苹果的苹果性——D.H.劳伦斯笔下的塞尚及其对跨媒介研究的启示

在劳伦斯眼中塞尚最重要的成就是画出了苹果的苹果性,展示了苹果自身的独特属性。他从绘画和文学的双重视角阐发了塞尚作品的独特性在于对西方文化中的理性传统的反叛的观点。劳伦斯对塞尚作品中的本能与直觉的重视并不是现象学式的哲学沉思,而是一种以生命本能对抗理性传统的生命政治学。绘画所带来的生命的愉悦是对这个理性传统超越语言的反抗,其意义和价值需要长于思考的文学建立起来的批判话语才能充分展现。这种分析方式对于跨媒介艺术理论研究的启示在于提醒研究者以不同门类艺术的感性体验为基础,探究不同门类艺术之间的互补性,进而把跨媒介研究引向文化政治领域。

胶东山区县域优质苹果生态适宜性评价及潜力分析

山区地形复杂,自然资源立体差异显著。如何精确的表示各种资源在山区的分布状况和建立评价模型,是山区农业结构调整和资源优化利用所需要的。该文以胶东半岛典型山区栖霞市为例,构建了县域数字高程模型,应用GIS对气候因子进行了空间定量模拟,在分析苹果生长生态要求与地形、土壤、气候各项生态评价因子关系的基础上,利用多因素综合法进行了县域优质苹果生态适宜性评价,并综合评价结果和土地结构特征,分析了栖霞市优质苹果发展潜力。结果表明:栖霞市优质苹果生长的生态适宜程度较高,中、高度适宜面积达9万多hm2,占县域面积的45%;优质苹果发展的潜力较大,中度以上生态适宜区可开发面积达5万多hm2,其中高度适宜区具备优质苹果发展的潜力最大,中度适宜区次之,极度适宜区和初度、不适宜区的发展潜力较小。该评价结果为当地苹果产业快速发展和农业结构调整提供了决策依据。

苹果蠹蛾性信息素结合蛋白Ⅱ(CpomPBP2)基因的克隆及原核表达

【目的】获得苹果蠹蛾性信息素结合蛋白Ⅱ(CpomPBP2)基因的全长序列,并在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中融合表达,为探明苹果蠹蛾雌雄间的信息素交流机制奠定基础。【方法】提取苹果蠹蛾触角总RNA,利用RT-PCR、3′-RACE和5′TAIL-PCR扩增技术获得CpomPBP2基因的全长序列;通过构建原核表达载体pET28aCpomPBP2对CpomPBP2进行重组表达与检测;并对融合蛋白pET28a-CpomPBP2进行Western blot鉴定及可溶性鉴定。【结果】以苹果蠹蛾触角总RNA为模板合成cDNA第一链,以cDNA为模板经RT-PCR、3′-RACE和5′TAILPCR扩增,得到CpomPBP2基因约3 000bp的全长序列;测序结果表明,CpomPBP2基因开放阅读框长约510bp,编码169个氨基酸,预测的成熟蛋白分子质量为16.45ku,等电点(pI)为5.09。经SDS-PAGE电泳分析表明,融合蛋白CpomPBP2以包涵体形式存在,蛋白分子质量约为20ku。Western blot鉴定结果显示,获得了目标蛋白CpomPBP2。用终浓度1.0mmol/L IPTG诱导8h后,可获得大量融合蛋白。【结论】获得CpomPBP2的全长序列,成功构建了CpomPBP2的原核表达载体,经Western blot鉴定,CpomPBP2表达正确。

苹果蠹蛾性信息素E,E-8,10-十二碳二烯-1-醇的立体选择性合成

利用Schlosser Wittig反应,以ω 溴代辛醇三苯基瞵和 2E 丁烯醛为原料,制备苹果蠹蛾性信息素E,E 8, 10 十二碳二烯 1 醇,反应所得产物反式选择性高,其中E,E 异构体的含量达 98%。

桃小食心虫性诱剂和苹果蠹蛾性诱剂田间诱蛾药效比较

应用苹果蠹蛾性诱剂、桃小食心虫性诱剂测报和防治苹果蠹蛾和桃小食心虫2种害虫,试验设置2组诱捕器,分别为单放苹果蠹蛾性诱剂和单放桃小食心虫性诱剂诱芯各1枚,以及1个诱捕器内放入苹果蠹蛾性诱剂和桃小食心虫性诱剂各1枚,比较不同诱捕器处理诱蛾的差异。试验结果表明,苹果蠹蛾性诱剂单用诱芯,诱集雄虫的数量平均占到总量的21.10%;苹果蠹蛾与桃小食心虫诱芯合用,诱集苹果蠹蛾的数量平均占到总量的78.90%,2种方式存在极显著差异。苹果蠹蛾性诱剂在和桃小食心虫性诱剂合用时,对苹果蠹蛾的诱捕能力有极显著的促进作用。

2种辅料对苹果蠹蛾性信息素含量测定的影响

[目的]研究淀粉、β-环糊精（βCD）2种辅料对苹果蠹蛾性信息素含量测定的影响。[方法]采用气相色谱法，检测淀粉、βCD以及分别采用淀粉、βCD制成的粉剂和颗粒剂中苹果蠹蛾性信息素的含量。[结果]混合物中苹果蠹蛾性信息素的提取回收率为99.64%～100.02%；粉剂和颗粒剂中苹果蠹蛾性信息素的平均回收率为99.95%~100.00%。[结论] βCD和淀粉均不影响苹果蠹蛾性信息素的含量测定，相容性较好，可进一步进行剂型研究。

苹果粪石性肠梗阻16例诊治分析

苹果粪石性肠梗阻１６例诊治分析张进广，李兴发苹果粪石性肠梗阻比较少见，我院１９８７＇年至１９９４年收治苹果粪石性肠梗阻１６例，占同期５３８例肠梗阻的２．９７％。其梗阻症状多不典型，易延误手术时机，而致严重后果。对其诊断与治疗讨论分析如下。临床资料一般...

Genetic Diversity of Volatile Components in Xinjiang Wild Apple (Malus sieversii)

To evaluate genetic relationships using qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation of volatile components in Xinjiang Wild Apple （Malus sieversii （Lebed.） Roem.） and to acquire basic data for the conservation and utilization of the species, aroma components in ripe fruit of M. sieversii obtained from 30 seedlings at Mohe, Gongliu County, Xinjiang Autonomic Region, China, and in ripe fruit of 4 M. purnila cultivars （＇Rails＇, ＇Delicious＇, ＇Golden Delicious＇, and ＇Fuji＇） were analyzed using head space-solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results indicated that the values of similarity coefficient concerning volatile types between the two species were in accordance with the evolution of M. pumila cultivars （forms）, and that M. sieversii seedlings showed considerable genetic variations in these aspects： the total content of volatile components, the classes and contents of each compound classes, the segregation ratio, and content of main components. The results showed significant difference among seedlings and wide genetic diversity within the populations. Comparison of the volatile components in M. sieversii with those in M. pumila cultivars showed that the common compounds whose number were larger than five with the contents over 0.04 mg/L simultaneously between M. sieversii and M. pumila cultivars belonged to esters, alcohols, aldehydes or ketones. This suggests fundamental identity in main volatile components of M. sieversii and M. pumila cultivars. The results above sustained the conclusion ＂M. sieversii is probably the ancestor ofM. purnila＂. However, there were 48 compounds present in M. puraila that were not detected in M. sieversii, including 6 character impact components （i.e., propyl acetate, （Z）-3-hexenal, 2-methyl-l-butanol acetate, pentyl acetate, 3-furanmethanol, and benzene acetaldehyde）. This suggested that in the domestication of M. pumila, introgression of other apple species, except for M. sieversii, by interspecies hybridization was possible. There were 177 compounds in total belonging to 11 classes detected in 30 M. sieversii seedlings, including esters, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, acids, benzene ramifications, terpenes, heterocycles, hydrocarbon derivates, acetals, and lactones. Among them, acetals and lactones were not detected in M. pumila cultivars, 90 compounds were unique to M. sieversii, and 7 components （l-butanol, ethyl hutanoate, 1-hexanol, ethyl hexanoate, 3-octen-1-ol, ethyl octanoate, and damascenone） belonged to character impact odors. Thus, the potential of M. sieversii in ＂utilization conservation＂ is enormous as a rate germplasm on genetic improvement of M. pumila cultivars.

Effect of Metaxenia on Volatile Compounds in Bagged Apple Fruit of Fuji

In the present study, the effect of pollen grain sources on volatile com- pounds in bagged apple fruit of Yan Fuji 3, grown at two experiment sites and pol- linated by pollens of other five cultivars was evaluated, to select appropriate poll- enizer cultivars for Fuji, and to provide a theoretical basis for improving the flavor and aroma of bagged apple fruit of Fuji. The results proved the significant metaxe- nia effect of the five pollenizer cultivars on volatile compounds of bagged apple fruit of Fuji. The numbers of both volatile compounds and characteristic aroma com- pounds in bagged apple fruit pollinated by Golden Delicious were larger and those of the fruit pollinated by Gala were smaller at both experiment sites. However, there were differences in the numbers of volatile compounds and characteristic aroma compounds among the fruits pollinated by Starkrimson, Jinxiuhaitang and Ruby at both experimental sites. The differences were caused by 12 compounds that only existed at a low level in certain samples. All of them were not the aroma contribu- tors except ethyl 2-methylbutyrate. The content of alcohols in bagged Fuji fruit was largely increased by Starkrimson and Ruby pollination; the content of aldehydes was obviously increased by Golden Delicious, Starkrimson and Gala pollination; the con- tents of esters and terpenes were significantly increased by Golden Delicious, Starkrimson and Ruby pollination. Jinxiuhaitang pollination showed no significant ef- fects for improving the content of four categories of volatile compounds. The metax- enia of the pollenizer cultivars on volatile compounds in bagged Fuji fruit was stable at the two experimental sites.

Activities, Quantitative Changes and Subcellular Localization of α-Amylase During Development of Apple Fruit

Starch degradation in cells is closely associated with cereal seed germination, photosynthesis in leaves, carbohydrate storage in tuberous roots, and fleshy fruit development. α_Amylase is considered as one of the key enzymes catalyzing starch breakdown, but up to date its role in starch breakdown in living cells remains unclear because the enzyme was often shown extrachloroplastic in living cells. The present experiment showed that α_amylase activity was progressively increasing concomitantly with the decreasing starch concentrations during the development of apple ( Malus domestica Borkh cv. Starkrimson) fruit. The apparent amount of α_amylase assessed by Western blotting also increased during the fruit development, which is consistent with the seasonal changes in the enzyme activity. The enzyme subcellular_localization studies via immunogold electron_ microscopy technique showed that α_amylase visualized by gold particles was predominantly located in plastids, but the gold particles were scarcely found in other subcellular compartments. A high density of the enzyme was observed at the periphery of starch granules during the middle and late developmental stages. These data proved that the enzyme is compartmented in its functional sites in the living cells of the fruit. The predominantly plastid_distributed pattern of α_amylase in cells was shown unchanged throughout the fruit development. The density of gold particles (α_amylase) in plastids was increasing during the fruit development, which is consistent with the results of Western blotting. So it is considered that α_amylase is involved in starch hydrolysis in plastids of the fruit cells.

Research Progress and Identification Method of Apple Stress Resistance

In the research, changes of apple chemistry, and molecule, under stresses, are n terms of morphology, physiology, bio- illustrated and research and identifica- tion methods of apple resistance are explored involving drought-resistance, flood-re- sistance, salt-stress resistance, cold-hardiness and heat-resistance. In addition prospects of apple resistance research are proposed, as well.

苹果蠹蛾性信息素的合成及活性测试

[目的]探索苹果蠹蛾性信息素的合成方法,为苹果蠹蛾性信息素田间应用提供化合物。[方法]以E,E-2,4-己二烯-1-醇和1,6-己二醇为起始原料,通过Coupling偶联反应合成出苹果蠹蛾性信息素E,E-8,10-十二碳二烯-1-醇。关键步骤为CuCl2.2LiCl催化的6-溴代-1-己醇四氢吡喃醚Grignard试剂与E,E-2,4-己二烯-1-醇乙酯反应,得到了目标化合物。[结果]合成出了以烯醇计产率可达60%的目标化合物。田间活性试验表明合成化合物在剂量为0.5 mg诱芯时对苹果蠹蛾的引诱活性与标准诱芯相当。[结论]利用偶联反应合成的苹果蠹蛾性信息素可直接用于田间防治。

Tolerance to Iron-Deficiency Stress of Three Apple Rootstock Species in Hydroponic System

[Objective] Iron deficiency is one of the most important crop element deficiencies in the Loess Plateau of northwestern China. The selection for crop cultivars that are tolerant to low iron levels could be one of the approaches to solving the problem and improving crop production. [Method] Three major apple root stock species （Malus prunifolia, Malus sieversii and Malus baccata） were selected to evaluate their tolerance to iron defciency in hydroponic system. A 3×2 factorial pot experiment was conducted with three replicates in a greenhouse at Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China. [Result] The SOD, POD and CAT activities in roots and stems of the 3 root stock species in Fe-defcient Hoagland solution decreased, however Malus sieversii got the less reduction and had better root architecture and growth than the other species. The aboveground biomass, plant height, chlorophyll content, total root length and lateral root number were correlated positively with iron-defciency stress tolerance. The species’ tolerance to iron-defciency from high to low was M. sieversii’s〉M. baccata’s〉M. prunifolia’s. Moreover, the improvement of some morphological features such as root length, above-ground biomass, plant height and lateral root number in apple could be conducive to breeding cultivars with tolerance to iron-defciency stress. [Conclusion] Malus sieversii had better tolerance to iron-defciency stress than the others in this study.

Measurement of sugar content in Fuji apples by FT-NIR spectroscopy

To evaluate the potential of FT-NIR spectroscopy and the influence of the distance between the light source/detection probe and the fruit for measuring the sugar content (SC) of Fuji apples, diffuse reflectance spectra were measured in the spectral range from 12500 to 4000 cm^-1 at 0 mm, 2 mm, 4 mm and 6 mm distances. Four calibration models at four distances were established between diffused reflectance spectra and sugar content by partial least squares (PLS) analysis. The correlation coefficients (R) of calibrations ranged from 0.982 to 0.997 with SEC values from 0.138 to 0.453 and the SECV values from 0.74 to 1.58. The best model of original spectra at 0 mm distance yielded high correlation determination of 0.918, a SEC of 0.092, and a SEP of 0.773. The results showed that different light/detection probe-fruit distances influence the apple reflective spectra and SC predictions.

Antitumor Activities of Apple Extracts

OBJECTIVE To examine the antitumor activities of fresh apple extracts. METHODS Fuji apple extracts were tested for their anti-LS^174T-pro-liferative activities, for their effect on expression of PCNA, and ability to induce apoptosis in a LS-174T cell line. RESULTS Apple extracts inhibited LS-174T cellular proliferation in a concentration and time dependent manner. The apple extracts equivalent to a concentration of 50 mg/ml inhibited the proliferation of the LS-174T cells by 34.5±1.2% after 48 h and 47.5±1.8% after 72 h respectively. Apple extracts inhibited PCNA expression and induced apoptosis of the LS-174T cells at concentrations above 12.5mg/ml. CONCLUSION Apple extracts can inhibit PCNA expression and induction of apoptosis in LS-174T cells which may contribute to their inhibitio-ry effect on cellular proliferation.

Effect of Crystallization Conditions on Polymorphic Diversity of Malic Acid RS-Racemate

Enantiomers （R （＋） and S（-））, RS-racemate mixture of enantiomers） of malic acid C4H605 have been （double compound） and （R ＋ S） -conglomerate （mechanical investigated by means of X-ray diffractometry and high tern- perature X-ray diffraction method. The RS-racemate was found to be able to form three polymorphic modifications, which we denominated as M1 （monoclinic, space group P21/c）, M2 （monoclinic, space group Cc）, and Tc （triclinic, space group P-l ）, the latter modification having been unknown before. Modification Tc was also described, and its X- ray diffraction characteristics, including interplanar spacings d, hkl indices, unit cell parameters, were defined. In addi- tion, X-ray diffraction characteristics for both reported earlier M1 and M2 monoclinic polymorphic modifications were measured with higher accuracy. The ability of RS-racemate to form one of the above three modifications （MI, M2, and Tc） or their mixtures containing various proportions and combinations of the components （M1 ＋ M2, M1 ＋ Tc, or M2 ＋ Tc） was found to depend on the type of crystallization medium （a melt, aqueous medium, ethanol or acetone solu- tion）, crystallization rate （from 2--3 minutes to 4 months）, and crystallization temperature. Heating S-enantiomer and M1 RS-racemate up to their respective melting points （100 ℃ and 124 ℃, correspondingly） only made them undergo thermal deformations, while heating （R ＋ S） -conglomerate in the temperature range of 96--110 ℃ resulted in its homogenization to form M2 RS-racemate, which, near the melting point （118 ℃）, namely, in the range of 112-116 ℃, was transformed into MI RS-racemate. Keywords： polvmorDhism; racemic, chiral

Inclusion Levels of Fermented Apple Bagasse on in Vitro Rumen Fermentation of Alfalfa Hay

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of inclusion of fermented apple bagasse （FAB） obtained through solid state fermentation on pH, ammonia nitrogen （N-NH3）, volatile fatty acids （VFA） content, in vitro dry matter digestibility （IVDMD）, lactic acid and microbial counting of alfalfa hay under in vitro rumen environment; four levels of FAB were evaluated （0, 0.25, 0.50 and 0. 75 g/dry matter of FAB） replacing 1.5 g dry matter （DM） of alfalfa hay and incubated at different fermentation times （0, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h） using a complete random design with repeated measures on time. Counts of live yeast colonies （6.08, 6.33, 6.24 and 6.51 CFU/mL expressed as log 10） was higher when FAB was included in the different levels up to the 12 h of fermentation （P 〈 0.0001）; lactic acid content also increased as FAB was included in the different levels （10.61, 13.86, 16.84 and 14.57μg/mL） up to the 12 h of incubation （P 〈 0.001）. Nevertheless, the other variables measured as pH, N-NH3, VFA, IVDMD, total bacteria and fungi counts, were not affected by the treatments. It is concluded that substitution of FAB by alfalfa hay in an in vitro rumen ecosystem positively modified live yeast colonies and lactic acid concentration, without effect on the other fermentative and microbial parameters of the in vitro rumen environment, but considering mixes of FAB and alfalfa hay as a quality ingredient for the feeding of ruminants.

Thin-Plate Spline Analysis of Diversity in Field Populations of Codling Moth, Cydia pomonella L. （Lep., Tortricidae） in North West of Iran

In order to study morphological diversity of codling moth, Cydia pomonella （L.） using thin-plate spline analysis, nine geographical populations from four north western provinces of Iran namely East Azarbayjan, West Azarbayjan, Ardebil and Zandjan were collected during 2003 and 2004. 575 and 564 images were prepared from fore and hind wings, respectively. Then 15 and 11 landmarks were determined from fore and hind wings, respectively. With transforming of landmark＇s two dimensional coordinate data into partial warp scores, 26 and 18 scores were generated for fore and hind wings, respectively. Cluster analysis based on wing shape variables using Ward＇s algorithm assigned nine geographical populations into two groups. The pattern of grouping based on fore and hind wings was different in both sexes. Principal component analysis revealed discrimination between geographic populations and confirmed the result of cluster analysis. Among environmental parameters, wind speed showed the highest correlation with wing shape variables. Non significant correlation was observed between geographic and morphological distance matrices as revealed by Mantel test.

Effects of Sunitinib Malate on Growth of Human Bladder Transitional Cell Line T24 In Vitro

Objective To investigate the growth-inhibitory effect of sunitinib malate on human bladder transitional cell carcinoma （TCC） in vitro. Methods Human bladder TCC cell line T24 was cultured and exposed to graded concentrations of sunitinib malate for 72 hours in vitro to determine the sensitivities to drug. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay. Cell apoptotic morphology was observed by fluorescence microscope following DAPl staining. Band expressions of Fas, Fas ligand, poly （ADP-ribose） polyrnerase （PARP） and D-actin were analyzed by Western blot. Wound healing process of T24 cells exposed to sunitinib malate was assayed. Results Sunitinib malate exerted a concentration-dependent and time-dependent inhibitory effect on the T24 cell lines. Fluorescence microscopy showed that small vacuoles appeared in the nuclei of T24 cells and the vacuoles were bigger with higher drug concentrations. The expressions of Fas ligand and PARP in T24 cells treated with sunitinib malate exhibited a concentration-dependent increase. Moreover sunitinib malate suppressed the wound healing process in a concentration-dependent manner. Conclusion Sunitinib malate exerted marked inhibitory activity against bladder cancer cell line T24.

Reduction of Patulin Content in Apple Juice Using Activated Carbone

The mycotoxin, patulin （4-hydroxy-4H-furo [3, 2c] pyran-2 [6H]-one）, is produced by a number of fungi common to fruit and vegetable-based products, most notably apples. Patulin contamination within apple products poses a serious health risk to consumers. Studies done on laboratory animals have demonstrated that patulin has a broad spectrum of toxicity, including mutagen city and carcinogenicity. The aim of the experiment was studying influence of selectively acting activated carbon powder--Ercarbon SH （Erbsloh, Germany） which is special produced for lowering HMF （hydroxy methyl furfural）, on reduction of patulin content in clear apple juice. Industrial apple row material with some damaged parts was pressed, juice was pasteurized at 95 ℃ during 2 min. After cooling on 55 ℃, enzymatic treated and clarified juice were filtered by 0.45 [am pore sizes membrane filter, Apple clear juice sample was divided for five parts. The samples of apple juice were diluted to 11.5° Brix and contacted with concentrations of 2, 2.5, 3 and 3.5 g/L activated carbon powder for 30 min. After filtration in the experimental samples, putulin was quantitatively determined by HPLC （high performance liquid chromatography with UV） detector at 276 nm. The research revealed that the best results were achieved by treatment with activated carbon in its powder form at concentration of 2.5 g/L with 30 min contact time.