Application of Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Method Based on Entropy Weight Theory in Evaluation of Salt Tolerance of Cotton

[Objective] The aim was to propose a new entropy weight fuzzy compre- hensive evaluation method for assessing cotton salt tolerance, realizing the objective, accurate and comprehensive evaluation of salt tolerance of cotton. [Method] A sand culture experiment under salt stress of 150 mmol/L of NaCI was designed. The in- dicator weight was determined with the entropy weight fuzzy comprehensive evalu- ation method, based on the salt injury index of indicators. The salt tolerance of cotton was evaluated comprehensively. [Result] At the germination stage, the entropy and weight of salt injury index of germination energy, vigor index, hypocotyl length and fresh weight were highest, followed by germination rate and germination index, and of root length were lowest. At the seedling stage, the entropy and weight of salt injury index of plasma membrane permeability, root vigor and leaf expansion rate were highest, followed by plant height and net photosynthetic rate, and of shoot dry weight and root dry weight were lowest. The salt tolerance of cotton differed a- mong growth stages and cultivars. Among the 11 cultivars, CCRI-44 and CCRI-75 were steadily salt-tolerant at both germination and seedling stages; CCRI-17, Sumi- an 22, Sumian 15 and Dexiamianl had a stable moderate salt tolerance; while Sumian 12 and Simian 3 were steadily salt-sensitive. [Conclusion] The evaluated result was objective and exact, which indicated that this method could be used in comprehensive evaluation of salt tolerance of cotton.

冷战后的国际局势

苏联解体冷战结束后的国际局势,错综复杂,变化万千,令人眼花缭乱,目不暇接。但归纳起来,最突出的有以下几个特点: (一)国际关系的总体日趋缓和,世界规模的战争可能性减弱,但地区冲突和局部战争加剧,世界并不太平。国际社会普遍希望有一个稳定的和平环境,以利地区和国家的发展。

Comprehensive Characterization Model of Integrated Cotton Fiber Quality Index

An integrated cotton fiber quality index （ICFQI） model with cotton fiber qualities which can directly express cotton fiber integrated quality and spinning yarn quality was studied. The fiber length, strength, Micronalre （fiber fineness and fiber maturity）, uniformity of fiber length, and short fiber content are the pivotal indexes expressing ICFQI. All of the results above are the basic knowledge to build up the models of ICFQI. According to spinning consistency index （SCI）, spinning strength and spinning yarn integrated quality, ICFQI was the best choice. As the methods of ICFQI had quite a lot of advantages like explicit mechanism, few independent variables. The integrated fiber quality index had a significant positive correlation with yarn strength and spinning consistency, significant negative correlation with yarn evenness and yarn thin places. In additional, the model of the relationship between ICFQI and SCI was established as： SCI=0. 235 6·ICFQI ＋56.153. It was concluded that ICFQI value was the shared reference index for the testing of fiber inspection agency and the selection and distribution of raw cotton bales by textile mills.

Review on Dating Methods:Numerical Dating in the Quaternary Geology of High Asia

Over the past few years, OSL and TCN datings of glacial material from High Asia have come into fashion. To this day, however, these techniques do not permit safe calibration. The intensity of the cosmic ray flux is being modulated by the solar and terrestrial magnetic fields and their secular fluctuations in the past. So far, these variations cannot be converted into the respective local TCN production rates for High Asia. We have reason to believe that the ages that are being calculated despite these uneertainties are generally overestimated. This assessment is supported by eonventional radiocarbon dates and above＂ all by the glacial chronology developed independently on the basis of the Quaternary geological method. The strongly emerging evidence for a much more extensive LGM glaciation of High Asia is, however, either being ignored or rejected by many authors, solely on the basis of the above-mentioned uncalibrated datings. This self-conceit based on the ＂dating fallacy＂, as we call it, should be avoided since it goes decidedly against the standards of the scientific method established in Quaternary geology and makes a fundamental scientific discussion impossible.

The Fascinating History of Bergamot （Citrus Bergamia Risso ＆ Poiteau）, the Exclusive Essence of Calabria： A Review

The bergamot （Citrus bergamia Risso et Poiteau）, a citrus fruit growing almost exclusively in the South Italy, is considered the ＂prince of citrus＂ for its storical role in the perfume industry due to its essential oil, a product in great demand of a pleasant and refreshing scent. Recently, analgesic, anxiolytic, neuroprotective consistent effects have been ascribed to bergamot essential oil when it is used in aromatherapy, for the relief of pain and symptoms associated with stress-induced anxiety and depression. Moreover, today, bergamot fruit due to a considerable abundance and variety of nutraceutical compounds which are present in its juice, is becoming increasingly important also in the food, pharmaceutical and confectionery industries. In this review, it is discussed that the literature on C. bergamia, focusing on the several studies performed with the experimental data, and recently accumulated, may form the rational basis for further development.

A Review on Creating Male Sterility in Vegetable Crops by Genetic Engineering

With the deep researches on male sterility genetic engineering of plants, several strategies creating male sterile materials have been developed, such as causing pollen abortion by cytotoxic genes, antisense RNA or RNAi silencing the expression of genes related to pollen development, early degradation of tapetum callose leading to male sterility. Male sterile transgenic plants can be obtained through genetic transformation with related genes destroying or interfering with pollen or anther development. Male sterile cauliflower, tomato, cabbage, etc. have been developed in this way, and some begin to be used to produce hybrid seed. Appling some techniques can also maintain and restore the male sterility. These related researches will effectively promote the heterosis utilization and the development of crop breeding. This paper mainly presents their principles and applications in vegetable crops.

The ultraviolet colour component enhances the attractiveness of red flowers of a bee-pollinated plant

Aims Bee-pollinated flowers are rarely red,presumably because bees(which lack red receptors)have difficulty detecting red targets.Although the response of bees to red colour has been investigated in lab experiments,most stimuli have been pure red,while the subtle diversity of red as perceived by humans(human-red)has received very limited attention.Here we test the hypothesis that ultraviolet(UV)reflected from human-red flowers enhances their attractiveness to bees,through increased chromatic contrast.Methods Using Onosma confertum(Boraginaceae),a plant with UV-reflecting red flowers that are pollinated by bumblebees,we investigated the effects of UV reflection on pollinator responses by conducting phenotypic manipulation experiments in the field.Colour preferences of flower-naïve bumblebees were also examined.Colour perception by bumblebees was estimated in terms of chromatic and achromatic contrast,based on two different colour perception models.Important Findings We found that both natural and flower-naïve bumblebees strongly preferred visiting UV-reflecting targets compared with UV-absorbing ones.Colour models show that the UV-reflecting flowers exhibit higher spectral purity and higher chromatic contrast against the foliage background,whereas they have similar achromatic contrast in terms of green receptor contrast.These results indicate that the component of UV reflection increases chromatic contrast in O.confertum,enhancing the visual attractiveness of these red flowers to bumblebees.We further infer that the secondary reflectance might be a necessary component in human-red flowers that are primarily pollinated by animals without red receptors,such as bees.

High correlation of specific IgE sensitization between birch pollen, soy and apple allergens indicates pollen-food allergy syndrome among birch pollen allergic patients in northern China

Background： Birch pollen sensitization and associated pollen-food syndrome among Chinese allergic patients have not been investigated. Methods： Sera from 203 allergic patients from the northern part of China and collected during February to July 2014 were investigated. Specific immunoglobulin E （IgE） against birch pollen extract Bet v and major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 were measured using the ADVIA Centaur. The presence of major apple allergen Mal d 1 and soy bean allergen Gly m 4 specific IgE was measured by ImmunoCAP 100. Results： Among the 203 sere, 34 sera （16.7%） had specific IgE to Bet v and of these, 28 sere （82.4%） contained Bet v 1-specific IgE. Among the 28 sera with Bet v 1-specific IgE, 27 sera （96.4%） contained Mal d 1-specific IgE and 22 sera （78.6%） contained Gly m 4-specific igE. Of the 34 Bet v-positive sera, 6 sera （17.6%） contained no specific IgE for Bet v 1, Mal d 1, or Gly m 4. Almost all Bet v-positive sera were donated during the birch pollen season. Conclusions： The prevalence of birch allergy among patients visiting health care during pollen season can be as high as 16.7% in Tangshan City. The majority of Chinese birch allergic patients are IgE-sensitized to the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 as well as to the major apple allergen Mal d 1 and soy bean allergen Gly m 4. A relatively high number of patients （17.6%） are IgE-sensitized to birch pollen allergen（s） other than Bet v 1. The high prevalence of specific IgE to Mal d 1 and Gly m 4 among Bet v 1-sensitized patients indicates that pollen-food allergy syndrome could be of clinical relevance in China.