Influence of Plant Growth Regulators on Pollen Germination and Growth of Xinjiang Apricots

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the influence of different plant growth regulators on apricot pollen germination and pollen tube growth. [Method] Pollens of six kinds of Xinjiang apricots were cultured in solid media supplemented with five plant growth regulators （GA3 , NAA, 2, 4-D, 6-BA, IAA）. Then the rate of pollen germination and the length of pollen tube were respectively measured. [Result] In a certain concentration range, GA3 most significantly promoted the pollen germination and the pollen tube growth of Shushanggan, Kalayulvke, Dayoujia, Yiliakeyulvke and Kabakehuanna; NNA had the strongest improvement function on Kumaiti’s pollen germination and pollen tube growth. [Conclusion] All the five plant growth regulators promoted the pollen germination and the pollen tube growth of apricots at low concentration but inhibited them at high concentration.

The Community Structure of Benthic Macroinvertebrates Associated with Spartina alterniflora in the Yangtze Estuary, in China

Benthic macroinvertebrate communities in Spartina alterniflora zones in the Yangtze Estuary, in China, were investigated seasonally in 2005, and their structure and biodiversity were analyzed. Twenty-one species were identified, across four Classes; 10 species of Crustacea, five species of Polychaeta, five species of Gastropoda, and one species of Lamellibranchia. Dominant species included： Assiminea sp., Notomastus latericeus, Cerithidea largillierl, Gtauconome chinensi and Gammaridae sp. Functional groups were comprised of a phytophagous group and a detritivorous group. The average density of all benthic macroinvertebrates was 650.5 ±719.2 inds/m^2 in the survey area. The high value of the standard deviation of the average density was a result of abundant Assiminea sp. at Beihu tidal flats. The average density of macroinvertebrates from Beihu tidal flat, Chongming Dongtan to Jinshanwei tidal flat decreased gradually. There was significant difference between compositions and abundance of macroinvertebrates along the estuary gradient （P 〈 0.05）. The density and biodiversity were highest in summer and lowest in winter. The mean biomass of macroinvertebrates was 20.8 ± 6.1 g/m^2. Biomass changed seasonally in the same way as density, with the change in biomass being： summer （Aug.） 〉autumn （Oct.） 〉spring （Apr.） 〉 winter （Dec.）. A BIO-ENV analysis showed that the mean grain size of sediment, height of Spartina and salinity were the ma- jor factors which affected the structure of the macroinvertebrate community. Variations in the community structure were probably caused by the population dynamics of S. alterniflora along with the variation in sampling time and location.

Biotransformation of Gastrodin by Cell Suspension Cultures of Catharanthus roseus

应用长春花 (Catharanthusroseus (L .)G .Don)悬浮细胞培养体系对天麻素进行了生物转化反应研究。经过8d培养形成一个转化产物 ,应用光谱方法鉴定转化产物的结构为对羟基苯甲醇 ,为天麻素水解后形成的甙元。

Immunohistochemical Analysis of IAA in Anthers of the Photoperiod-sensitive Genic Male-sterile Rice

The immunohistochemical localization of IAA and the comparison of their relative levels were carried out for the first time in the anthers of Nongken 58S and its wild type Nongken 58 (Oryza sativa subsp. japonica) after long_day and short_day treatments. The distribution of free_IAA in anthers and its dynamic variation could be reflected by this method. The results showed that the IAA level in the anthers of Nongken 58S after long_day treatment was much lower than that in short_day_treated Nongken 58S and those in wild type Nongken 58 in five stages from pistil and stamen primordia formation to late uninucleate stage. The possible reasons for IAA deficiency in Nongken 58S_LD anthers and its relationship with fertility alteration were also discussed.

Cell Growth and Ajmalicine Accumulation in a Full Habituated Catharanthus roseus Cell Line C_ (20)hi

A full habituated cell line C_ 20hi was screened from 2,4_D dependent line (C_ 20D) of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. The investigation involved the cell growth, ajmalicine production and enzyme activity related to indole alkaloid biosynthesis in both cell lines. These results indicated that C_ 20hi cells grew faster than C_ 20D cells, and average ajmalicine content in C_ 20hi cells was 18.4 times more than that in C_ 20D when cultured in the production medium. In the growth medium, average ajmalicine content in C_ 20hi cells was 31.9 times more than that in C_ 20D cells, while the cell growth has no obvious difference. The comparison of enzyme activities in C_ 20hi and C_ 20D cells indicated that tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC), strictosidine synthase (SSS) and geraniol_10_dehydrogenase (G10H) activities have no close relation to ajmalicine accumulation, although the activities of these enzymes were higher when cells were cultured in the production medium than in the growth medium. The C_ 20hi cells are relatively stable in five years of culture.

Effects of Different Intercropping Modes on Growth, Yields and Economic Benefit of Cassava and Peanut in Symbiotic Period

[Objective] This study was conducted to investigate effects of different intercropping modes on growth, yields and economic benefit of cassava and peanut in symbiotic period. [Method] With sole cropping of cassava （M1） and sole cropping of peanut （M2） as control groups, effects of intercropping of cassava with 1 row, 2 rows and 3 rows of peanut （M3, M4 and M5）on crop growth, yields and economic benefit were studied. [Result] Intercropping affected both growth and yields of cassava and peanut. Growth competition existed between cassava and peanut, and plant heights of cassava and peanut changed similarly. In late stages of intercropping, treatments M1, M2 and M5 showed higher plant heights under no nitrogen application, while treatment M3 and M4 exhibited higher plant heights under nitrogen application; intercropping improved leaf temperature, but no obvious law could be observed among different intercropping treatments; and intercropping improved total dry matter amount, which was the highest in M5 in root expanding stage and on the 30th day of the expanding stage, and the highest in M4 on the 60th day of the expanding stage. Intercropping reduced the yield of single plant, but improved the economic benefit of red upland soil; and under no nitrogen application and nitrogen application, cassava yields decreased by 25.35% and 14.55%, respectively, peanut yields decreased by 28.76% and 52.60%, respectively, while economic benefit increased by 72.90% and 56.82%, respectively. [Conclusion] Compared with sole cropping, interplanting cassava with 1 row, 2 rows or 3 rows of peanut could all improve economic benefit, and the economic benefit increased with number of rows of interplanted peanut increasing.

Expression of Ethylene Biosynthetic Genes Regulated by Pollination associated Factors in Doritaenopsis hybrida Flowers

Pollination of flowers initiates postpollination development in orchid (Doritaenopsis hybrida Hort.) flowers, including perianth senescence, stigma closure, and ovary development. Because ethylene is thought to play a key role in coordinating these developmental changes, the authors studied the temporal and spatial patterns of expression of genes encoding 1 aminocyclopropane 1 carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase and ACC oxidase following pollination associated factor treatments in orchid flowers. Both ACC synthase and ACC oxidase mRNA accumulation in the various parts of the flowers is induced by auxin, and ethylene, but not by emasculation. The patterns of both ACC synthase and ACC oxidase mRNA accumulation are similar in all floral organs following auxin and ethylene treatments. Further, in situ hybridization analysis indicates that the ACC oxidase mRNA is localized in epidermal and parenchyma cells of the stigma after auxin and ethylene treatments. The putative roles of auxin, ethylene and emasculation are discussed in terms of the regulation of ACC synthase and ACC oxidase gene expression in flowers.

Growth Performance of Alfalfa(Medicago sativa)under Different Nitrogen Application Levels

Nitrogen addition is rather important to the growth of alfalfa. In this study, the effects of different nitrogen application levels on various growth characteristics of alfalfa were investigated. The results showed that nitrogen application exhibited no significant effects on plant height and stem diameter but posed significant effects on branch number of alfalfa. Branch number of alfalfa in each cutting raised with the increasing application level of nitrogen, with significant differences among different treatments （P〈0.05）; individual aboveground biomass increased with the increasing application level of nitrogen, but the increasing trend gradually tended to be steady from the first to the fourth cutting. Nitrogen application affected significantly （P〈0.05） individual aboveground biomass of alfalfa in the first, second and fourth cutting, but exhibited no significant effects on individual aboveground biomass of alfalfa in the third cutting. With the increase of nitrogen application level, total surface area, total volume, collar diameter and crossing number of alfalfa roots increased gradually, but total length, average diameter and furcating number of alfalfa roots increased first and then declined. Total length, average diameter and furcating number of alfalfa roots reached the maximum in N60 treatment.

Role of Wall-bound β-Glucanases in Regulating Tip-growth of Lilium longiflorum Pollen Tubes

Glucanases were found in the cell wall of Lilium longiflorum Thunb. pollen tubes grown in vitro . The activity of β_glucanases was, in a certain extent, decreased by nojirimycin, an inhibitor of glucosidase. Pollen germination percentage reduced dramatically when nojirimycin was applied in the culture medium. In case that nojirimycin was added at 0 or 1 h after the onset of incubation, the inhibition rate was 99.6% and 91.4%, respectively. When 3 mmol/L of nojirimycin was applied in the liquid medium at 0, 1, 1.5 and 2 h after the onset of incubation, the growth of pollen tubes was interrupted, which resulted in the morphological change of the pollen tubes such as the newly grown portion of pollen tubes being bent, curved and swollen. Tracing the growth pattern of the individual pollen tube grown in semi_solid medium by video microscopy, the authors demonstrated that pollen tube growth rate was strongly inhibited by nojirimycin at concentrations ranged from 0.003 to 3 mmol/L. Moreover, the cytoplasmic arrangement and the morphology of the pollen tubes were also affected by nojirimycin. The growth inhibition brought about by nojirimycin was reversible. These results indicated that β_glucanases, which degrade 1,3_β_glucan and/or 1,4_β_glucan or 1,3:1,4_β_glucan constructed in the cell wall, are involved in pollen germination and pollen tube growth. It provides new insight into an understanding of the contribution of β_glucanases to the cell wall extensibility and the crucial role of cell wall in regards to the regulation of pollen tube growth.

Mapping of QTLs for Dehiscence Length at Basal Part of Thecae in Rice Based on TD70/Kasalath RIL Population

A population of 240 recombinant inbred lines （RIL） was derived from a cross between Japonica rice cultivar TD70 and Indica cultivar Kasalath, and their linkage map including 141 SSR markers was used to locate the QTLs controlling the length of dehiscence at the basal part of thecae （LDBT）. Then, the correlations between LDBT and other agronomic traits of rice were analyzed. Two QTLs con- trolling LDBT were mapped on chromosome 6 and 8, respectively, qLDBT6 was mapped between RM3 and RM3628 markers on chromosome 6 with a LOD value of 3.23, contribution rate of 6.18% and additive effect of 17.74%. qLDBT8 was mapped between RM1376-RM4085 markers on chromosome 8 with a LOD value 2.95, contribution rate of 8.00% and additive effect of 20.09%. This domain probably had a relationship with the sterility of rice. The LDBT of RILs had extremely signifi- cant positive correlations with flag leaf width, 1 000-grain weight, grain width, grain length and grain thickness, but no significant correlations with other agronomic traits, such as plant height, heading date, tiller number, flag leaf length, average and the maximum temperature during heading period or rice.

Influences of Carbon Sources and Plant Growth Regulators on Anther Culture Efficiency of Pepper

[Objective]In order to increase anther culture efficiency of pepper.[Method]MS culture media and Bolajiaohong were used in this experiment to study the influences of carbon sources and concentrations on anther callus induction of pepper.Jiayu was taken as a material to study influences of plant growth regulators and concentrations on anther callus induction of pepper according to L16（4^5） orthogonal design.[Result]The average callus and embryoid induction rates of maltose at all concentrations were higher than these of sucrose but the difference was not significant.Taking maltose or sucrose as a carbon source,3% to 6% concentration was good for increasing induction frequencies of calli and embryoids.However,If the concentration was over 6%,the induction rates were declined dramatically with the increase of sugar concentration.The influences of growth regulators on induction rate of calli were listed as 2,4-D﹥ZT﹥NAA﹥KT﹥6-BA;the influences on induction rates of embryoids were listed as 2,4-D﹥NAA﹥ZT﹥KT﹥6-BA.The 2,4-D,ZT,NAA and KT had signficant or extremely significant influences on induction rates of calli and embryoids.2,4-D,ZT at 1.0 mg/L and NNA,KT at 0.5 mg/L had the best effects.The influences of ZT on calli and embryoids were better than those of KT and 6-BA.1.0 mg/L 2,4-D ＋1.0 mg/L ZT ＋0.5 mg/L KT ＋0.5 mg/L 6-BA was the best regulator combination for induction culture of Jiayu anther.[Conclusion]The experiment provided research basis for anther culture of pepper.

Effect of vernalization and plant growth regulators on flowering of Onithogalum ‘Chesapeake Snowflake’

The effect of vernalization and two growth regulators Fascination^TM and Pro-Gibb^R on the growth, inflorescence development and flowering of Omithogalurrt Chesapeake Snowflake＇ was studied. Regardless of growth regulator treatment, chilling bulbs for 3 weeks at 10℃ before planting accelerated flowering of the first inflorescence by 5 to 6 days, elongated floral stem length by 1.5 to 2 cm and shortened leaf length by 4 to 5 cm as compared with non-chilled bulbs. When bulbs were chilled 3 weeks at 10℃ before planting, Fascination 2% and Pro-Gibb accelerated flowering of the first inflorescence by 2 to 6 days respectively as compared with the control. When bulbs were not chilled before planting, Fascination 2% and Pro-Gibb accelerated flowering of the first inflorescence by 6 to12 days respectively as compared with the control. The lengths of the leaves and the inflorescences were not affected by PGR treatment. Higher rates of Pro-Gibb （100 mg.L^-1 and 200 mg.L^-1） and more amount of Fascination 2%（100 μL and 200 μL） can cause abortion of inflorescence.

Effects of Humic Acid and PASP Compound Fertilizer Application on Growth,Quality and Yield of Broccoli

[Objective] This study was conducted to analyze the effects of humic acid and PASP on the growth of broccoli to provide a basis for fertilizer application.[Method] A field experiment was carried out to investigate broccoli growth, yield and quality by using humic acids and PASP as fertilizer synergists in the mixture with compound fertilizer. [Results] The treatment of 5‰ humic acid ＋ 3‰ PASP ＋ compound fertilizer exhibited the plant height, stem diameter and yield increased by8.3%, 13.3% and 10.3%, respectively, and thus was the best; and the treatment showed a single curd weight of 478 g and a commodity rate of 89.4%, and had lower economic cost than treatment of 10‰ humic acid ＋ 6‰ PASP ＋ compound fertilizer. [Conclusion] In summary, 5‰ humic acid ＋ 3‰ PASP ＋ compound fertilizer is suitable for wide application in broccoli culture.

Influence of Seven Growth Regulators on Fruit Set, Pollen Germination and Pollen Tube Growth of Almonds

To improve fruit set in ＂Carmel＂ almond （Prunus dulcis） trees grown in the 6th region of Chile, seven different growth regulators （GRs） were sprayed onto flowering branches： gibberellic acid （GA3）, Promalin, naphthaleneacetic acid （NAA）, Thidiazuron, Kinetin, Point-tomatomone and Brassinolide. The percentage of fruit set was determined by comparing the initial number of flowers present on each treated branch with the total number of almonds on the branches 50 days after anthesis. In comparison to the controls, Brassinolide, Point-tomatomone and Promalin achieved increases in fruit set of 19.4%, 14.5% and 12.9%, respectively. A parallel experiment was done in vitro, on the effects of these GRs on pollen germination and pollen tube growth. The greatest pollen germination （4 hours at 20 ~C） occurred with Brassinolide and GA3, which were significantly higher than the control, while NAA and Promalin significantly reduced germination. For pollen tube growth （24 hours at 20 ~C）, the greatest lengths were observed with Point-tomatomone and Brassinolide, which were significantly longer than the control, while NAA, Thidiazuron and Promalin were significantly shorter than the control, and the least growth was observed with Kinetin.

Effects of different plant growth inhibitors on growth and flowering of narcissus

This study was conducted to determine effects of four plant growth inhibitors viz. PP333,Het,CCC and B9 with different concentrations on growth and flowering of narcissus.The results indicated that the narcissus treated with certain concentration inhibitors could grow shorter plants with shorter scapes of flower and smaller leaves than the check, and the compact,straight and coordinate plants improve the decorative value obviously.

Effects of tip-pruning treatment on source-sink regulation of Catharanthus roseus seedlings

Fifty cultivated Catharanthus roseus seedlings were selected for tip-pruning treatment and the effects of tip-pruning on seedling growth and source-sink regulation were investigated for revealing physiological mechanisms of plants. The results showed that tip-pruning treatment resulted in obvious inhibition of apical dominance and enhancement of branching numbers. The contents of soluble sugars, acid sucrose invertase activity (AI) had a great change in differently positional leaves of the seedling. The sink strength in tip leaves of seedlings dramatically declined after tip-pruning treatment, while that in the leaves at the middle and bottom of seedlings had no obvious changes. The inhibition of apical dominance of tip leaves of seedlings was caused by the diminished sink strength due to tip-pruning treatment,

Soil Temperature Dependent Growth of Cotton Seedlings Before Emergence

Soil temperature is an important variable governing plant growth and development. Studies were conducted under laboratory conditions to determine the effect of soil temperature on root and shoot growth of cotton during emergence. Cotton seedlings were grown for 192 h at 20, 32 and 38℃ in soil packed in 300 mm long and 50 mm diameter cylinders. The data indicated that the longest roots （173 ram） as well as shoots （152 mm） were recorded at 32℃ followed by 20 （130 mm root and 82 mm shoot） and 38℃ （86 mm root and 50 mm shoot）. Roots grown at 20 and 38 ℃ were 20% and 50% shorter, respectively, than those grown at 32℃ after 192 h. Roots and shoots exhibited the lowest length and dry biomass at 38 ℃. Shoot lengths grown at 20 （74 mm） and 38℃（51 mm） were 44% and 61% shorter than those grown at 32℃（131 mm） after 180 h growth period, respectively. Growth at all three temperatures followed a similar pattern. Initially there was a linear growth phase followed by the reduction or cessation of growth. Time to cessation of growth varied with temperature and decreased faster at higher temperatures. Sowing of cotton should be accomplished before seedbed reaches a soil temperature （≥ 38 ℃） detrimental for emergence. Further, the seedbeds should be capable of providing sufficient moisture and essential nutrients for emerging seedling before its seed reserves are exhausted to enhance seedling establishment in soil.

A study on the shade tolerance of Muehlewbeckia complera

Muehlewbeckia complera was introduced to China in 2002 as indoor-hanging ornamental foliage plant. The experiment of the shade tolerance for this species was carried out in different light intensities (0.14–946.00 μmol·m?2·s?1). After 40 days in experimental areas, leaf photosynthentic characteristics indexes ofM. complera in different photosynthesis active radiation (PAR) were measured with LI-COR6400 apparatus, such as the light compensation point, light saturation point, and maximum net photosynthesis rate, at the same time, the increments of total leaf area and leaf amount were measured. The results showed that the optimum light intensity range forM. complera was from 9.26 μmol·m?2·s?1 to 569.00 μmol·m?2·s?1 (463–28150 lx, relative humidity (RH) for 46–60%, temperature at 16–22°C). Under this condition, leaf photosynthetic efficiency was tiptop. AlthoughM. complera belonged to the moderate sun-adaptation plant species, the plant growth was inhibited when PAR increased to the level of 569.000 μmol·m?2·s?1 or above.M. complera could sprout new leaves in photosynthesis active radiation of 0.16–19.22 μmol·m?2·s?1 (8–961 lx), or 10 μmol·m?2·s?1 for above 6 h. Keywords Muehlewbeckia complera - Shade tolerance - Cultivation - Photosynthesis CLC number S602.1 Document code A Foundation item: This study was supported by the Research Foundation of Northeast Forestry University.Biography: YUE Hua (1962-), female, Associate professor in Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P. R. China.Responsible editor: Zhu Hong

Phenological Observation of Man-made Phoebe bournei Forests

[Objective] The aim was to research annual shoot increments, blooming and fruit-bearing times, and sprouting ratio of man-made Phoebe boumei.[Methed] Phenological observations of Phoebe boumei blooming were conducted as per method of phytocoenology. [Result] Phoebe bournei shot three times per year, and autumn shoots proved the largest, followed by summer shoots and spring sprouts. Sprouts shaped from late April to early May, and bloomed from late April to middle May; young fruits grew from middle May to late May and matured from middle De- cember to late December. Thousand-seed weight of fruits reached 487-503 g, and averaged 496 g; thousand-seed weight of seed was 265-275 g and averaged 269 g; sprouting rate of seed in room was in 84.8%-88.5% and averaged 86.5%; sprouting rate of seeds in fields was in 68.4%-72.6%, and averaged 70.4%. [Conclusion] The research provides references for man-made Phoebe bournei forests.

Study on Root Morphology of Erect Type Peanut

The root morphology of erect type peanut in deep soil was studied in this paper. In the experiment, erect type peanut showed as most as five-order lateral roots with 13 227 pieces of lateral roots. At the seedling stage, the root system of erect type peanut was handstand cone-typed with lateral roots at various orders distributed around the taproot, and among the roots, the taproot was longest. During the late seedling stage to mature stage, the upper part of the root system of erect type peanut was blunt cone-typed, the middle part was three-dimensional network typed, while the lower part was cyUnder-like. The longest first-order lateral root was the longest root. At the mature stage, the taproot was not always the deepest root.