐渐增强,其中正丁醇萃取物的抑制作用最强。在正丁醇萃取物的11个组分中,Fr.5、Fr.6、Fr.7、Fr.9和Fr.10组分均能显著抑制萝卜或小麦幼苗的生长,经质量浓度500mg·L-1各组分处理液处理后萝卜或小麦幼苗的株高、根长及单株鲜质量均显著低于对照(P<0.05)。采用GC-MS法从Fr.5、Fr.6、Fr.7、Fr.9和Fr.10组分中分别鉴定出11、15、15、12和22种成分,分别占各组分总相对含量的83.02%、91.31%、87.36%、97.92%和94.34%,主要成分包括糖类、醇类、有机酸类、酮类、酰胺类和酯类。对14种潜在化感成分生物活性的检测结果显示这些成分对小麦幼苗生长有明显的抑制作用,其中,经质量浓度20mg·L-1油酸酰胺、棕榈酸甲酯、亚油酸、2-苯乙胺、2-甲基烯丙醇和4-羟基-3-甲氧基苦杏仁酸处理后,小麦幼苗的株高、根长及单株鲜质量显著低于对照。综合分析结果显示:芦苇叶水提物具有较强的化感活性,其潜在的化感成分为油酸酰胺、棕榈酸甲酯、亚油酸、2-苯乙胺、2-甲基烯丙醇和4-羟基-3-甲氧基苦杏仁酸。

芦苇和香蒲地上部N和P积累动态及适宜收获时期分析

通过野外采样和室内分析相结合的方法,对5月至11月芦苇〔Phragmites australis(Cav.)Trin.ex Steud.〕和香蒲(Typha orientalis Presl)地上部生物量以及N和P的含量和积累量的动态变化进行了分析,并对生物量、N和P含量及N和P积累量间的相关性进行了研究;在此基础上,确定芦苇和香蒲的适宜收获时期。结果表明:在整个生长过程中,芦苇和香蒲地上部生物量随生长时间延长呈典型的单峰型曲线,最高值分别出现在9月份和10月份,且芦苇地上部生物量极显著高于香蒲(P<0.01)。芦苇和香蒲地上部N含量呈先升高后降低的趋势、P含量呈逐渐降低的趋势,香蒲地上部N和P含量均极显著高于芦苇地上部。芦苇地上部N和P积累量在8月份达到最高,香蒲地上部N和P积累量在9月份达到最高。芦苇和香蒲地上部C/N、C/P和N/P比在不同月份差异较大,C/N和N/P比呈波动趋势,C/P比则总体呈逐渐升高的趋势。总体来看,芦苇和香蒲的生长在生长初期和中期受N限制、在生长末期受P限制。相关性分析结果表明:芦苇和香蒲地上部的N含量与P含量、N积累量与P积累量间均呈极显著正相关;N和P积累量与其生物量呈显著正相关(P<0.05),但与N和P含量的相关性不显著(P>0.05)。综合分析结果表明:芦苇和香蒲的适宜收获时期分别为8月份和9月份。

芦苇植株再生体系优化

在前人工作基础上利用禾本科芦苇成熟种子为外植体建立了植株再生体系。芦苇成熟种子经2%洗涤灵溶液洗涤,70%乙醇处理30s,20%"84"消毒液处理25min后接种到MS+4%蔗糖(pH 5.5)的种子萌发培养基中培养,种子萌发率为62%。萌发种子继代至MS+1mg/L 6-BA+0.1mg/L 2,4-D+0.5mg/LNAA+4%蔗糖(pH 5.5)培养基进行不定芽诱导,不定芽发生率为95%。无根丛生芽继代到不定根诱导培养基1/2MS+0.5mg/L IBA+0.5mg/L NAA+4%蔗糖(pH 5.5),不定根发生率为90%。

Assessment of Minor and Trace Elements in Aquatic Macrophytes, Soils and Bottom Sediments Collected along Different Water Objects in the Black Sea Coastal Zone by Using Neutron Activation Analysis

The levels and compartmentalization of Na, Mg, Al, Cl, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Mo, Sb, I, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Sm, Eu, Tb, Hf, Ta, Au, Th, and U in Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud., Carex conescens L. and Cladophora sericea (Hudson) Kutzing from the Caucasian coast of the Black Sea-Anapa recreational region was investigated by Neutron Activation Analysis. The study touches upon subject of the sediment-to-plant and root-to-leaf elemental transfer as well as of the influence of anthropogenic pollution on wetland ecosystems in zone of resort. The content of the majority of considered elements was found higher in the belowground organs of P. australis than in the aboveground tissues while a reverse regularity was evidenced for C. conescens. The levels of elements decrease from bottom sediments to aquatic plants with the notable exception of the halogens Cl, Br and I that presented 5 to 100 fold higher content in plants than in sediments. The increased levels of As, Mo, and Sb in some soil and sediment samples most probably indicate the anthropogenic pollution. It recommends them for a continuous monitoring of the same area.

HPLC测定沅江产芦笋中3种酚酸和6种黄酮类成分含量

目的建立同时测定沅江产芦笋中原儿茶酸、绿原酸、香草酸、柚皮苷、芦丁、槲皮素、木犀草素、山奈酚、芹菜素含量的HPLC。方法采用Diamonsil C_(18)色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以甲醇-0.1%甲酸水溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,双波长检测(酚酸:283,327 nm;黄酮:283,335 nm),流速1 mL·min^(-1),柱温35℃,进样量为10μL。结果 3种酚酸及6种黄酮分别在25 min和50 min内分离,线性范围为14.8~500μg·mL^(-1)(r=0.999 0~0.999 7),检测限0.006 3~0.053 9μg·mL^(-1),定量限0.021 1~0.179 7μg·mL^(-1),加样回收率为98.73%~102.44%,RSD为1.27%~2.20%(n=6)。结论该方法准确灵敏、重复性好,可用于检测芦笋中9种成分含量。

Substrate availability regulates the suppressive effects of Canada goldenrod invasion on soil respiration

Invasive alien plants not only decrease riparian vegetation diversity but also alter wetland ecosystem carbon processes,especially when they displace the original vegetation.Invasive Canada goldenrod(Solidago canadensis L.)has colonized large areas of disturbed and undisturbed land in southeastern China,yet little is known regarding how it affects soil carbon cycling.To explore the response patterns of soil respiration following S.canadensis invasion and their driving mechanisms,an observational field study and a greenhouse experiment simulating invasion were performed.In the field study,soil respiration was measured weekly from 21th July 2018 to 15th December 2018.In the greenhouse experiment,soil,autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration were measured every 1st and 15th of the month from 15th July 2019 to 15th December 2019.Soil,autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration were measured using a closed-chamber system with the deep gauze collar root exclusion method.Solidago canadensis invasion appeared to decrease the total soil CO_(2) emissions in both the field study and the greenhouse experiment.The suppressive effects on soil respiration may be attributed to S.canadensis invasion-induced alterations in the quality and quantity of available soil substrate,suggesting that S.canadensis invasion may impact soil carbon cycling via plant-released substrates and by competing for the soil available substrate with native plant and/or soil microbes.These results have substantial implications for estimations of the effects of invasive plants on belowground carbon dynamics and their contribution to the warming world.