杨增新与苏俄(联)的通商交涉及特点

俄国发生十月革命后,新疆与俄国的贸易受此影响陷入停顿。主政新疆的杨增新以国家认同为根本,基于新疆的客观实际情况积极与苏俄(联)进行通商交涉,采用的政策和措施呈现出坚定地维护国家主权和利益、坚定地维护中央政府的权威、和平办理交涉、善于平衡各方势力的特点,有效地维护了国家主权和新疆地方的稳定,是值得肯定的。

苏三次对华宣言与北京政府的外交应对

俄国十月革命后,苏先后发表三次对华宣言,前两次宣布放弃帝俄一切在华特权,北京政府利用国内情势与苏俄困境的有利时机收复中国权益,成效明显。随着国际形势好转,苏联出尔反尔的第三次宣言态度明显强硬,北京政府受困于国内政争和社会舆论,外交应对整体显得亦步亦趋。

History of the Establishment and Development of X-Ray Analysis Methods in Russia--The USSR. First 20 Years

2012 is a year of celebrate centenary of X-ray discovery information about Laue＇s （Fridrich and Knipping） experiment was This discovery spread quickly in different countries. The history of written in the paper. Also history mention of Laue＇s experiment in Russia was presented. The system group of X-ray diffraction was created in 1919/1920 in Petrograd （A. Ioffe, State Physical Technical Institute） and Moscow. Themes of research results, scientific newness and scientific rate were presented. The organization, political and other reasons which retarded the active progress of the method in 1930 were described. Initial stage of progress of the method in Russia-USSR was studied by historian of science partly. The reasons of it are： closed of scientific community, political system of country, Cyrillic barrier, etc.. This paper acquaints western scientific community with non-famous Russian materials on theme.