中小叶种茶酯型儿茶素含量测定及亚细胞定位

为了明确酯型儿茶素在中小叶种茶叶中的亚细胞空间定位,以十里香、桂绿1号、浙农113、福鼎大白茶、浙农139共5种中小叶种茶样为试验材料,采用高效液相色谱法对5种茶样中的酯型儿茶素含量进行检测,采用中性红染色法对茶样细胞中液泡进行定位,通过免疫组织化学法对茶样中酯型儿茶素进行亚细胞定位。结果表明,5种中小叶种茶均含有不同含量的酯型儿茶素,其中含量最高的为十里香茶;在中性红染色情况下,十里香茶样中液泡呈圆形或椭圆形;免疫组织化学法染色情况下,5种中小叶种茶酯型儿茶素在亚细胞水平上均定位于液泡中。

富硒茶叶中硒的溶出特征

采用纯水浸泡方法研究了富硒茶叶中硒的可浸出特征,电热板消解-ICP-MS对不同浸泡温度及浸泡时间下富硒茶(大叶种绿茶、大叶种黄茶和小叶种绿茶)中硒的溶出特性进行了研究.结果表明,大叶种绿茶、大叶种黄茶和小叶种绿茶中硒的溶出率分别为:13.26%、17.90%和17.10%,溶出率较低,严重制约着硒从茶产品到人体的传递效率;富硒茶叶中硒的溶出率随溶出时间的增加和浸泡温度的提升而增加,在0~30 min内,溶出率随着时间增长持续上升,上升速度最快的阶段为0~5 min,其后逐渐趋缓,当浸提时间超过60 min后,浸出接近平衡状态;对大叶种茶而言,溶出温度相较于溶出时间的影响更显著,小叶种茶则与之相反;当浸泡温度高于25℃时,在120 min内,富硒小叶种茶叶中硒的溶出率随溶出时间呈对数形式增加,相关性和拟合度优于大叶种茶叶.

超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱法定量分析云南大叶种茶酚类成分

基于超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱联用技术,建立和验证一种高灵敏度、高特异性和高通量的靶向定量分析方法,其具有良好的线性、准确性和稳定性。该方法成功应用于4类云南大叶种茶叶中90个酚类成分的准确同时定量分析。结果表明,绝大部分酚类成分在未发酵茶(绿茶或普洱生茶)中含量较高,但游离酚酸、黄酮苷元和茶黄素在发酵茶(红茶或普洱熟茶)中的含量更高。偏最小二乘判别分析进一步揭示了不同类型茶叶的酚类成分差异,并筛选到系列化学标志物。

茶树大叶种和中小叶种长穗扦插试验比较

通过茶树大叶种和中小叶种长穗扦插试验对比,测定插穗生根时间、发根数量、根条长度、根系净重和成活率等指标,结果得出长穗扦插方法适用于易生根的中小叶茶树品种。

不同极性溶剂对茶叶中矿质元素的提取

以正己烷、三氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯、丙酮、甲醇和水为提取剂,采用索氏提取方法(续加热回流-虹吸)对云南大叶种茶叶中的Al、As、B、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Sb、Zn和Ge进行连续提取,并分别将正己烷+三氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯+丙酮、甲醇+水所提取的矿质元素赋存形态分别定义为小极性态、中等极性态和强极性态,而未提取出的部分则定义为残渣态.结果表明,茶叶中正己烷、三氯甲烷和丙酮的浸出物质量分数较低(分别为2.29%、2.52%和3.14%),乙酸乙酯的浸出物质量分数达11.65%,而大极性溶剂的浸出物质量分数则高达20%以上,浸出物的含量随提取剂极性的增强而逐渐增大.各元素的总提取率由高到低的排序为:Pb>Zn>Cr>Ni>Cd>B≈As>Sb>Cu>Al>Ge>Mn.比较而言,Zn的提取率受提取剂极性的影响较小,大极性提取剂对Cr、Ni、Cd、B、A、Sb、Cu、Al、Ge和Mn的提取率远高于小极性提取剂,而Pb在小极性和中等极性浸提剂中的浸出率则远高于大极性浸提剂.形态分布研究结果表明,各矿质元素小极性态的分布比例由高到低的排序为:Pb>As>Zn>Cr>Cd>Sb>Cu>Ni>Ge>B>Al>Mn.比较而言,B和Cr的强极性态分布比率较高(分别为54.26%和53.98%),而Mn和Ge的残渣态分布比例则较高(分别为90.98%和80.76%).需要指出的是,尽管Ge的残渣态含量较高,但其各形态在茶叶中均有一定的分布比率,鉴于有机锗具有较高的活性,有必要对茶叶中Ge的赋存形态进行深入研究.

A GIS-based Study on Suitability Estimation of Tea Cultivation in Qimen County

On the basis of data from Soil Test and Formula Fertilization project in Qimen county,we employed Geographic Information System Software ArcGIS 9.2 and CLRMIS（Cultivated Land Resource Management Information System at County Scale） to establish region-specific estimation index system for tea cultivation in Qimen County by determining the estimation units,and carried out quantitative estimation analysis on tea cultivation there via comprehensive evaluation indices for natural elements of cultivated land.The results showed that the highly suitable,suitable,reluctantly suitable and unsuitable acreages are 5 665.8,8 327.1,8 415.9 and 11 979.9 hm2 respectively,accounting for 24.0%,35.3%,35.7% and 5.1% of the total acreage of cultivated land.These results would facilitate the production of high yield and quality tea in Qimen County.

Mineral Elements in Different Varieties of Camellia sinensis

To understand the mineral elements in different varieties of tea （ Camellia sinensis）, 17 mineral elements in eight tea varieties including Yunnan Dayezhong, No. 43 Longjing and No. 6 Zaobaijian, were measured. The results showed that nine elements, such as P, K, Ba, Mn, Cu, were significantly different among varieties, others did not. Black tea varieties usually contain high contents of Cu and K. As a conclusion, mineral elements should be extensively considered in breeding tea varieties.

Distribution of Aluminum and Fluoride in Tea Plant and Soil of Tea Garden in Central and Southwest China

The distribution of Al and F contents and the relationship between Al and F in tea plants and soils of 12 tea gardens in Central and Southwest China were investigated from October 31 to November 14, 2006. The results show that there were differences in pH, CEC, the contents of organic matter （OM）, Al and F in the different soils of the tea gardens. The Al content ranged from 1196 to 7976mg/kg for old leaf, 370 to 2681mg/kg for young leaf and 285 to 525mg/kg for stem, whereas the content of F ranged from 221 to 1504mg/kg for old leaf, 49 to 602mg/kg for young leaf and 13.5 to 77.5mg/kg for stem. The concentrations of labile Al varied obviously in the different soils, but the distribution law of labile Al content for the same garden was Alexchangeable≈AlFe.Mn oxide〉Alorganic〉mlwater.soluble. The contents of different labile F fractions varied slightly in the different soils and the different soil layers, though the exchangeable F content was lowest among the labile F in the soils. The concentrations of Al and F in tea plants increased with increasing amount of water-soluble Al or F, especially the amount of water-soluble fractions in the soil layer of 0-20cm. The correlation between Al content and F content in the tea leaf was more significant than that in the tea stem. Furthermore, the correlation between Al content and F content in whole tea plant was strongly significant （r=0.8763, p〈0.01, n=36）. There were evident tendency that Al concentration increased with the increase of F concentration in different soil layers. The correlation of water-soluble Al with water-soluble F in all soils was also strongly significant （r=0.7029, p〈0.01, n=34）. The results may provide a proof that Al and F are jointly taken up by tea plants to some extent in natural tea gardens.

Tea-Grown Soils and Tea Quality in Sichuan and Chongqing, China

Made teas and typical tea-grown soils in Sichuan and Chongqing were collected to investigate soil nutrients, related soil properties and tea quality. The tea-grown soils in Sichuan and Chongqing are distributed mainly in mountainous areas. The high annual precipitation (over 1100 mm), precipitous soil slopes, low cohesion among soil particles and high soil porosity suggested that intensive erosion and leaching might occur in these soils. Moreover, they were very acidic and poor in mineral nutrients such as N, P, K, Ca and Mg except S. The average content of total S was 20.40 g kg-1, much higher than that of organic matter in these soils, revealing that S in the tea-grown soils existed mainly in inorganic forms and very little in organic forms. Water-extractable S accounted for only a small amount of total S, which showed that most parts of sulfur in these soils were insoluble in W8ter. K and S varied greatly in made teas. The concentrations of N and P, however, varied little in these teas even though they differentiated significantly in the tea-grown soils. The high concentration of nitrogen in made teas could result in the high free amino acids and low polyphenol of teas. Significantly positive correlation was established between potassium and polyphenol in made teas. Teas with high ratio of phenol to free amino acids were usually good in taste and appearance.

Relationship between High-quality Tea and the Geological Background in Qionglai Mountains

[Objective] Many strata emerge in the high-quality tea producing area in Qionglai Mountains,which belongs to Mesozoic Cretaceous(K),Mingshan Fm(E1-2mn)and Dayi conglomerate Team(N)of Cenozoic Tertiary System as well as Quaternary System(Q).Analysis on the migrating features of soil heavy metal from each stratum to tea leaves showed that the enrichment ability of elements was Cu>Cd>Zn>Ni>Hg>As>Cr>Pb.By comparing the soil background values with the soil base values of Sichuan hilly area and Chengdu economic region,it could be concluded that Cd,Hg,Mo,Pb and Se were enriched,and other metal elements existed at a level close to that of the comparing areas.The pH was a little acidic,and high quality tea cultivation could be developed here at present.With the increase of human activities,the environment of study area tends to deteriorate.Therefore,land planning and use should be reasonable.The government should control the environment nearby and prevent pollution.

Influence of Location of Production, Season and Genotype on Caffeine and Flavan-3-ols in Young Green Tea （Camellia sinensis） Leaves in Kenya

Although tea is grown in agro-ecological regions widely varying in environmental factors affecting yield and quality, planters usually import genetic materials across the different growing regions assuming genotypes with good quality attributes in one location maintain their status in all regions. However, tea quality has not been replicated in new production regions. Black tea quality is influenced by the green leaf quality precursors including caffeine, total polyphenols and individual flavan-3-ols which are precursors of theaflavins and thearubigins, key plain black tea quality parameters. Factors influencing levels of the precursors compounds have not been quantified for popular Kenyan tea cultivars. The influence of geographical production location and seasons on levels and ratios of the quality precursors for 10 black tea popular clones grown in three locations in Kenya under uniform agronomic inputs were monitored. Caffeine varied significantly （P _〈 0.05） with clones and location but not with season. The flavan-3-ols and their ratios all varied （P 〈 0.05） with clones and site but not with season, with significant interactions （P 〈 0.05） between locations and clones, and locations and seasons. These results explain the observed variations in plain black tea quality due to clones and location of production. Thus, farmers in different locations are unlikely to produce black tea of same quality. It is therefore necessary to evaluate new tea genotypes in intended growing areas to establish cultivars suitable for producing high quality plain black teas in the locations. Seasonal variations in plain black tea in Kenya are unlikely to vary significantly due to flavan-3-ols.

Some Biogeochemical Characteristics of Tea Soils

Characteristics of the element abundance, material cycling, element budget in tea soils were discussed based on investigations of six tea plantations and the adjacent waste lands in the Three Gorges region.The plantations have different soil-forming parent materials, but similar landforms, and the same tea variety and close ages. The results showed that tea growing could increased the contents of organic matter,total and available N, P, Al and Mn; the elements enriched by tea trees were in the following descending Sequence: P > Ca> K > Mn > Mg > Zn > Al > Fe; elements returned through litter of tea were in the sequence of Ca> Mn > P > Zn > Mg > K > Al > Fe; in the nutrient budget of the soil-tea system, P and K were in deficit,whereas Al, Ca, Fe and Mn in surplus.

Discussion on the Sustainable Development of Pu'er Tea

The current situation of Pu'er tea in Yunnan was analyzed.The analysis result showed that the production output of Yunnan tea and the tea plantation area increased greatly when compared with the whole country,but the increase of Pu'er tea inclined to be stable.The restraining factors of Pu'er tea development were explored,and the corresponding countermeasures were put forward.It provided the basis for the sustainable development of Yunnan Pu'er tea.

A Review on the Identification Indicators of Tea Germplasm

Tea plant is cross pollinated plant, it forms a variety of the tea Germplasm constantly in the long-term breeding process. Tea Germplasm resources are the material foundation for improving varieties and also the basic research which is good for developing and expanding tea well-bred varieties in tea field, especially in quality selection and biotechnology research. Furthermore, excellent tea germplasm is primary condition for tea breeding and quality. Therefore, identification and screening excellent tea germplasm become particularly important. We need accelerate develop high-quality tea varieties, and it need to base on exploring and studying tea germplasm. This paper reviews the research progress of tea germplasm on identification from morphological characteristic, biological characteristic, quality characteristic, resistance and heredity. However, there are still some problems on identification and screening of tea germplasm, no effective methods have been found so far which apply on early identification and genetic engineering, so we should make intensive and long lasting study tea germplasm and analyze systematically various identification, which are benefit for breeding high-quality seeds, shortening the breeding period and summing the new way of breeding. We expect them to play the key roles and provide the theory basis for genetic improvement, classification and breeding in tea plant.

Coordinated Urban and Rural Development in Yiling

YILING,the largest district in Yichang City,Hubei Province,is noted for its non-metallic mines,tea planting,citrus fruit cultivation,and folk art.In recent years,Yiling＇s focus has been on urban-rural integration.Human Development The strategies of Yiling District include inheriting traditional culture and ensuring sustained development.

2007年云南省茶叶产销形势分析

茶叶产业是云南省的传统优势产业之一。省委、省政府历年来重视茶叶产业的发展.把茶叶产业作为提高我省农业综合生产能力、带动边疆民族地区茶农脱贫致富、建设社会主义新农村一件大事大抓。

关于开展“2012年度全国重点产茶县”基本情况调查的通知

各产茶县(县级市)人民政府:为充分展示中国茶业的丰硕成果,持续客观地掌握各地茶叶的种植生产动态,加强产业局部发展与整体的协调互动,提升茶产业竞争力,促进中国茶产业持续可协调发展。

Comprehensive Suitability Evaluation of Tea Crops Using GIS and a Modified Land Ecological Suitability Evaluation Model

Tea （Camellia sinensis） is one of the most valuable cash crops in southern China; however, the planting distribution of tea crops is not optimal and the production and cultivation regions of tea crops are restricted by law and custom. In order to evaluate the suitability of tea crops in Zhejiang Province, the annual mean temperature, the annual accumulated temperature above 10 ℃, the frequency of extremely low temperature below -13 ℃, the mean humidity from April to October, slope, aspect, altitude, soil type, and soil texture were selected from climate, topography, and soil factors as factors for land ecological evaluation by the Delphi method based on the ecological characteristics of tea crops. These nine factors were quantitatively analyzed using a geographic information system （GIS）. The grey relational analysis （GRA） was combined with the analytic hierarchy process （AHP） to address the uncertainties during the process of evaluating the traditional land ecological suitability, and a modified land ecological suitability evaluation （LESE） model was built. Based on the land-use map of Zhejiang Province, the regions that were completely unsuitable for tea cultivation in the province were eliminated and then the spatial distribution of the ecological suitability of tea crops was generated using the modified LESE model and GIS. The results demonstrated that the highly, moderately, and non-suitable regions for the cultivation of tea crops in Zhejiang Province were 27552.66, 42 724.64, and 26507.97 km2, and accounted for 28.47%, 44.14%, and 27.39% of the total evaluation area, respectively. Validation of the method showed a high degree of coincidence with the current planting distribution of tea crops in Zhejiang Province. The modified LESE model combined with GIS could be useful in quickly and accurately evaluating the land ecological suitability of tea crops, providing a scientific basis for the rational distribution of tea crops and acting as a reference to land policy makers and land use planners.

Local multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis for tea breeds identification

In recent years, the popular multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis （MF-DFA） is extended to two-dimensional （2D） version, which has been applied in some field of image processing. In this paper, based on the 2D MF-DFA, a novel multifractal estimation method for images, which we called the local multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis （LMF-DFA）, is proposed to recognize and distinguish 20 types of tea breeds. A set of new multifractal descriptors, namely the local multifractal fluctuation exponents is defined to portray the local scaling properties of a surface. After collecting 10 tea leaves for each breed and photographing them to standard images, the LMF-DFA method is used to extract characteristic parameters for the images. Our analysis finds that there are significant differences among the different tea breeds＇ characteristic parameters by analysis of variance. Both the proposed LMF-DFA exponents and another classic parameter, namely the exponent based on capacity measure method have been used as features to distinguish the 20 tea breeds. The comparison results illustrate that the LMF-DFA estimation can differentiate the tea breeds more effectively and provide more satisfactory accuracy.