甘草保健软糖的研制

以甘草、异麦芽寡糖、葡萄糖浆、明胶为主要原料,通过合理的工艺,研制开发出了低能量、具有功能性的甘草保健软糖。由实验确定软糖制作的最佳工艺参数为甘草黄酮提取液110mL,甜味料720g(异麦芽寡糖与葡萄糖浆比1∶1),明胶36g。该产品口感独特,风味诱人,并具有良好的咀嚼性和弹性,这对传统的软糖开发研究具有积极意义。

百里杜鹃林区马缨杜鹃凋落物花叶混合比例对分解的影响

【目的】百里杜鹃是贵州毕节的重要旅游资源,其凋落物和林地枯落物层发挥着保护土壤、固碳、涵养水源等多种生态功能。杜鹃花有良好的药用价值,收集鲜花凋落物是实现其药用价值的主要途径。本研究以贵州毕节百里杜鹃林区优势树种马缨杜鹃为例,量化不同花叶比例凋落物混合的非加和效应,建立凋落物分解模型并模拟凋落物分解动态,以期为确定花凋落物合理收集强度提供理论依据。【方法】在固定样地布设不同花叶比例的混合凋落物分解网袋420个,即花干质量比例分别为0(纯叶)、10%、20%、30%、40%、50%、100%(纯花)7个处理,每个处理60个重复,在1年内每2个月测1次样品质量损失率;然后,基于Olson方程,构建凋落物分解残留率随花比例及分解时间变化的模型。【结果】马缨杜鹃的花叶混和凋落物的分解残留率随分解时间及花比例增加而降低,分解1年后的残留率在花比例为0、10%、20%、30%、40%、50%和100%时分别为63.1%、58.7%、60.2%、56.8%、56.2%、55.5%和55.2%;凋落物的阶段分解率在0~61天内最大(0.054 g·d^-1),在62·183天内迅速降至0.017 g·d^-1,在184~306天内回升至0.024 g·d^-1,在307~365天内大幅降至0.005 g·d^-1;存在混合凋落物的非加和效应且表现为促进分解作用,在花比例10%、20%、30%、40%和50%的处理中,非加和效应最大值分别为分解365天后的7.8%、365天后的4.7%、330天后的6.9%、310天后的6.8%和270天后的6.6%;建立了考虑凋落物混合的非加和效应的凋落物分解残留率模型,拟合精度高达0.987;模拟分析表明,花比例80%时的凋落物累积分解率最高,1年后可达48%;当花比例为接近自然比例的20%和人为降低的15%、10%、5%和0时,分解1年后的模拟残留率分别为60.0%、61.3%、62.8%、64.4%和66.1%;野外实测分解1年后,花比例10%处理的残留率平均值为58.7%,花比例20%(接近自然比例)处理的残留率平均值为60.2%,二者无显著差异,但都显著低于纯叶处理的残留率(63.1%),即在收集利用花凋落物时,只要剩余凋落物中的花比例不低于10%,就可使凋落物分解率基本维持在自然水平。【结论】马缨杜鹃的花叶混合凋落物分解率随花比例增大而加快;建立考虑非加和效应的分解模型能准确预测分解过程;花凋落物药用开发的收集利用强度不应超过自然花凋落量的一半,以维持凋落物的自然分解速率及枯落物层的结构与功能。

QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF SOIL EROSION AND ELEMENT RUN-OFF IN THE SONGHUA LAKE VALLEY

Under the condition of different precipitation intensities, different gradients, different land-use types and different vegetation coverage, the soil erosion and transference of element (or pollutant) are studied by simulating and analyzing the surface run-off of experimental plots in the catchment area of Songhua Lake, with an area of about 43 370.8km2. And the influencing factors that produce the spatial difference are analyzed and assessed. It is put forward that the irrational land utilization is the reason of soil erosion and pollutant run-off. The gradient of farmland, the growing season of vegetation and the vegetation coverage are chiefly restricting factors that lead to the soil erosion and pollutant run-off. This study can provide the fundamental data for comprehensive planning and harnessing of the non-point source pollution in the valley.

A Review on Creating Male Sterility in Vegetable Crops by Genetic Engineering

With the deep researches on male sterility genetic engineering of plants, several strategies creating male sterile materials have been developed, such as causing pollen abortion by cytotoxic genes, antisense RNA or RNAi silencing the expression of genes related to pollen development, early degradation of tapetum callose leading to male sterility. Male sterile transgenic plants can be obtained through genetic transformation with related genes destroying or interfering with pollen or anther development. Male sterile cauliflower, tomato, cabbage, etc. have been developed in this way, and some begin to be used to produce hybrid seed. Appling some techniques can also maintain and restore the male sterility. These related researches will effectively promote the heterosis utilization and the development of crop breeding. This paper mainly presents their principles and applications in vegetable crops.

Effect of new specific fertilizer on the growth of peanut

Based on the soil nutrient condition of Fujian province and the nutritional characteristic of peanut, new specific peanut fertilizer was made with some new types of synergists and chemical fertilizers. In 2005, a field experiment was conducted to study the effect of the new specific fertilizer on peanut at Gaobi town, Longyan city, Fujian province. The results showed that, the new specific fertilizer could relieve the inhibition of fertilizers on nodule formation of peanut, promote the growth of peanut plants, increase the yield of peanut and improve the utilization rate of fertilizer, contrasted to common fertilizers. To compare with one time application of common fertilizers, the new specific fertilizer which was applied one time and twice had significant positive influences on yield of peanut and nutrient use efficiency, increased economic yield of peanut by 3.8% and 6.3%; improved nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium use efficiency by 3.9, 2.8, 4.3 and 4.5, 5.7, 7.4 percentage points respectively. Compared with twice applications of common fertilizers, the new specific fertilizer which was applied as the method above increased economic yield of peanut by 0.7% and 3.2%; improved nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium use efficiency by 0.3, 1.6, 0.5 and 0.9 4.5, 3.6 percentage points respectively.

以新作物为名:乾嘉年间徽州驱逐棚民运动再讨论

明清时期江南经济发展和徽商崛起推动棚民进入徽州租赁山场,采用"炼山"和林粮间作模式从事木材产业,以玉米取代粟、麻等传统"花利"作物,尽管扩大了玉米种植面积,但始终未将其转变为主要农作物。棚民的数量激增冲击了徽州传统聚族而居和风水信仰体系,1788年长江特大洪灾又导致当地士绅将矛头直指玉米,最终与抵制棚民的情绪掺杂在一起,演变为一场驱逐棚民运动。

从抵制到接受:清代浙江的玉米种植

与传统的玉米种植史研究范式不同,本文从气候突变、山林经济角度分析清代浙江省玉米种植史料的生成,认为乾隆末年和嘉庆年间的几次洪灾促使地方官员和士绅提出玉米引发水土流失的观点,道光年间降雨量增多又推动其形成更为完整的玉米为害表述体系,进而影响地方志的书写。清代江南木材需求量扩大,繁荣了浙江山区的杉木种植业,推动棚民采取刀耕火种法和林粮间作模式实现资源利用效率最大化,玉米也因具有根系发达、穿透力强等特点而取代传统杂粮成为新的"花利"作物,承担起维系劳资双方利益分配机制的功能,但却没有成为山区的主要粮食作物,更不会直接促成大规模的人口增长。

Effect of Deficit Irrigation on the Growth, Water Use Characteristics and Yield of Cotton in Arid Northwest China

Water shortage is a key constraint to sustainable agricultural production in Xinjiang, Northwest China. To enhance the use efficiency of valuable irrigation water resources, a 2-year experiment(2010–2011) was conducted to quantify the response of cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.) growth and yield to different degrees of deficit irrigation(DI) regimes; to determine the effects of DI on the characteristics of water use for cotton, seasonal water use, available soil water in the root zone, soil water depletion, evapotranspiration(ET)-based water use efficiency and irrigation-based water use efficiency, and to determine the best DI regime for optimal water-saving and yield output. The plots were irrigated at 100%(100ET), 85%(85ET), 70%(70ET), 55%(55ET) and 45%(45ET) of the regional ET of cotton in northern Xinjiang. The effect of DI irrigation on water use characteristics was evaluated by analyzing available soil water and soil water depletion in the root zone along with water use efficiencies of cotton. The study showed that the growth, water use characteristics and yield of cotton varied with irrigation regime. Seasonal ET and seed cotton yield were linearly correlated with irrigation amount. The second-order polynomial equation best approximated water-yield relationship of cotton in the study area.Cotton yield response factor was 0.65, suggesting limited water conditions were suitable for cotton cultivation. Economic evaluation of DI treatments confirmed that the yield loss was less than 10% under 70 ET and 85 ET, which was acceptable for greater sustainability.The results suggested that proper DI schemes were necessary for sustainable cotton production in the region. While irrigation at 85 ET was safe for high cotton yield, irrigation at 70 ET was a viable alternative under limited irrigation water availability.