前近代时期的族群边界与认同——对清代“苗疆”社会中“非苗化”现象的思考

清朝中期以后,在"苗疆"地域的部分"苗种"的族群社会中,其群体意识中出现了强烈否认自身为"苗"的所谓的"非苗化"现象①**。本文通过对文献的整理与解读,具体分析了导致出现这一现象背后的政治及社会文化等原因。并对前近代时期,由"王化"与"教化"所象征的中华帝国的双重"华夷体系"结构下的政治及文化边界等问题展开了初步的探讨。在此基础上,笔者认为,清朝中后期各"苗种"社会在汉化过程中,其内部形成的差异导致的新的族群边界和认同的产生,其实是一种"结构重现"的现象,它与近代以后的"民族"形成与认同间有着某种内在的历史关联。

棉花因苗化控实用技术

化控是棉花管理中的一项重要技术措施，是实施“矮密早”栽培技术的重中之重，要搞好棉花化控，首先要掌握不同生育时期的生长发育特点，根据棉花在不同时期的长势长相，看苗诊断，按不同的剂量和时间，对棉花实行合理的化学药物控制以期达到理想的高度，形成合理的群体结构。在生产中。

Effects of Different Culture Conditions on Vitrification of Lycium barbarum L. Plantlets in Tissue Culture

The tender stems from new Lycium barbarum L. cultivar ＂Ningqi 3＂ released by Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences were regarded as explants to investigate the vitrification of Lycium barbarum plantlets in tissue culture under different concentrations of 6-BA, sucrose, agrose, culture temperature, and illumination duration with MS as basic medium. The results show that the conditions for maximal proliferation coefficient and min- imal vitrification are as following： the basic medium with 0.2 mg/L 6-BA, 3% sucrose and 0.65% agarose; culture at 25℃; 12 h/d（ daylight lamp, 2 000 lx） illumination.

Study on the Quantity Dynamic Changes of Heterobacteria and Vibrios in Larvae Industrialized Culture System

[ Objective ] The dynamic change of heterobacteria and vibrios in larvae industrialized culture system was studied to provide scientific reference for healthy cultivation of shrimp. [ Method ] The heterobacteria, vibrios and pathogenic vibrio parahaemolyticus were monitored in larvae industrialized culture system. [ Result] The heterobacteria, vibrios and pathogenic vibrio parahaemolyticus were the most in fertilized eggs of shrimp but the least in nauplius, then their number would increase with growth. During whole rearing period, both boterobacteria in larvae, vibrios in water would increase by one order of magnitude, while both vibrios in larvae and heterobacteria in water would increase by two orders of magnitude. There were many heterobacteria and vibrios but few vibrio parahaemolyticus in living bait. The correlation coefficients between larvae and heterobacteria and vibrios in water were 0. 704 and 0. 840 in culture system respectively, while the correlation among heterobacteria, vibrios in living bait and larvae, water were weak or negative. [ Conclusion ] There was a dynamic relation between water and larvae in rearing period, and restrictly control of culture condition would restrain the occurrence of disease caused by vibrio parahaemolyticus, besides that bacteria number in bait was not obviously correlated with bacteria nubmer in culture system.

Responses of Membrane Lipid Peroxidation and Endogenous Hormones of Soybean Seedlings to UV-B Radiation and Rare Earth

[ Objective] The aim was to provide strategies for development of rare earth and control of environmental pollution. [ Method] Responses of membrane lipid peroxidation and endogenous hormones of soybean seedlings to UV-B radiation and rare earth were studied through hydroponics in laboratory. [ Result] The results showed that under irradiation of UV-B（ T1-0.15 W/m^2 and T2-0.45 W/m^2）, chlorophyll and indole-3-acetic acid（IAA） contents firstly decreased during the stress phase （1 -5 d） and then increased during the restoration phase （6 -9 d） while contents of malonadialdehyde（MDA） and abscisic acid（ABA） gradually increased during the imposition of UV-B radiation （1 -5 d） and subsequently decreased during recovery from UV-B stress （6 -9 d） . With adding of La （III） with the concentration of 20 mg · L^-1 , the decline/dse trend of chlorophyll, IAA, MDA and ABA contents was slowed down during the stress period while the rise/decline speed was accelerated during the recovery period. [ Conclusion] It suggests that the regulation of La （ III ） on membrane lipid peroxidation and endogenous hormones could increase chlorophyll and IAA contents, improve the metabolism of reactive oxygen species （ ROS）, inhibit membrane lipid peroxidation, decrease the accumulation amount of ABA and alleviate injury of UV-B radiation to soybean seedlings. Further, the protective potential of La （ III ） was better under low UV-B radiation than under high one.

Key Techniques of Industrial Seedling for Anthurium andraeanum

[Objective] The aim was to study the techniques for the tissue culture,rapid propagation and transplantation of Anthurium andraeanum.[Method] The leaf,leaf stalk,spathe and spadix of the pot flower variety and cut flower variety of A.andraeanum were used as explants,in order to investigate the influences of the explants selection,disinfection conditions and different media on the callus induction,proliferation and rooting.[Result] The leaf stalk of A.andraeanum was the optimum explant,with the highest callus induction rate（78.3%）.The best disinfecting effect could be obtained when the explants was sterilized with 0.1% HgCl2 for 8 min.The optimum media for the callus induction of Ping Champion and MIDORI were respectively 1/2 MS＋1.50 mg/L 6-BA＋0.50 mg/L 2,4-D＋0.10 mg/L NAA and 1/2 MS＋1.50 mg/L 6-BA＋1.00 mg/L KT＋0.10 mg/L 2,4-D,while the optimum media for callus subculture of Ping Champion and MIDORI were respectively MS＋1.00 mg/L 6-BA＋0.50 mg/L NAA＋0.30 mg/L 2,4-D and MS＋0.50 mg/L 6-BA＋0.50 mg/L KT＋0.10 mg/L NAA.It was beneficial for the proliferation and growth of cluster buds while 10%（w/v）of coconut water or banana jam was added to MS medium at the proliferation stage,and the proliferation rate could be increased by 2.83 fold.At the rooting stage,the medium 1/2 MS＋0.10 mg/L NAA＋0.10 mg/L IAA was the optimum medium for rooting,and the rooting rate was up to 100%.[Conservation] The research results will lay a foundation for the establishment of the industrial seedling breeding system of A.andraeanum,and it will be significant for the development of A.andraeanum industry.

雷公山苗族的家屋及其意义——以丹寨把丢寨顾氏苗族为例

雷公山苗族"立房"的过程和仪式即是一次"家"的生命打造过程。苗族房屋的"物"的空间,通过性别和社会分类系统,表达了苗人的宇宙观与秩序体系,塑造行为主体对人与家的认知,体现社会的再生产。把丢苗寨是明代入黔屯军顾成后裔,作为军屯后裔顾氏的一支,因进入苗疆腹地而"苗化","汉父苗母"性别观表达在"家屋"文化空间之中。苗族"家屋"文化逻辑反映了苗族"人观"与社会分类体系,展现了汉族入黔的"苗化"现象。

Research on Plantlet Rooting of Lagerstroemia indica

Tissue culture plantlets of Lagerstroemia indica were used to study the effects of different auxins on in-vitro rooting, and the effects of various media in transplanting of rooted plantlets and ex-vitro rooting. For in-vitro rooting of test-tube plantiets of Lagerstroemia indica, 0.5 mg/L IBA is a suitable growth regulator; in the case of transplanting of rooted plantlets, the medium ratio of peat soil to perlite at 7：3 is better; and as to ex-vitro rooting of Lagerstroemia indica plantlets, the medium ratio of peat soil to perlite at 3：7 is more suitable.

The contribution of root respiration of Pinus koraiensis seedlings to total soil respiration under elevated CO_2 concentrations

The impacts of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations (500 靘olmol-1and 700 靘olmol-1) on total soil respiration and the contribution of root respiration of Pinus koraiensis seedlings were investigated from May to October in 2003 at the Research Station of Changbai Mountain Forest Ecosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jilin Province, China. After four growing seasons in top-open chambers exposed to elevated CO2, the total soil respiration and roots respiration of Pinus koraiensis seedlings were measured by a LI-6400-09 soil CO2 flux chamber. Three PVC cylinders in each chamber were inserted about 30 cm into the soil in-stantaneously to terminate the supply of current photosynthates from the tree canopy to roots for separating the root respiration from total soil respiration. Soil respirations both inside and outside of the cylinders were measured on June 16, August 20 and October 8, respectively. The results indicated that: there was a marked diurnal change in air temperature and soil temperature at depth of 5 cm on June 16, the maximum of soil temperature at depth of 5 cm lagged behind that of air temperature, no differences in temperature between treatments were found (P>0.05). The total soil respiration and soil respiration with roots severed showed strong diurnal and seasonal patterns. There was marked difference in total soil respiration and soil respiration with roots severed between treatments (P<0.01); Mean total soil respiration and contribution of root under different treatments were 3.26, 4.78 and 1.47 靘olm 2s-1, 11.5%, 43.1% and 27.9% on June 16, August 20 and October 8, respectively.

Preparation of Purified and Inactivated HP-PRRS Vaccine

[Objective] The aim of this study was to improve the purification and protective potency of HP-PRRS inactivated vaccine. [Method] HP-PRRS virus that had been multiplied inside Marc-145 cells was collected and concentrated 50 times and then inactivated. Complete virions were separated and collected by chromatography with Sepharose 4 Fast Flow. Oil adjuvant was added to prepare purified inactivated vaccine. [Result] Viral protein was separated from other proteins by purification and the viral protein contents ranged from 76.7% to 82.4%, and 96% of the expected serum proteins were removed. Protective potency of purified vaccine was above 4/5 and positive conversion rate of antibody was over 86%, both higher than that of unpurified vaccine. The differences were significant. [Conclusion] The experiment il-lustrated that the immune efficacy of vaccine can be enhanced through concentrat- ing and purifying, while the non-viral protein can be removed, so that allergic reaction and stress response cadsed by vaccine inoculation can be avoided.

Effects of Two Different Apple Dwarf Stocks on Juvenile Phase of Fuji Seedlings

The effects of apple dwarf stocks P22 and SH3 on the juvenile phase of Fuji seedlings were studied. The results showed that the juvenile phase could be shortened by more than two years when 2-year seedlings were grafted on the dwarf stocks. The effects of P22 and SH3 were significantly different. Grafted on P22, the flowering node was less, the first flowing site was lower, and the juvenile phase was shorter than SH3. With the two stocks, the average first flowering site was more than 200 cm, the average flowering node was more than 100, and the lateral branch top bud was more than 50% in all first flowing seedlings.

Effects of Cu2+ and Cd2+ Stress on Growth and POD Activity of Tomato Seedling

The growth situation and peroxidase （POD） of seedlings of two tomato cultivars were investigated under the stress of different concentrations of Cu^2＋ and Cd^2＋ . The toxicity differences of Cu^2＋ and Cd^2＋ to tomato seedlings and the corresponding differences between two tomato cultivars were observed through the stress trial with the ahove two heavy metal ions, The resubs showed that low concentration of Cu^2＋ and Cd^2＋ could promote the growth and could enhance the POD activity of tomato seedlings, while high concentratiun Cu^2＋ and Cd^2＋ could inhibit seedling growth and POD activity of tomato seedlings. Cd^2＋ functioned more obviously than that of Cu^2＋ , two tomato cultivars also presented difference in response to heavy metal stress.

Effect of TMS(nanostructured silicon dioxide) on growth of Changbai larch seedlings

The roots of 200 one-year-old Changbai Larch (Larix olgensis) seedlings were soaked for 6 hours at the TMS concentrations of 2000, 1000, 500, 250, 125, and 62 μL·L?1. Mean seedling height, root collar diameter, main root length and number of lateral roots were measured every 15 days during growing season from May 30 to Oct. 20. Experimental results showed that TMS treatments greatly promoted seedling growth and improved seedling quality. The treatment by 500 μL·L?1 TMS produced the best result, for which the mean height, root collar diameter, main root length, and the number of lateral roots of seedlings were increased by 42.5%, 30.7%, 14.0%, and 31.6%, respectively, compared to that of the control seedlings. As to seedling quality, grade-I seedling and grade-II seedlings were fifty-fifty, and no grade-III seedlings was found. The treatment by 500 μL·L?1 TMS resulted in the highest chlorophyll concentration. Keywords Changbai Larch - Larix olgensis - Seedling production - Nanostructured silicon dioxide CLC number S143.8 Document code B Foundation item: This study is supported by Jilin Forestry Group Co.Biography: LIN Baoshan (1955-), male, Associate professor at the college of forestry, Beihua University, Jilin City 132011, Jilin Province, P.R China.Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai.

Technology Research of Plantlets Rooting and Transplanting on Tissue Culture of Ilex centrochinensis

Plantlets of Ilex centrochinensis were used in its tissue culture to study the effect of auxin and gibberellin in vitro rooting, and the effect of various matrix in transplanting rooted plantlets and in rooting outside the tube. The highest fre- quency of rooting was obtained when growth regulator combination was IBA 0.2 mg/L ＋ GA3 0.4 mg/L in vitro rooting, and when the ratio of sand and humus soil was 5 to 5 in rooting outside the tube. When the ratio of perlite and peat soil was 3 to 7, the highest survival of rooted plantlets in transplanting was obtained. This study may provide the basis for improving the factory system of tissue culture of llex centrochinensis.

Effects of Biochar with Organic Materials on Substratum for Raising Rice Seedlings

[Objective] With a rice variety ＂Long Rice 11＂ as a test cultivar,an experiment of raising rice seedlings with the new substrata prepared from biochar,and maize stalks,rice husks,organic fertilizer,turf,zeolite,fine river sand and arable layer soil by mixing according to certain volume proportions was caried out,in order to investigate the physical and chemical properties of different organic-material seedling-raising substrata and the effects of these substrata on seedling growth.[Method] The experiment raised seedlings in greenhouses and adopted randomized block arrangement.[Result] The substratum of biochar mixed with maize stalks and rice husks could increase the maximum water-holding capacity of the substratum,reduce the volume weight of the substratum and improve the buffering effect of the substratum.It also had great effects on the contents of alkali-hydrolyzale nitrogen and rapidly available potassium in the substratum,and could improve the root number and substantial degree of rice seedlings.[Conclusion] Biochar with maize stalks and rice husks（the treament HC） is the optimal substratum in this study.

Effects of peat and weathered coal on the growth of Pinus sylvestrisvar. mongolica seedlings on aeolian sandy soil

The experiment was conducted at the Ganqika Sandy Land Ecological Station in Ke抏rqinzuoyihouqi County, Inner Mongolia, in a growing season from April 28 to October 28, 2001. Peat and weathered coal were added to the aeolian sandy soil in different ratios. Two-year-old Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica seedlings and plastic pots were used in the experiment. The experimental results indicated that: 1) the peat and weathered coal could significantly improve the physical and chemical prop-erties of aeolian sandy soil, and thus promoted the growth of seedlings; 2) the effect of peat on seedling growth, including height, base diameter, root length and biomass, presented an order of 8%>10%>5%>2%>0 in terms of peat contents, and the effect of weathered coal on seedling growth presented an order of 5%>8%>10%>2%>0 in terms of weathered coal contents for height and basal diameter, 5%>8%>2% >10%>0 for root length, and 5%>2%>8% >10%>0 for biomass; 3) the effects of peat were generally greater than that of weathered coal. Meanwhile, 8% peat was the best treatment to promote the growth of P. sylvestris var. mongolica seedlings.

Comparison of Morphological Microstructure of Vitrified and Normal Shoots of Aronia melanocarpa Elloit

The Aronia melanocarpa El oit was used as test material. The microstruc-ture of normal and vitrified shoots and the characteristics of their stomas on leaf surface were compared by paraffin section and leaf epidermis-tearing method. The results showed the palisade tissue of Aronia melanocarpa El oit consists of 2-3 lay-ers of cells. The stomas on lower epidermis cave in, and are smal and dense. There are abundant vessels and sieve tubes in stems. ln contrast, the main veins of vitrified shoots are unobvious, messy and irregular. The boundary between pal-isade tissue and spongy tissue is not obvious. The stomas open circularly and bigly. The stems are swel ing and thick, but the pith parenchyma cells are broken.

Development of a Multivalent Inactivated Vaccine against Pathogenic Escherichia coli Infection in Forest Musk Deer

A multivalent inactivated Escherichia coli vaccine for forest musk deer by using serotypes O4,O26,and O139 with Al（OH）3 adjuvant was prepared.The vaccine did not cause any adverse reactions in forest musk deer.The immunogenic effects of the vaccine were experimentally investigated in pregnant and young forest musk deer.The serum antibody titers of pregnant and young forest musk deer were determined by performing the micro-agglutination test.The serum antibody titers of pregnant forest musk deer were more stable from 35th to 68th d after the third vaccination,and the serum antibody titers of four pregnant forest musk deer were maintained 25,25,25,and 24 on 68th d after the third vaccination.Young forest musk deer showed serum antibody titers which were obtained due to nursing.Young forest musk deer were administered the first intramuscular vaccine injection at an age of approximately 60 days due to a fall in maternal antibody titers.The serum antibody titers of young forest musk deer were higher after the third vaccination and maintained at approximately the same level until they were 137 days old.The maternal antibodies and the antibodies produced by young forest musk deer could be helpful for protecting the young musk deer from the infections of pathogenic Escherichia coli strains（serotypes O4,O26,and O139）for 137 days after birth（during the nursing period and the period when the forest musk deer were susceptible to diseases）.

Response of seedlings of different tree species to elevated CO_2 in Changbai Mountain

Eco-physiological responses of seedlings of eight species, Pinus koraiensis, Picea koraiensis, Larix olgensis, Populus ussuriensis, Betula platyphylla, Tilia amurensis, Traxinus mandshurica and Acer mono from broadleaved/Korean pine forest, to elevated CO2 were studied by using open-top chambers under natural sunlight in Changbai Mountain, China in two growing seasons (1998-1999). Two concentrations of CO2 were designed: elevated CO2 (700 祄olmol-1) and ambient CO2 (400 祄olmol-1). The study results showed that the height growth of the tree seedlings grown at elevated CO2 increased by about 10%-40% compared to those grown at ambient CO2. And the water using efficiency of seedlings also followed the same tendency. However, the responses of seedlings in transpiration and chlorophyll content to elevated CO2 varied with tree species. The broad-leaf tree species were more sensitive to the elevated CO2 than conifer tree species. All seedlings showed a photosynthetic acclimation to long-term elevated CO2.

Pattern and Significance of Seedling Development in Titanotrichum oldhamii (Gesneriaceae)

The seedling development of Titanotrichum oldhamii (Hemsl.) Solereder has been investigated to provide insight into the evolution and systematic position of Titanotrichum. In T. oldhamii, the size differentiation of the two cotyledons begins while the hypocotyl grows. However, both of the two cotyledons develop normally and locate at the same level. Finally, the two cotyledons are almost equal in size. The aerial shoot (including stem and leaves) is produced from the permanent activity of the apical meristem in the plumular bud. Even though the seedling development in Titanotrichum basically conforms to the general growth pattern of the seedling in the Cyrtandroideae, it is remarkably different from that of other Cyrtandroideae. Based on the revealed evidence in seedling development in Titanotrichum and other comparative data, the authors have evaluated the possible evolutionary pathway of Titanotrichum and further discussed the familial placement of this genus.