中微量元素肥料不同用量对超级稻品种倒伏及产量的影响

为了明确中微量元素肥料(主要成份Ca O、MgO、SiO_2和ZnO含量分别为20%、12%、10%和3%)不同用量对超级稻抗倒伏能力和产量形成的影响,于2014年早、晚季以超级稻品种天优3618为材料,设置4个用量水平(F0,对照,全生育期不施用,F1、F2和F3用量分别为25 kg/667 m^2、50 kg/667 m^2和75 kg/667 m^2)进行大田试验,研究中微量元素肥料施用对水稻的茎秆抗折力、形态结构和产量形成的影响。结果表明,中微量元素肥料的施用显著降低了早晚稻的倒伏指数和重心高度,与对照相比,F1和F2处理分别使水稻的倒伏指数和重心高度下降10.50%、8.37%和2.56%、2.22%;显著提高了水稻的单株和单茎抗折力、节间抗折力、节间的鲜质量百分比和茎壁厚度,分别较对照平均提高10.78%、13.49%、12.33%、11.93%和4.81%;同时基部不同节间对中微量元素肥料的响应存在差异,其中第2节间倒伏指数的下降幅度较第3节间多5.51个百分点,而第2节间的鲜质量百分比、鲜质量/干质量、茎壁厚度和粗度则分别多增加3.55个、2.41个、0.98个和0.19个百分点;中微量元素肥料的施用也有利于水稻产量的形成,但除成穗率和抽穗期绿叶面积外,其他指标各处理与对照的差异并未达显著水平。上述结果表明,中微量元素肥料能提高水稻的抗倒伏能力,有利于水稻产量的形成,其适宜用量为25~50 kg/667 m^2。

小麦玉米周年生产中耕作对夏玉米产量及抗倒伏能力的影响

针对黄淮海平原冬小麦夏玉米周年生产的特点,将冬小麦夏玉米播前耕作统筹结合,以期为冬小麦夏玉米周年生产体系耕作方式的改良提供依据。以郑单958为试验材料,设冬小麦播前旋耕夏玉米播前免耕(RN)、冬小麦播前翻耕夏玉米播前免耕(MN)、冬小麦播前翻耕夏玉米播前旋耕(MR)3个处理,探讨冬小麦夏玉米周年生产条件下不同耕作方式对夏玉米抗倒伏能力及产量的影响。2年研究结果表明,MR处理夏玉米的株高、穗位高增加,MN与MR处理的地上第3茎节变粗,MN处理的地上第3节间茎粗系数最大。MR与MN处理间抽雄期的基部茎节穿刺强度无显著差异,但较RN均显著增强,茎秆皮层厚度和维管束密度及维管束鞘面积较RN也显著增大,茎秆伤流速率较RN分别提高60.60%和46.70%,茎秆质量显著提高。此外,MN与MR的根重和根冠比较RN显著提高,地上节根根条数与干重也显著提高。MN与MR较RN处理分别增产26.33%与39.21%。冬小麦播前翻耕可显著提高夏玉米产量及抗倒伏能力。

Stem Morphological Structure of Super Hybrid Rice and Its Relationship with Lodging Resistance

The stem morphology and anatomical structure of rice, as well as their relationship with lodging resistance, were studied with six super hybrid rice varieties as the tested materials. The results showed that the rice varieties with stronger lodging resistance were characterized by shorter basal elongated internodes and thicker stem base. The lodging index of hybrid rice was positively correlated with the lengths of the first, second and third basal elongated internodes （P〈0.01） and was negatively correlated with the thickness of basal stem wall and the number and area of small vascular bundles, the area of large vascular bundles and the total area of vascular bundles of the second basal elongated internode （P〈0.05）. The correlations between lodging index and plant height, maximum culm diameter of stem base and minimum culm diameter of stem base were not significant. It indi- cates that the lodging resistance of super hybrid rice can be improved by shorten- ing the length of basal elongated internodes, thickening the wall of stem base and increasing the number and area of vascular bundles of basal elongated internodes.