Laboratory experiments and field observations show that the equilibrium range of wind wave spectra presents a – 4 power law when it is scaled properly. This feature has been attributed to energy balance in spectral s...Laboratory experiments and field observations show that the equilibrium range of wind wave spectra presents a – 4 power law when it is scaled properly. This feature has been attributed to energy balance in spectral space by many researchers. In this paper we point out that white noise on an oscillation system can also lead to a similar inverse power law in the corresponding displacement spectrum, implying that the – 4 power law for the equilibrium range of wind wave spectra may probably only reflect the randomicity of the wind waves rather than any other dynamical processes in physical space. This explanation may shed light on the mechanism of other physical processes with spectra also showing an inverse power law, such as isotropic turbulence, internal waves, etc.展开更多
Internet of Things (IoT) refers to an infrastructure which enables the forms of com- munication and collaboration between people and things, and between things themselves. In order to improve its performance, we pre...Internet of Things (IoT) refers to an infrastructure which enables the forms of com- munication and collaboration between people and things, and between things themselves. In order to improve its performance, we present a tradeoff between bandwidth and energy con- sumption in the loT in this paper. A service providing model is built to find the relation- ship between bandwidth and energy consump- tion using a cooperative differential game mo- del. The game solution is gotten in the condi- tion of grand coalition, feedback Nash equili- brium and intermediate coalitions and an allo- cation policy is obtain by Shapley theory. The results are shown as follows. Firstly, the per- formance of IoT decreases with the increasing of bandwidth cost or with the decreasing of en- ergy cost; secondly, all the nodes in the IoT com- posing a grand coalition can save bandwidth and energy consumption; thirdly, when the fac- tors of bandwidth cost and energy cost are eq- ual, the obtained number of provided services is an optimised value which is the trade-off between energy and bandwidth consumption.展开更多
The equilibrium constant (K0), change in free energy (△G), enthalpy (△H) and entropy (△S) of ammonium adsorption by a Cuban natural zeolite were estimated at the temperatures of 25, 35, 45 and 55℃ using ex...The equilibrium constant (K0), change in free energy (△G), enthalpy (△H) and entropy (△S) of ammonium adsorption by a Cuban natural zeolite were estimated at the temperatures of 25, 35, 45 and 55℃ using extensively used approaches. Equilibrium data were obtained in the concentration range 50-1,200 mg·L-1 of ammonium and used in the estimation of thermodynamic parameters. Freundlich's isotherm model was found as with the best adjustment to equilibrium data at 25, 45 and 55℃, whereas, Redlich-Peterson's model had a better performance at 35 ℃. A discontinuous and unusual behavior was observed on adsorption capacity of the zeolite, with an increase from 25 ℃ to 35 ℃ followed by a decrease from 35℃ to 55 ℃. K0 values presented differences that reached up to 105 from one methodology to other. Depending on the method considered, AS results indicated both increase or decrease in system degree of disorder and △G indicated both physisorption or chemisorption process, proving the poor correlation between the estimation proceedings of such important data. The results from Gaines and Thomas method were recognized as the most correlated to calorimetric studies, as well as to equilibrium data and observations related to system entropy.展开更多
A mathematical model has been developed to describe the agglomeration process in bio-fuel fired fluidized bed combustor. Based on the balance mechanism of the adhesive force caused by liquid bonding between two parti-...A mathematical model has been developed to describe the agglomeration process in bio-fuel fired fluidized bed combustor. Based on the balance mechanism of the adhesive force caused by liquid bonding between two parti- cles and the breaking force induced by bubbles in the fiuidized bed, the model considers modified Urbain model and chemical equilibrium calculations using FactSage modeling. This model prediction accounts for the evolve- ment of the adhesive and breaking forces, and clearly demonstrates that the different composition of ash, the in- creasing liquid phase matter and the fiuidization velocity cause defluidization in fluidized bed. In this model, it is the first time to hypothesize that the bonding stress between two particles is proportional to mass fraction of liq- uid phase and inversely proportional to the diameter of particles and viscosity of liquid phase. The defluidization time calculated by this model shows good agreement with that from the experimental data.展开更多
Let(X, Y) be a balanced pair in an abelian category. We first introduce the notion of cotorsion pairs relative to(X, Y), and then give some equivalent characterizations when a relative cotorsion pair is hereditary or ...Let(X, Y) be a balanced pair in an abelian category. We first introduce the notion of cotorsion pairs relative to(X, Y), and then give some equivalent characterizations when a relative cotorsion pair is hereditary or perfect. We prove that if the X-resolution dimension of Y(resp. Y-coresolution dimension of X)is finite, then the bounded homotopy category of Y(resp. X) is contained in that of X(resp. Y). As a consequence, we get that the right X-singularity category coincides with the left Y-singularity category if the X-resolution dimension of Y and the Y-coresolution dimension of X are finite.展开更多
This paper establishes some suffcient conditions for the lower semicontinuity of the effcient solution mapping for the semi-infinite vector optimization problem with perturbations of both the objective function and th...This paper establishes some suffcient conditions for the lower semicontinuity of the effcient solution mapping for the semi-infinite vector optimization problem with perturbations of both the objective function and the constraint set in normed linear spaces. The constraint set is the set of weakly effcient solutions of vector equilibrium problem, and perturbed by the perturbation of the criterion mapping to the vector equilibrium problem.展开更多
The reaction mechanism and kinetics for the addition of hydroxyl radical (OH) to phenol have been investigated using the hybrid density functional (B3LYP) method with the 6-31++G(2dp, 2dr) basis set and the co...The reaction mechanism and kinetics for the addition of hydroxyl radical (OH) to phenol have been investigated using the hybrid density functional (B3LYP) method with the 6-31++G(2dp, 2dr) basis set and the complete basis set (CBS) method using APNO basis sets, respectively. The equilibrium geometries, energies, and thermodynamics properties of all the stationary points along the addition reaction pathway are calculated. The rate constants and the branching ratios of each channel are evaluated using classical transition state theory (TST) in the temperature range of 210 to 360 K, to simulate temperatures in all parts of the troposphere. The ortho addition pathway is dominant and accounts for 99.8%-96.7% of the overall adduct products from 210 to 360 K. The calculated rate constants are in good agreement with existing experimental values. The addition reaction is irreversible.展开更多
基金This study was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40406008)the Foundation for 0pen Projects of the Key Lab of Physical 0ceanography, the Ministry of Education, China (Grant No. 200309).
文摘Laboratory experiments and field observations show that the equilibrium range of wind wave spectra presents a – 4 power law when it is scaled properly. This feature has been attributed to energy balance in spectral space by many researchers. In this paper we point out that white noise on an oscillation system can also lead to a similar inverse power law in the corresponding displacement spectrum, implying that the – 4 power law for the equilibrium range of wind wave spectra may probably only reflect the randomicity of the wind waves rather than any other dynamical processes in physical space. This explanation may shed light on the mechanism of other physical processes with spectra also showing an inverse power law, such as isotropic turbulence, internal waves, etc.
基金ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We gratefully acknowledge anonymous revie- wers who read drafts and made many helpful suggestions. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 61202079 the China Post- doctoral Science Foundation under Grant No. 2013M530526+2 种基金 the Foundation of Beijing En- gineering the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant No. FRF-TP-13-015A and the Technology Centre for Convergence Networks and Ubiquitous Services.
文摘Internet of Things (IoT) refers to an infrastructure which enables the forms of com- munication and collaboration between people and things, and between things themselves. In order to improve its performance, we present a tradeoff between bandwidth and energy con- sumption in the loT in this paper. A service providing model is built to find the relation- ship between bandwidth and energy consump- tion using a cooperative differential game mo- del. The game solution is gotten in the condi- tion of grand coalition, feedback Nash equili- brium and intermediate coalitions and an allo- cation policy is obtain by Shapley theory. The results are shown as follows. Firstly, the per- formance of IoT decreases with the increasing of bandwidth cost or with the decreasing of en- ergy cost; secondly, all the nodes in the IoT com- posing a grand coalition can save bandwidth and energy consumption; thirdly, when the fac- tors of bandwidth cost and energy cost are eq- ual, the obtained number of provided services is an optimised value which is the trade-off between energy and bandwidth consumption.
文摘The equilibrium constant (K0), change in free energy (△G), enthalpy (△H) and entropy (△S) of ammonium adsorption by a Cuban natural zeolite were estimated at the temperatures of 25, 35, 45 and 55℃ using extensively used approaches. Equilibrium data were obtained in the concentration range 50-1,200 mg·L-1 of ammonium and used in the estimation of thermodynamic parameters. Freundlich's isotherm model was found as with the best adjustment to equilibrium data at 25, 45 and 55℃, whereas, Redlich-Peterson's model had a better performance at 35 ℃. A discontinuous and unusual behavior was observed on adsorption capacity of the zeolite, with an increase from 25 ℃ to 35 ℃ followed by a decrease from 35℃ to 55 ℃. K0 values presented differences that reached up to 105 from one methodology to other. Depending on the method considered, AS results indicated both increase or decrease in system degree of disorder and △G indicated both physisorption or chemisorption process, proving the poor correlation between the estimation proceedings of such important data. The results from Gaines and Thomas method were recognized as the most correlated to calorimetric studies, as well as to equilibrium data and observations related to system entropy.
基金the support of National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project Code:50706055)
文摘A mathematical model has been developed to describe the agglomeration process in bio-fuel fired fluidized bed combustor. Based on the balance mechanism of the adhesive force caused by liquid bonding between two parti- cles and the breaking force induced by bubbles in the fiuidized bed, the model considers modified Urbain model and chemical equilibrium calculations using FactSage modeling. This model prediction accounts for the evolve- ment of the adhesive and breaking forces, and clearly demonstrates that the different composition of ash, the in- creasing liquid phase matter and the fiuidization velocity cause defluidization in fluidized bed. In this model, it is the first time to hypothesize that the bonding stress between two particles is proportional to mass fraction of liq- uid phase and inversely proportional to the diameter of particles and viscosity of liquid phase. The defluidization time calculated by this model shows good agreement with that from the experimental data.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11171142)
文摘Let(X, Y) be a balanced pair in an abelian category. We first introduce the notion of cotorsion pairs relative to(X, Y), and then give some equivalent characterizations when a relative cotorsion pair is hereditary or perfect. We prove that if the X-resolution dimension of Y(resp. Y-coresolution dimension of X)is finite, then the bounded homotopy category of Y(resp. X) is contained in that of X(resp. Y). As a consequence, we get that the right X-singularity category coincides with the left Y-singularity category if the X-resolution dimension of Y and the Y-coresolution dimension of X are finite.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.1106102311201216and 11471291
文摘This paper establishes some suffcient conditions for the lower semicontinuity of the effcient solution mapping for the semi-infinite vector optimization problem with perturbations of both the objective function and the constraint set in normed linear spaces. The constraint set is the set of weakly effcient solutions of vector equilibrium problem, and perturbed by the perturbation of the criterion mapping to the vector equilibrium problem.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (20977064)
文摘The reaction mechanism and kinetics for the addition of hydroxyl radical (OH) to phenol have been investigated using the hybrid density functional (B3LYP) method with the 6-31++G(2dp, 2dr) basis set and the complete basis set (CBS) method using APNO basis sets, respectively. The equilibrium geometries, energies, and thermodynamics properties of all the stationary points along the addition reaction pathway are calculated. The rate constants and the branching ratios of each channel are evaluated using classical transition state theory (TST) in the temperature range of 210 to 360 K, to simulate temperatures in all parts of the troposphere. The ortho addition pathway is dominant and accounts for 99.8%-96.7% of the overall adduct products from 210 to 360 K. The calculated rate constants are in good agreement with existing experimental values. The addition reaction is irreversible.