Cultural loss in Chinese-English translation

Different cultures have their own culture-specifics, which may pose great difficulties to the translators. In the process of cultural transfer there will be various kinds of losses, for it is hard to achieve complete equivalent effect. The main purpose is to research into the issues of cultural loss in translating certain cultural elements, and how to compensate the loss in Chinese-English translation.

Literal and Free Translation of Chinese-English Brand Names

The present paper is intended to describe the two normal methods—free and literal translation used in translating brand names; in the meantime, some common mistakes are discussed in the process of translation. As to the free and literal translation, the paper discusses some common approaches, or techniques used in the process, which affect the effects of the brand names a lot and have direct influence on the results of the target brand names. In view of the common mistakes, the paper points out some customs, habits, religious beliefs, living environment and cultural factors, which may lead to failures in translating brand names.

A brief analysis of the classical poetry Chinese-English translation： From the perspective of ＂Beauty in three aspects＂

With the growing of mutual communication between different cultures, the translation of classical Chinese poetry becomes quite significant in the contemporary times. This paper first briefly introduces classical Chinese poetry, major classical Chinese poetry translation schools and their representatives, and professor XU Yuan-zhong＇s famous principle of ＂Beauty in three aspects＂. In order to help disseminate this part of Chinese culture through discussing how the reader of the translation may be inspired, moved and aesthetically entertained in the same way as one reads the original, this paper will analyze the classical poetry Chinese-English translation from the perspective of ＂Beauty in three aspects＂, namely, in three parts--beauty in meaning, beauty in sound and beauty in form. Thus, it serves the purpose to offer a relatively comprehensive view of the classical poetry Chinese-English translation.

Sentence-making and thought patterns： Probe into the differences between English and Chinese

Different histories and cultures breed people in the West and the East, and shape their different thought patterns. The differences are manifested in languages they speak and constitute an obstacle in bi-directional understanding and interpretation. In the paper, efforts are made to exemplify the differences in English and Chinese sentence-making, and explain them in terms of the different thought patterns. The author hopes to facilitate readers to have a better understanding of the 2 different peoples and languages.

Event-related potentials associated with Chinese and English color-word Stroop tasks in Chinese bilinguals

Objective:To investigate the neural electrophysiologieal activity underlying Chinese and Eng- lish Stroop tasks for Chinese English bilinguals.Methods:Event-related potentials(ERPs)were recorded in 14 Chinese bilinguals with a moderate command of English when they performed the Stroop task pre- sented in English words and Chinese characters,respectively.Results:In Chinese task version,it was found an increased positivity over bilateral front-polar regions on incongruent trials compared with congru- ent trials,followed by an increased negativity over fronto-central region and an increased positivity over occipital region.While in English task version,only the increased negativity was observed over fronto-cen- tral region,but with reduced amplitude and anterior distribution.Conclusion:This increased negativity was proposed as an index of the resolution processes of conflicting information in the incongruent situa- tion.The increased positivity over occipital region on Chinese incongruent trials may indicate visually rechecking effect for Chinese character.

Interpreting Synergism Based Upon Visual-Audio-Oral Course of EAP： A Case of CI Between English and Chinese

On the basis of the theory of relevance and transfer, this study puts forward interpreting operation synergism through positive transfer from Visual-Audio-Oral Course of EAP to E-C and C-E interpreting. In the way of consecutive interpreting, the researcher has done the experiments to 147 undergraduate interpreters of non-English majors in five classes taught by him in the second semester from 2014 to 2015. The experimental results show that listening of EAP has the functions of relevance and holistic presupposition to student interpreters, whose audio nerves have been activated once more while listening to SL （source language） information. At this moment, the function of transferring SL information as input occurs. And further, speaking of EAP also has the functions of relevance and holistic presupposition to student interpreters, whose oral nerves have been activated once more while encoding and expressing in TL （target language）. At this moment the results of transferring information as TL output are prominent. Therefore, Visual-Audio-Oral Course of EAP has the effect of relevance, transfer and presupposition to student interpreters＇ interpreting operation in China.

维吾尔语-汉语-英语三语者英语词汇加工中的汉语激活研究

本研究采用长时重复启动实验范式对维吾尔语-汉语-英语三语者英语词汇加工中的汉语激活进行了考察。研究包含两个实验:实验一要求被试完成词汇判断任务,用于考察词汇层的激活。该实验发现了显著的启动效应,表明英语词汇加工中汉语的词汇层信息能够被激活;实验二要求被试完成生物性判断任务,用于考察概念层的激活。该实验发现了显著但程度较弱且不稳定的启动效应,表明英语词汇加工中汉语的概念层信息只能被部分激活。该发现进一步表明,三语学习者大脑词库呈现的是词汇层联系为主、概念层联系为辅的英汉语词汇联系模式。本研究发现为三语表征中二语影响的存在提供了新的证据,对我国少数民族地区的外语词汇教学也有一定的启示意义。

英汉明喻的区别差异——从motherly的辞格归属谈起

关于英语simile修辞格,英汉对比研究存在认识上的分歧,而有些分歧并非是学术性的。产生这些分歧的原因是多方面的,首先,习惯从汉语译文的视角出发来判断和界定英语原文的比喻现象,这是造成分歧和辞格归属混乱和矛盾的一个主要原因;其次,漠视英汉之间存在的语言形式上的差异,把汉语区别明喻的法则应用到英语中来,忽视了英语自身的特点,忽略了英汉语比喻关系词之间存在的差异,从而错误地把英语的simile和metaphor与汉语的明喻和暗喻绝对地等同起来,没有认识到英语metaphor意义的广义性和范畴的宽泛性,这也是造成分歧的一个重要原因。

Analysis of the motivation of Chinese words in comparison with English words

Motivation shows some kind of physical connection or causal relation between the signified and the signifier. Both Chinese and English consist of motivated words. This paper makes a comparison between the motivation of Chinese words and that of English words through the analysis of their phonetic motivation, morphological motivation, semantic motivation and writing motivation, with the aim to illustrate the motivation of Chinese words.

Differences between English and Chinese Syllables and Its Inspiration on English Pronunciation Teaching

English and Chinese belong to different linguistic systems, so English and Chinese syllables, as the basic linguistic structure, own great differences in syllable structure, syllabification, syllable function as well as liaison. Chinese English learners are apt to have the negative transfer in English pronunciation acquisition under the influence of their mother tongue-Chinese. Therefore, only the repeated imitation and practice on the ground of theoretical contrasts and analyses can help learners speak perfect English.

A genre analysis of medical abstracts by Chinese and English native speakers

This study presents statistical results of a comparison between English abstracts in a leading intemational medical journal and those in a Chinese one. With a genre analysis and discussion of linguistic features of these abstracts, the paper points out the weak points in the abstracts by Chinese writers and provides some suggestions for writing abstracts of medical research articles

Intercultural study of euphemisms in Chinese and English

Language and culture are closely related to each other. Euphemisms, which exist in all languages, reflect certain culture from which the language derives. Paying special attention to cross cultural communication, this paper discusses the relationship between euphemism and culture. Pointing out the necessity of learning and teaching euphemisms, the author also proposes some suggestions on how to teach euphemism.

Cognitive deviation originating from the different systems between English and Chinese

This article discusses the result of cognitive deviation originating from the lexical and syntactic difference between English and Chinese. By analyzing three different aspects involved in this paper, namely, synthetic versus analytic, compact versus diffusive and hypotactic versus paratactic deviations, a conclusion can be drawn that consciousness of necessary information qualifies a translator for work only when he is familiar with this kind of cognitive deviation.

What Hinders the Way of Chinese to Be an English Master——Concerning Differences between English and Chinese

What hinders the way of Chinese to be an English master？ The issue has been puzzling language learners for many years. This paper, by discussing some similarities and diversities between English and Chinese, offers an approach to understand the two languages in full length. A brief analysis about the features of English and Chinese by way of linguistics, cultural comparison, and cognition shows that in learning English or Chinese, one should follow its rules and laws, and figure out its corresponding expressions under the condition that the tone, the attitude, the stress of the text are greatly emphasized and taken into consideration. Bewar.e of these laws between the two languages will make learning easier. Meanwhile, this paper also offers a translation tip differences and awareness after the discussion of each topic about the features of English and Chinese as regarding they may serve as some useful tips in translation.

Cultural gaps between English and Chinese and untranslatability

The goal theory of translation believes that translation is inevitably affected by translating-in and translating-out culture because it considers that translation belongs to the category of the study of human behavior. Moreover, communication of human beings is limited by linguistic environment, which is rooted in cultural habit. From this we can see that different linguistic environment determines the withdrawing of the meaning in word translation and also the judgment and understanding of translators toward different cultures. This thesis will explore the effects of numerous factors on word translation in cultural environment and the corresponding translation methods. Moreover, the translators also should understand correctly the cultural meanings of the words included and adopt corresponding methods.

A Cognitive Study of HEAD Metonymies in English and Chinese

Based on the cognitive view of metonymy and taking some ＂head＂ expressions in English and Chinese as corpora, this paper makes a qualitative analysis and tries to find out the causes for the similarities and discrepancies between these ＂head＂ metonymies.

A Rule Based System for Speech Language Context Understanding

Speech or Natural language contents are major tools of communication. This research paper presents a natural language processing based automated system for understanding speech language text. A new rule based model has been presented for analyzing the natural languages and extracting the relative meanings from the given text. User writes the natural language text in simple English in a few paragraphs and the designed system has a sound ability of analyzing the given script by the user. After composite analysis and extraction of associated information, the designed system gives particular meanings to an assortment of speech language text on the basis of its context. The designed system uses standard speech language rules that are clearly defined for all speech languages as English, Urdu, Chinese, Arabic, French, etc. The designed system provides a quick and reliable way to comprehend speech language context and generate respective meanings.

Comparative study of notional passive in English and Chinese

This thesis is intended to give a contrastive study of the notional passive in English and Chinese, not merely analyzing the relationship between notional passive and passive voice, but summarizing the features and status of the notional passives in English and Chinese, with an aim to cast some light on the main differences between English and Chinese concerning passive, and giving some insights to better understanding and bilingual transference between English and Chinese where the notional passive is involved.

Chinese Transfer in English Grammar Teaching

Chinese transfer plays an important role in the teaching and learning of English grammar. Though there are many differences between English and Chinese, many rules are shared by English and Chinese, especially in terms of grammar. Therefore, in teaching of English grammar, proper use of transfer of Chinese grammar may help the learners learn English. This paper introduces Chinese positive transfer and negative transfer in learning English grammar, and discusses how to make use of Chinese transfer to improve English teaching.

The study on meaning construction of Chinese Folk Wisecrack from Conceptual Blending Theory

Chinese Folk Wisecrack （CFW） is a special language form which is invented by the Chinese people out of their life experience and has been widely used for a long history. In China, the previous studies on it are mainly stay on its surface, such as relation between CFW and culture, rhetoric and grammar; scholars scarcely note the meaning construction of CFW. This paper aims to study the process of meaning construction of CFW through the Conceptual Blending Theory （CBT） of the cognitive linguistics.