茁芽短梗霉原生质体激光诱变及高产菌株筛选

目的 :通过普鲁兰 (pullulan)产生菌 -茁芽短梗霉 (AureobasidiumPullulans)原生质体的激光诱变 ,以得到普鲁兰高产菌株。方法 :利用正交实验研究了茁芽短梗霉原生质体的制备与再生并确定了其最佳条件为 :菌体以 1%的甘氨酸预处理 ;在 0 .1mol LpH 6 .0柠檬酸 -柠檬酸钠缓冲液 ,含 0 .7mol LNaCl的高渗稳定液中 ;经蜗牛酶 0 .2 %、纤维素酶 0 .1%、溶菌酶 0 .2 %的混合酶酶解 15min。采用He -Ne激光诱变茁芽短梗霉原生质体筛选得到普鲁兰高产菌株J2 0 8,其蔗糖转化率达到 5 3.3% ,是原始菌株的 10 .6倍。结论

一株茁芽短梗霉的分离鉴定及产多糖研究

【目的】筛选具有产普鲁兰多糖能力的茁芽短梗霉(Aureobacidium pullulans)菌种,为普鲁兰行业提供菌种资源。【方法】从鄱阳湖国家湿地公园的草地上采集9份土壤样品,采用稀释平板涂布法,结合对菌落和菌株形态特征观察及18SrDNA序列对比分析筛选茁芽短杆霉野生菌株。发酵培养测定菌株的普鲁兰产量和颜色,并运用红外光谱(FT-IR)法分析普鲁兰多糖的分子结构。【结果】从9份土样中分离得到5株菌株,其中只有菌株AP23具有酵母、菌丝体等多态性,该菌株的18SrDNA序列与已知序列DQ242509(A.pullulans)、DQ278883(A.pullulans)的同源性均达100%,可确定为茁芽短梗霉。发酵培养测定菌株AP23的普鲁兰产量为6.72g/L,糖转化率达22.4%。FT-IR分析表明茁芽短梗霉多糖是由α-糖苷键连接的D-吡喃葡萄糖残基组成的普鲁兰。【结论】茁芽短梗霉AP23具有良好的生长特性,可作为诱变高产普鲁兰多糖的出发菌株加以利用。

响应面法对出芽短梗霉黑色素提取工艺的研究

本研究以出芽短梗霉发酵液为原料提取黑色素,在单因素实验基础上选取实验因素与水平,用二水平实验确定影响黑色素色价的主要因素,然后根据Box-Behnken中心组合实验设计原理采用三因素三水平的响应面分析法,得到最佳提取工艺为:酸沉时间90 min、乙醇添加量93.17%、乙醇浓度90.42%。在此条件下提取黑色素色价可达44.8μ/mL。

茁芽短梗霉P1012产普鲁兰多糖的条件优化

研究了培养基组分(蔗糖、米糠和L-抗坏血酸)及发酵条件(pH、温度、接种量和转速)对茁芽短梗霉P1012(Aureobasidium pullulans P1012)产普鲁兰多糖的影响,以期提高普鲁兰多糖的产量。研究对培养基组分进行单因素试验及优化发酵条件,再结合正交试验考察了三因素(米糠、蔗糖和L-抗坏血酸)两水平对普鲁兰多糖产量的影响,从而优化茁芽短梗霉P1012发酵工艺,并通过上5 L发酵罐发酵培养验证。试验确定最佳培养基配方为蔗糖70 g/L、米糠3 g/L和L-抗坏血酸3 g/L。发酵条件控制为温度28℃、p H 5.0、接种量4%以及转速200 r/min。经5 L发酵罐培养后,测定普鲁兰多糖产量达到43.77 g/L,糖转化率为62.53%。发酵液pH由5.00升至6.56,黏度达到52.10m Pa·s,具有特别的芳香气味。获得茁芽短梗霉P1012的发酵工艺参数,为进入工业化生产提供依据。

A Carboxymethyl Cellulase from a Marine Yeast(Aureobasidium pullulans 98): Its Purification, Characterization, Gene Cloning and Carboxymethyl Cellulose Digestion

We have reported that A. pullulans 98 produces a high yield of cellulase. In this study, a carboxymethyl cellulase （CMCase） in the supematant of the culture ofA. pullulans 98 was purified to homogeneity, and the maximum production of CMCase was 4.51 U （mg protein）-1. The SDS-PAGE analysis showed that the molecular mass of the purified CMCase was 67.0kDa. The optimal temperature of the purified enzyme with considerable thermosensitivity was 40℃, much lower than that of the CMCases from other ftmgi. The optimal pH of the enzyme was 5.6, and the activity profile was stable in a range of acidity （pH 5,0-6.0）. The enzyme was activated by Na＋, Mg2＋, Ca2＋, K＋, Fe2＋ and Cu2＋, however, it was inhibited by Fe3＋, Ba2＋, Zn2＋, Mn2＋ and Ag＋. Km and Vmax values of the purified enzyme were 4.7mgmL-1 and 0.57 pmol L-1 min-1 （mg protein）-1, respectively. Only oligosaccharides with different sizes were released from carboxymethylcellulose （CMC） after hydrolysis with the purified CMCase. The putative gene encoding CMCase was cloned from A. pullulans 98, which contained an open reading flame of 954bp （EU978473）. The protein deduced contained the conserved domain of cellulase superfamily （glucosyl hydrolase family 5）. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified CMCase was M-A-P-H-A-E-P-Q-S-Q-T-T-E-Q-T-S-S-G-Q-F, which was consistent with that deduced from the cloned gene. This suggested that the purified CMCase was indeed encoded by the cloned CMCase gene in this yeast.

Occurrence and Diversity of Marine Yeasts in Antarctica Environments

A total of 28 yeast strains were obtained from the sea sediment of Antarctica.According to the results of routine identi-fication and molecular characterization,the strains belonged to species of Yarrowia lipolytica,Debaryomyces hansenii,Rhodotorula slooffiae,Rhodotorula mucilaginosa,Sporidiobolus salmonicolor,Aureobasidium pullulans,Mrakia frigida and Guehomyces pullu-lans,respectively.The Antarctica yeasts have wide potential applications in biotechnology,for some of them can produce b-galactosidase and killer toxins.

Intraspecific Diversity of Aureobasidium pullulans Strains from Different Marine Environments

Totally more than 500 yeast strains were isolated from seawater, sea sediments, mud of sea salterns, marine fish guts and marine algae. The results of routine and molecular biology identification methods show that nine strains among these marine yeasts belong to Aureobasidium pullulans, although the morphologies of their colonies are very different. The marine yeasts isolated from different marine environments indicate that A. pullulans is widely distributed in different environmental conditions. These Aureo-basidium pullulans strains include A. pullulans 4#2, A. pullulans N13d, A. pullulans HN3-11, A. pullulans HN2-3, A. pullulans JHSc, A. pullulans HN4.7, A. pullulans HN5.3, A. pullulans HN6.2 and A. pullulans W13a. A. pullulans 4#2 could produce cellulase and single cell protein. A. pullulans N13d could produce protease, lipase, amylase and cellulase. Both A. pullulans HN3-11 and A. pullulans HN2-3 were able to produce protease, lipase and cellulase. A. pullulans JHSc could secrete cellulase and killer toxin. Both A. pullulans HN4.7 and A. pullulans HN5.3 could yield lipase and cellulase. A. pullulans W13a was able to secrete extracellular amylase and cellulase while A. pullulans HN4.7 and A. pullulans N13d could produce siderophores. This means that different A. pullulans strains from different marine environments have different physiological characteristics, which may be applied in many different biotechnological industries.

The Synergism of Chemical Herbicides and Aureobasidium pullulans for Control Cleavers(Galium aparine L.) in Wheat

Aureobasidium pullulans, a biocontrol agent for the annual weed Galium aparine L. was evaluated in vitro for its compatibility with commercial formulation of five herbicides at 1X （recommended field rate）, 0.5X, 0.2X, 0.1X 0.067X, and 0.05X concentrations. Germination of A. pullulans with paraquat, 2, 4-D, quizalofop-p, and ctethodim treatment appeared reduced compared with germination of A. pullulans with fluroxypyr treatment at all concentrations. Stunted and shorter germ tubes in comparison with the control were observed with 2, 4-D, quizalofop-p, and clethodim at 0.2X. All concentration of paraquat, 2, 4-D, quizalofop-p, and clethodim except 0.05X, significantly decreased radial growth of A. pullulans compared with its growth on the untreated PDA medium. Field trials to further develop A. pullulans as bio- control agent for control G. aparine L. was conducted to test the effectiveness of this fungus in wheat plots for 2 years at the same location in Xining. Treatments included spore suspensions of A. pullulans alone, a mixture of both fungus and fluroxypyr in wheat. Biocontrol agent effectiveness was estimated at approximately 7 and 14 days after treatment, as disease incidence, percent weed control, and weed biomass reduction. Significant reduction in weed biomass occurred in combination treatments, and potential exists to tank mix A. pullulans with fluroxypyr. Leaf surface moisture and air temperatures following application may account for inconsistencies in field results between years. This fungal organisms show potential as bioherbicides for weeds in G. aparine L.

高产无色素普鲁兰糖突变菌株P1012的选育及发酵性能研究

本研究旨在选育出高产普鲁兰多糖且黑色素分泌缺失的菌株,为普鲁兰的发酵生产提供宝贵的菌种资源。研究采用三种诱变剂(紫外线(UV)、亚硝基胍(NTG)、硫酸二乙酯(DES))对出发菌株茁芽短梗霉P23进行多轮诱变处理。通过从PDA平板上挑选出色素低且黏度大的菌落作为候选菌株,并经红外光谱(FT-IR)分析其胞外多糖的构型。结果筛选出13株候选菌株,其中菌株P1012于PDA平板上培养7 d形成的菌落为白色,96 h发酵液呈乳白色,且吸光值(OD654 nm表示色素的相对含量)达到0.048,其胞外多糖经红外光谱检测可初步分析为普鲁兰多糖,与出发菌株P23相比,菌株P1012主要表现在细胞合成色素上的缺失。发酵培养后,测得普鲁兰产量为28.01 g/L,糖转化率达到56.02%,糖转化率比出发菌株高出28.8%。表明菌株P1012可以作为生产普鲁兰多糖的候选菌株。

Screening, purification, and characterization of an extracellular lipase from Aureobasidium pullulans isolated from stuffed buns steamers

An extracellular lipase from Aureobasidium pullulans was obtained and purified with a specific activity of 17.7 U/mg of protein using ultrafiltration and a DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow column. Characterization of the lipase indicated that it is a novel finding from the species A. pullulans. The molecular weight of the lipase was 39.5 kDa, determined by sodium dodecyl sulfonate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(SDS-PAGE). The enzyme exhibited its optimum activity at 40 °C and pH of 7. It also showed a remarkable stability in some organic solutions(30%, v/v) including n-propanol, isopropanol, dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO), and hexane. The catalytic activity of the lipase was enhanced by Ca2+ and was slightly inhibited by Mn2+ and Zn2+ at a concentration of 10 mmol/L. The lipase was activated by the anionic surfactant SDS and the non-ionic surfactants Tween 20, Tween 80, and Triton X-100, but it was drastically inhibited by the cationic surfactant cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide(CTAB). Furthermore, the lipase was able to hydrolyze a wide variety of edible oils, such as peanut oil, corn oil, sunflower seed oil, sesame oil, and olive oil. Our study indicated that the lipase we obtained is a potential biocatalyst for industrial use.