This paper proposes and examines four basic organizational modes of production fragmentation＇in manufacturing industries based on three case studies. Our study shows that manufacturing enterprises weigh technology an...This paper proposes and examines four basic organizational modes of production fragmentation＇in manufacturing industries based on three case studies. Our study shows that manufacturing enterprises weigh technology and cost against the intensity of market competition in their choice of mode and the corresponding extent of production fragmentation, in industries where competition is less intense, enterprises prioritize technology concern and are inclined to choose an internally integrated organizational mode, characterized by independent investment in building their own manufacturing plants. In industries where competition is more intense, enterprises prioritize cost concern and are inclined to adopt an outsourcing-based organizational mode, characterized by maximizing the usage of third-party facilities. In sum, more intense competition prompts enterprises to seek efficiency by relying on a broader range of manufacturing locations, suppliers, and partners and, thus, to adopt more open organizational modes. We argue that a deeper understanding of how enterprises select organizational modes, combined with strategic policy aimed at promoting openness in manufacturing industries, will enhance the role of China＇s industries in the global production chain.展开更多
Codling moth Cydiapomonella L. is the most serious pest of apple and pear worldwide and causes damage and decreased yields. To minimize this risk, IPM tools can be applied to reduce the use of chemicals. A cost-effect...Codling moth Cydiapomonella L. is the most serious pest of apple and pear worldwide and causes damage and decreased yields. To minimize this risk, IPM tools can be applied to reduce the use of chemicals. A cost-effective application of IPM depends on the number of insects at the time of application. Several conditions and factors influence the lifecycle and numbers of generations within a year. In order to perform ex-ante evaluations of the cost-effectiveness of IPM measures against pest insects, the generic PREMISE insect model has been developed, which integrates insect＇s population dynamics, the climate and other conditions, applied measures, economics, environment and human health （residues）. This paper describes these components of the PREMISE insect model, and how these components interact to assess the cost-effectiveness of IPM measures and the effects on the environment and human health. Codling moth is used as a case study for this generic model.展开更多
文摘This paper proposes and examines four basic organizational modes of production fragmentation＇in manufacturing industries based on three case studies. Our study shows that manufacturing enterprises weigh technology and cost against the intensity of market competition in their choice of mode and the corresponding extent of production fragmentation, in industries where competition is less intense, enterprises prioritize technology concern and are inclined to choose an internally integrated organizational mode, characterized by independent investment in building their own manufacturing plants. In industries where competition is more intense, enterprises prioritize cost concern and are inclined to adopt an outsourcing-based organizational mode, characterized by maximizing the usage of third-party facilities. In sum, more intense competition prompts enterprises to seek efficiency by relying on a broader range of manufacturing locations, suppliers, and partners and, thus, to adopt more open organizational modes. We argue that a deeper understanding of how enterprises select organizational modes, combined with strategic policy aimed at promoting openness in manufacturing industries, will enhance the role of China＇s industries in the global production chain.
文摘Codling moth Cydiapomonella L. is the most serious pest of apple and pear worldwide and causes damage and decreased yields. To minimize this risk, IPM tools can be applied to reduce the use of chemicals. A cost-effective application of IPM depends on the number of insects at the time of application. Several conditions and factors influence the lifecycle and numbers of generations within a year. In order to perform ex-ante evaluations of the cost-effectiveness of IPM measures against pest insects, the generic PREMISE insect model has been developed, which integrates insect＇s population dynamics, the climate and other conditions, applied measures, economics, environment and human health （residues）. This paper describes these components of the PREMISE insect model, and how these components interact to assess the cost-effectiveness of IPM measures and the effects on the environment and human health. Codling moth is used as a case study for this generic model.
