明代广东茶产历史地理研究之一

广东茶业经过唐宋两代的缓慢发展期,至明代,随着北人不断南下开发岭南,岭南的茶产经营进一步扩大,如果明以前文献中有关广东茶叶的种植、贡茶、品质、饮茶、诗赋等的相关记载还不甚多,那么有明一代关于广东茶业的文献记载则成几倍的增加,这有助于我们更好了解明代广东茶产分布和名茶文化。

明代广东茶产历史地理研究之二——惠州府部 潮州府部 琼州府部 廉州府部

经过唐宋两代广东茶业的缓慢发展期,至明代,随着北人不断南下开发岭南,岭南的茶产经营进一步扩大,如果明以前文献中有关广东茶叶的种植、贡茶、品质、饮茶、诗赋等的相关记载还不甚多,那么有明一代关于广东茶的文献记载则成几倍的增加,这有助于我们更好地了解明代广东茶产分布,同时通过文献可以了解明代广东名茶的分布和名茶文化。

基于体验经济茶产文化旅游资源开发

中国是传统茶产文化的故乡,而茶产文化在历史记载上已经有四千多年了。茶叶在慢慢普及中已经在世界上流行了,它是三大无酒精饮料的组成部分,随之茶产文化也被传播到全世界各个国家。基于体验经济这一背景下,消费者也越来越注重感官、生理、心理上的体验满意度。本文是以茶产文化为一个载体,从体验经济出发,将茶产文化与旅游资源相结合,为我国的旅游消费者提供不一样的体验,相信这会成为发展的一种趋势。

中印茶产业经济合作前景分析

中国与印度同为世界茶叶生产大国,同属发展中国家,综观两国茶叶,茶产业已经成为两国一项富民产业。随着茶叶市场全球化一体化的发展,两国在茶叶种植管理、茶叶生产加工,茶叶推广销售等方面都面临十分相似的问题。现在,借中印两国云南省和西孟加拉经济合作的机遇,可进一步推动两省邦在茶叶方面的合作,全方位推动两省邦经济的蓬勃发展。

贵州虫茶资源及其利用的现状调查

为给贵州虫茶资源的开发利用提供依据,采用走访调查和室内饲养鉴定相结合的方法对贵州产虫茶昆虫种类及分布、生产虫茶的寄主植物、虫茶品种以及虫茶资源利用情况进行研究。结果表明:贵州产虫茶昆虫为鳞翅目螟蛾科米缟螟、紫斑谷螟、灰直纹螟、黄环纹丛螟和织蛾科米仓织蛾等5种。其中,米仓织蛾为新发现的产虫茶昆虫种类。寄主植物为豹皮樟、红果黄肉楠、化香树和三叶海棠等4种。贵州虫茶品种主要有米缟螟豹皮樟虫茶、米缟螟红果黄肉楠虫茶、紫斑谷螟豹皮樟虫茶、紫斑谷螟红果黄肉楠虫茶、米仓织蛾豹皮樟虫茶、灰直纹螟化香虫茶、灰直纹螟三叶海棠虫茶和黄环纹丛螟化香虫茶等8种。黔北地区工厂化生产虫茶的昆虫主要是米缟螟和紫斑谷螟,寄主植物是豹皮樟和红果黄肉楠;黔东南地区生产虫茶的昆虫主要是灰直纹螟和黄环纹丛螟,寄主植物是化香树和三叶海棠。

Study on Rational Fertilization Scheme for Mulberry(Morus alba Linn) Used for Tea

[Objective] This study was conducted to investigate effects of application amounts of N, P and K and their ratio on tea quality components in mulberry leaves. [Method] Effects of sole application and combined application of N, P and K on the yield and tea quality components of spring mulberry leaves were studied by 3-factor 3-level experiment, based on previous experiments. [Result] Combined ap- plication of 3 of N, P and K was better than sole application and combined appli- cation of 2 from them. Insufficient or excessive fertilization both significantly reduced yield of mulberry leaves and contents of tea quality components, such as 1-de- oxynojimycin （DNJ）, flavonoids, tea polyphenols and amino acids. With the yield of spring mulberry leaves as a target, it is advised to apply N, P and K at rates of 240, 150 and 60 kg/hm^2 , respectively. [Conclusion] This study provides reference and theoretical basis for the establishment of raw material base of high-quality mul- berry tea.

Effect of Apple-tea Intercrop on the Growth and Yield of Tea Shoot

[Objective] The aim was to study the effect of apple-tea intercrop on the growth and yield of tea shoot.[Method] Comparing tea leaves in apple-tea intercrop garden with neighboring tea leaves,the change of tea growth and fresh leaves yield in annual growth cycle was observed.[Result] There was obvious difference of tea shoot growth in intercropping and control group in various seasons.In spring,summer and autumn,intercropping tea had lower canopy temperature and higher canopy humidity compared with control tea,while there was no obvious difference of canopy temperature and humidity in intercropping and control tea in winter;the respiratory intensity of intercropping tea was very significantly lower than that of control tea,and its net photosynthetic intensity was very significantly higher than that of control tea,while there was no obvious change law in photosynthetic rate;the effect of intercrop on budding density of tea shoot wasn＇t obvious,but it promoted early germination of tea bud,increased leaf weight and improved fresh leaf yield.[Conclusion] Our study could provide theoretical foundation for the rational allocation of intercrop in compound ecological tea garden and the production of non-polluted tea.

A Preliminary Investigation of Low Yield Reason of Camellia oleifera in Dehong Prefecture

[Objective] The paper was to preliminarily investigate the low yield reason of Camellia oleifera caused by fruit and flower dropping in Dehong prefecture. [Method]Pollen viability of C. oleifera was determined using I-KI and TTC （2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride） method, the germination rate of pollen was determined by in vitro culture method, the pollen tube growth was observed by the fluorescent microscope through aniline blue dyeing, and the effects of different pollination methods on fruit setting rate of C. oleifera was analyzed. [Results] The pollen viability and the quantity of pollen tube of C. oleifera with good fruiting were significantly higher than the plants with poor fruiting, but their pollen germination rate had no significant differences; cross pollination was conducive to fruiting setting of C. oleifera. [Conclusion] The growth and development condition of C. oleifera pollen had important effect on the yield of C. oleifera in Dehong prefecture.

情系中小企业 实现银企双赢

近年来,英山县农村合作银行注重把自身业务发展与县域经济发展紧密结合起来,适时推出了一系列大众化和个性化的服务产品和支农支小举措,在解决中小企业贷款难、涉农企业担保难等方面进行了积极探索和有益尝试。截至2015年3月30日,英山农合行各项存款余额59.8亿元,贷款余额27.

Research on Geographical Indications and Cultural Heritage of Famous Tea in Hubei

In the study, analysis was made on present situation and development measures of geographical indications and cultural heritage protection of famous teas in Hubei Province. In addition, 8 related suggestions were proposed as well.

Rapid determination of production date for green tea by near-infrared spectroscopy

Coupled with partial least squares(PLS),near infrared(NIR)spectroscopy was applied to develop a fast and nondestructive method to identify the production date of Rizhao green tea aiming at the deficiencies of the existing methods.In the modeling process,the raw spectra were first processed by five-point smoothing and first derivative.And then,moving window back propagation artificial neural network(MW-BP-ANN)was applied to select the characteristic spectral variables.After that,the calibration model was built by PLS,and the optimum model was achieved when 9 principal component scores(PCs)were included.The performances of the calibration models were evaluated according to root mean square error of predictionεRMSEP,correlation coefficient(C p)and residual prediction deviation(σRPD).The optimum results of the calibration model was achieved,andεRMSEP=19.965,C p=0.943 andσRPD=3.07.The overall results sufficiently demonstrate that NIR spectroscopy combined with PLS can be efficiently applied in the rapid identification of green tea production date.

New Process for Extracting Oil and Starch from Tea Seeds

A new process for extracting oil and starch from tea seed was introduced. The new process included one special link compared with all of the processes used now for tea seed oil and starch production. The link was static fermentation by which oil bodies and starch were separated naturally from tea seeds. By the process, tea seed oil and starch which were in conformity with government standards about edible oil and starch were successfully produced with 16% and 8% of production rate, respectively. The new process has many advantages, such as more simple equipments, lower production cost and whole natural products, etc..

Survey on Early-bearing High-yielding Model Plantation of Camellia oleifera

[Objective] This study was conducted to screen the best variety and optimum planting density for constructing early-bearing high-yielding model plantation of Camellia oleifera. [Methed] This survey was carried out in two demonstration bases, one for investigating the relationship between different cultivated varieties with growth and production, the other for investigating the relationship between different planting densities with growth and production. [Result] For different cultivated varieties, Cenruan 2 showed tree height, ground diameter and crown product significantly higher than other two varieties, besides, the per unit area fruit yield of Cenruan 2 was also significantly higher than other two varieties. From flower bud differentiation,the best variety was Changlin 4, which showed number of differentiated flower buds significantly higher than Changlin 27, but there were no significant differences between Cenruan 2 with Changlin 4 and Changlin 27. For different planting densities, plant height and crown product at planting density of 1.5 m×2 m were significantly higher than those of other two planting densities, but from ground diam- eter, the best planting density was 1.5 m×1.0 m, with a ground diameter significantly higher than other two planting densities. From per unit area fruit yield, the best planting density was 1.5 m×2.0 m, under which early plant growth and fruit production were better. Therefore, the best planting density is 2.0 m ×3.0 m when constructing early-bearing high-yielding model plantations. For variety Cenruan 3, it＇s fruit production is high in the early pedod, and the best planting density is 1.5 m× 2.0 m or 1.0 m×1.5 m when constructing early-bearing high-yielding model plantations, and after 4-6 years when it put into production, the plants could be transplanted.

Discussion on the Sustainable Development of Pu'er Tea

The current situation of Pu'er tea in Yunnan was analyzed.The analysis result showed that the production output of Yunnan tea and the tea plantation area increased greatly when compared with the whole country,but the increase of Pu'er tea inclined to be stable.The restraining factors of Pu'er tea development were explored,and the corresponding countermeasures were put forward.It provided the basis for the sustainable development of Yunnan Pu'er tea.

Extraction of Theanine from Waste Liquid of Tea Polyphenol Production in Aqueous Two-phase Systems with Cationic and Anionic Surfactants

Extraction of theanine from waste liquid of tea polyphenol production was studied in aqueous surfactanttwo-phase system （ASTP） with cationic surfactant （CTAB） and anionic surfactant （SDS）. Results indicate that the region of ASTP is narrow and there is only a two-phase region of cationic surfactant. The increase in concentrations of NaBr and Na2SO4 are beneficial to the formation of ASTP. Theanine concentration in the bottom phase increases with increasing concentration of theanine, whereas the Partition coefficient and extraction rate only change a littlewhen the concentration of theanine is above 0.2 g.L-＇. With the increase of SDS concentration, the phase ratio and the partition coefficient decrease, while the extraction efficiency of theanine increases and the concentration of theanine changes a little in the range from 2.4/7.5 to 2.8/7.2 for SDS/CTAB ratio. The temperature has a notable ef- fect on the concentration of theanine in the bottom phase, partition coefficient and extraction rate of theanine. The increase of waste liquid decreases the phase ratio, increases the concentration and extraction rate of theanine in the bottom ohase, since the orotein and the saccharide enter the bottom nhase with theanine.

Effect of Enriched Cattle Manure on Soil Nutrient Status, Nitrogen Uptake and Yield of Tea （Camellia sinensis）

Inorganic fertilizer NPK （nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium） （S） 25：5：5：5 is generally recommended for optimum yield and quality of tea （Camellia sinensis）. Non-judicious use of this inorganic fertilizer however acidifies the soils and pollutes the environment. Integrated soil fertility management （ISFM） which involves the combined use of organic and inorganic fertilizer is recommended for improved crop yield and soil health. An experiment was carried out to determine the effect of enriching cattle manure with different ratios of inorganic fertilizers （OM： NPKS at ratios 1：2 and 1：4）, and rates on soil nutrient status, nitrogen uptake and yield of tea in the east of Rift Valley, Kenya. Enriching manures and organic manure up to a rate of 150 kg N/ha increased the level of P mature leaf. A higher N and K level in the mature leaf was observed when NPKS was applied at higher rates. In the soil, fertilizer rate up to 150 kg N/ha showed higher pH and K where organic manure and enriched manures were applied while NPKS treatment showed higher P content throughout the soil depths. Enriching organic manures with inorganic fertilizers increased yield significantly.

Screening Germplasm Resources of Tea Plant with Less Bitterness and Astringency Index

The aim of this study was to identify tea varieties with less bitterness and astringency index that could be used as important sources for breeding and in the production of high quality tea. We studied 36 cultivars or lines which had been preserved in Tea Germplasm Garden of Fujian. The contents of catechins in spring tea shoots, summer tea shoots and autumn tea shoots in 36 varieties and lines were analyzed by HPLC. Analysis of these tea varieties and lines revealed that the catechins contained in the tea shoots in different seasons are highly variable. The content of ester-catechins in spring and summer tea shoots was higher than that of autumn, while non-ester-catechins did not showed the same characteristic. The content of EGCG showed an extremely significant positive correlation with T1 （T1 = EGC ＋ EGCG ＋ GCG ＋ EGC）, an extremely significant negative correlation with DL-C, the content of EGC showed the same characteristic. Among them, 10 cultivars with less bitterness and astringency index （the annual average bitterness and astringency index 〈 8.0） were considered good candidates as important breeding materials tbr tea infusion quality improvement.

The biodiversity problem in tea-production:the case of Fujian Province,China

Biodiversity is on important concept in ecology,ogriculture and also economics.This paper examines the biodiversity problem in tea-production of Fujian province,China,and tries to improve the biodiversity in Fujian tea industry by illustrating the problem and arousing the public concern about it ,which is the main contribution and the purpose of the problem in detail at first.In the next section it analyzes some factors which contribute to the problem,mainly including natural and historical reasons,economic reasons,institutional reasons and technological reasons.Then this paper tries to propose Some suggestions to solve or alleviate the biodiversity problem in Fujian tea-production from the point of government,academic field and the producers,as it needs the joint efforts of all those participants.Econometric analyses will be made when necessary with SPSS 11.0.

Effect of Inorganic and Organic Based Fertilizers on Growth Performance of Tea and Cost Implications in Kusuku, Nigeria

A plot of 24 m × 10 m under fallow management after several years of cultivation to maize （Zea mays） was planted to tea （Camellia sinensis） cuttings at 1.0 m ×0.6 m and treated with or without fertilizer. The tea cuttings were applied NPK 25：5：5 （reference fertilizer）, cocoa husk, cow-dung, tea fluff and poultry droppings as manures, mixtures of the manures with urea in 3：1 ratio of N contents as organomineral and the control （no fertilizer）, monitored for growth performance for two years at Kusuku （6°50＇N; 11 °07＇E）, Nigeria. The organic based fertilizers generally outperformed NPK 25：5：5 and control in all the growth parameters. Organominerals resulted in an overall higher plant height, girth, number of leaves and branches compared to the manures in the first year of establishment, while the values were higher for manure treated plants in the second year. This trend was attributed to quicker release of nutrient by the organominerals in the first year, while the manures had undergone adequate decomposition for sufficient nutrient release to the advantage of the tea plants in the second year. However, comparative cost analysis showed that organominerals were more economical to achieve optimum tea production at minimum cost in the locality.