马克思恩格斯怎样看待中国——以《英人在华的残暴行动》为研究视角

十九世纪四十至六十年代,马克思和恩格斯撰写了一系列分析中国问题的文章。其中《英人在华的残暴行动》集中描写了第二次鸦片战争爆发前英国在中国的一系列暴行,包括滥用私刑、贩卖华工和进行非法的鸦片贸易等。文章还集中描写了第二次鸦片战争的导火索——亚罗号事件。马克思和恩格斯以鲜明的立场支持中国人民反抗外来侵略的斗争,谴责了英国侵略者“明知故纵”的行为,指明了战争的非正义性,体现出两位伟大的无产阶级革命家对遥远东方的中国革命的关切。

神光寺事件再研究——以林、徐之争为视角的考察

神光寺事件发生在两次鸦片战争之间,因如何对待英人租住福州房屋看法不一,林则徐与徐继畬两位“近代睁眼看世界”的代表意见分歧,进而针锋相对。双方的冲突诚然是由于二人对于当时福州形势判断的差异,但究其根本原因在于徐、林二人乃至咸丰帝对于世界形势认知的不同,以及传统夷夏观念的影响。

Analyses of English demand in employment units

By using investigative means of marketing, this paper collects and analyzes the data of English demand of employment units for newly-graduated .graduates. Its research and analysis include six parts, namely, an overall analysis, an analysis of English demand according to the kind of employment units, according to trade, according to job, according to specialty and the five skills of ＂listening, speaking, reading, writing and translation＂. The supplied data tell the reality of the current English demand of employment units in China, which would also reflect the trend in the coming few years. The analysis of the data embodies the reality of college English teaching, discusses its advantages and disadvantages and puts forward reasonable suggestions on college English teaching and evaluation system.

A Study on Construction of Quality Security System in the Cultivation of Top-notch Innovative Medical Talents

In order to cultivate the top-notch innovative talents with the intemational perspectives, on the basis of the principles of objective, utility, humanities and practice, medical institutions should update the concept of talent cultivation led by employment, innovate teaching mode by deepening teaching reform, optimize the teaching staff by strengthening cooperation between college and enterprise, widen the practical teaching by participating interaction with pharmaceutical industries, and improve the teaching supervision system by implementing quality requirements to construct quality security system in the cultivation of top-notch innovative medical talents.

On the Training Modes of Interdisciplinary and Application-oriented Talents of Business English

This paper focuses on the training modes of interdisciplinary and application-oriented talents of business English and the constructions of curriculum. In the light of our socialist market-oriented economy characteristics, the discussion proceeds, in theory and practice, by putting forward a relatively profound approach according to the trend in the demands for business English talents and to the operational patterns of business English discipline, with some suggestions about the training modes of interdisciplinary and application-oriented talents and the construction of curriculum.

James Thurber＇s Humor Represents Typical American Humor

Humor is needed universally. The ability to make jokes or to appreciate humor is both necessary for living a happy or smooth life. Different nations have different humors. The paper is to analyze the definition of humor, the difference between British and American humor, and take James Thurber＇s stories to show the typical American humor. The English appear to be deeply serious people. English humor is more conserved, subtle, and silent. The British are known for their sense of humor. However, it is often difficult for foreigners to understand their jokes. The key to understanding British humor is to know that the British often use ＂understatement＂. American humor tends to be more ＂obvious＂ and less oblique, and can sometimes be considered by other English speaking cultures to be over the top and ridiculous.

England, Holland, and the Fishing Wars

The Dutch herring trade contributed greatly to Dutch commercial prosperity. The most profitable Dutch fishing grounds, however, were off the coasts of England and Scotland. For centuries, the English allowed the Dutch to fish these waters. During the reign of James I, however, the changing English perspective of the Dutch led the English Crown to question the right of the Dutch to fish in English waters. In the fishing trade, centuries of cooperation gave way to an emerging commercial rivalry.

Davenant＇s The Siege of Rhodes： Islam, Heroism and Solyman the Magnificent

This study is concerned with William Davenant＇s dramatization of Solyman the Magnificent as an ideal man of war and peace. The structure of the play and characters are designed to reveal Solyman＇s honorable character. In the introduction, the author reviews the critical history of The Siege of Rhodes （1661）. The section ＂The Siege＂ is concerned with the Sultan＇s attitude to war and his behavior towards his foes, which is marked by ambition and valor. In the section ＂Victory＂, the author traces Solyman＇s generosity and mercy towards the defeated Rhodians. Ianthe and Alphonso dominate the ＂Characters＂ sections, which reveal how both characters play a central role in stressing Solyman＇s honorable conduct in war and peace. The dramatic centre of the play, as highlighted by the author, is Solyman＇s honorable character. With such dramatization Davenant departs from the conventional presentation of Turks as moral and political transgressors.

Cultural Identities of the Well-Educated Chinese Immigrant Children in the UK

Since the Reform and Opening-up in 1978, China has broadened and deepened its exchanges and relations with other countries. This has contributed to the increase in the migration of well-educated Chinese abroad and United Kingdom （UK） has become a most desirable destination for the elite Chinese immigrants. The impact of the migration of well-educated Chinese deserves particular attention and study, especially the second generation＇s cultural identities--this under-researched topic is the focus of this study. The study investigates the cultural identity differences between Chinese born children （CBC） and British born children （BBC） of the Chinese intellectual families living in Britain. Results indicated that both CBC and BBC had high pride in Chinese and British culture No significant evidence for cultural identity crises was found. The children investigated considered themselves as bi-culturalism and were content with ＂dual identities,＂ with the CBC a bit more Chinese, while the BBC a bit more British. Much smaller differences in views of cultural identity were reported.

Magical, Ambiguous and Salacious： Naples in the English Travel Memoirs （1816-1841）

Through an analysis of the accounts of English travellers in Naples between 1816 and 1841, the objective of this paper is to attempt to identify an image of the city and its inhabitants without following the direction of the usual negative stereotypes common to much of the literature associated with the ＂Grand Tourist＂, a literature to which scholars and readers from the 16th to the 19th century were used. The research also aims to demonstrate through previously unknown and unheeded sources that there were not only those English travellers on their Grand Tour of the post-Restoration Bourbon Mezzogiorno （southern Italy） looking for an opportunity of comparing their own civilization （which was considered far superior） to a more fragile reality. There were also other British people who had identified, with a critical eye and spirit of observation, the existence of a Naples and a south Italy which did not merely represent the sum of stereotypes and fallacies handed down through the centuries, and thus refusing the obvious, predictable and false approach given by their own countrymen.

How to Apply Humanistic Psychology to Establish an Effective Emotional Class Climate in China

To enhance students＇ all-around development and personal potential is the main purpose that teachers want to obtain in their teachings. The author believes that it can be achieved only in a relaxed and safe class atmosphere. The article introduces the humanistic psychology and illustrates how to apply humanistic psychology to the foreign language class and establish an effective emotional class climate in China.

John Milton＇s Ongoing Project of Protestant Enlightenment in Paradise Lost

For some critics, the publication of Milton＇s Paradise Lost in 1667 suggests his taking religious retreat from his previous political investment in both the Commonwealth Government （1649-1653） and Oliver Cromwell＇s Protectorate that was abnegated by the return of King Charles II in 1660. Not to mention that Milton＇s flamboyant portrayal of Satan appears to be a critique of republicanism： Just as the republicans who revolted against the monarchy, Satan tempts other angels to rebel against the omnipotent God and gain their freedom. This transgressive betrayal fails and is punished in Paradise Lost. However, when the strict censorship of the writings of Milton＇s contemporaries is taken into account, the strategies employed in Milton＇s Paradise Lost become clearer： It may be read as a veiled critique of kingship hiding behind the facade of a criticism of republicanism so as to circumvent censorship. In other words, the work may have surreptitiously conveyed a hidden message for his English citizens. That message may be indirectly delivered through Milton＇s innovative elaboration of the fall of Man, which is roughly described in the Genesis. Therefore, this essay argues that Milton veils the seed of political reform in the moral lessons conveyed in his presentation of the psychological dynamic of Adam and Eve＇s fall. In addition, this essay further explores how Milton endeavors to re-shape the national consciousness of the 17th century English people through alternate historical awareness.

A Comparison of Path Encoding in English and Chinese

English and Chinese both belong to satellite-flamed languages in lexicalizing motion events. However, they are not entirely identical in Path encoding. Path comprises Vector, Conformation, and Deictic. Vector comprises Arrival, Departure and Traversal. English and Chinese use different forms （prepositions vs. verbs） to represent Traversal. The Arrival component in Chinese can denote ＂realized arrival＂ while that in English cannot. English is not fine-grained as Chinese in the specification of Conformation. The use of Deictic in Chinese is more pervasive than that in English. Satellite elements in English are realized as particles and prepositions while those in Chinese are realized as directional verbs.

A Study of English Film Title Translation ---From the Perspective of Adaptation Theory

As the exchange between Chinese and Western cultures gets increasingly frequent, the English films have already become an indispensable kind of cultural ＂product＂ in Chinese people＇s lives. In the pursuit of box office today, a good English film title translation can not only attract more attention, but also become an important standard to judge a film＇s value. However, the translation of English film title has not got enough attention at home or abroad, and good translations of English film titles are few and far between. Based on requirements of English film title translation, this paper discusses problems in English film title translation, into which this paper applies adaptation theory to solving existing problems.

Chinese-English and Its Linguistic Features

English globalization has actually triggered the localization of the English language, so Chinese-English is a fact not a hypothesis. This paper mainly discusses the origin of Chinese-English and tries to explore the essential features of it through the theories of language migration and analysis of many examples. This paper points out, based on Standard English, Chinese-English is an English variety mainly used by the Chinese people. It is unavoidable, useful, and necessary to spread Chinese culture. Chinese-English and Chinglish are inter-language variants because Chinese cultural influences are different. Chinese-English has its own complete system, regularity, and stability. This paper further clarifies the position of the Chinese-English and treats the Chinese-English phenomenon dialecticly and scientifically.

Quentin Skinner＇s ＂Rhetorical Turn＂ and the Chances for Political Thought

Quentin Skinner＇s work since his turn to rhetoric has not been extensively discussed. My thesis is that with this turn Skinner has invented another novelty in the study of political thought, by including the analysis of the rhetoric of debating pro et contra among political agents as sources of political thought. The exemplary institution for such debates is the Westminster Parliament, and Skinner extends the analysis of the rhetorical culture of English Renaissance to studies on parliamentary debates. Here I am first comparing Skinner＇s The Foundations of Modern Political Thought and Reason and Rhetoric in the Philosophy of Hobbes in their relationship to rhetoric. Subsequently I discuss Skinner＇s comments on English parliamentary debates, including his recommendation to read Hobbes＇s Leviathan ＂as a speech in Parliament.＂ Reason and Rhetoric has inspired valuable studies on English Renaissance political rhetoric, shortly discussed here. For the understanding of the distinct parliamentary variety of deliberative rhetoric, I refer to the formation of a specific parliamentary procedure and to procedural tracts from sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Westminster, which among others create a parliamentary vocabulary and rules for conducting and regulating parliamentary debates. The parliamentary procedure institutionalizes the principle of in utramque partem disputare, central in Skinner＇s rhetorical studies. By this manner we can re-activate the link between political thought and parliamentary studies as well as explicate a dissensual alternative to Jiirgen Habermas＇s views on the political thought studies and parliamentary debates.

Poor, Pitiful Monsters From Homer to Borges

This article reviews famous monsters in Western literature that reveal a hidden humanity or affinity with the hero that elicits compassion or emphasizes their bestiality in surprising ways. Their monstrosity is often a distorted mirror image of the hero＇s humanity. Shakespeare＇s Caliban is a famous example of the affinity between monster and protagonist. Homer＇s Polyphemus, the first monster in Western tradition establishes certain traits that persist through later literature： lawless, barbarian, cannibal, and giant. Polyphemus hates men, but loves his old ram. Grendel, Grendel＇s mother, and the dragon in Beowulf are giants, lawless, cannibals. The dragon Beowulf dies fighting anticipates the identity between hero and monster that Borges makes explicit in Asterion, the Minotaur. Dante＇s Satan in the Inferno fails to leave later successors. In Borges＇s ＂The House of Asterion＂ the Minotaur is both monster and hero. Asterion＇s affinities with other protagonists in Borges＇ stories suggest that the monster in the labyrinth is not the Minotaur, but the concept of infinity.

Culture： What to Teach and How to Teach It in an EFL Class

This paper discusses the question of the teaching of culture in an EFL （English as a Foreign Language） class. With the open door policy, an increasing number of people in China are learning English or some other language for various purposes. However, they often experience the frustration of failure in communication with foreigners which can sour relationships or business due to their ignorance of the target culture associated with the language they are learning or have learned. Therefore, teaching culture in foreign language classes and learning a second culture while learning a second language have become new slogans, or to be exact, new tasks in the field of English language teaching in China. But how to teach and what to teach remain problematic. The author holds that ＂central code＂ of a culture, i.e., people＇s way of life should be the focus in EFL teaching. Then choosing appropriate and authentic material containing aspects of culture is of great importance. Greater importance should be attached to mass media and multimedia materials and approaches. At the same time, attention should be paid to the cultural behaviour or belief of EFL teachers so as to make more effective teaching

Goal for language instruction： EFL learners＇ interlanguage

The goal of language instruction for EFL （English as a Foreign Language） learners has always been a hot topic in SLA （Second Language Acquisition）. First, Alan Davies＇s view to regard native speaker＇s proficiency as the goal of both L2 and EFL learners is retorted. And then another complete and realistic goal for EFL learners, that is, understandable and acceptable interlanguage of EFL learners themselves is sought out. Furthermore, the four characteristics of EFL learners＇ IL are to be summarized. Finally, one needs to notice the fact that interlanguage is dynamic and has a close relation to SLA and EFL study.

Chinese Image in American and British Literature from the Perspective of＂Otherness＂

In the US and British literature, there are many works using China or the Chinese people as depict objects. With the development of American and British literature, the shape of the image of China is diverse. Currently, the research of the image of China or Chinese people in the US and British literature has yielded fruitful results, the majority concentrated on the study before the new century writers and representative works. In the new century, the causes and significance of the image of China and the Chinese people in American literature have the positive impact on self-awareness and self-construction of the China＇ s image.