从茶资到票价:京剧演出市场化的兴起

清末民初京剧演出的戏价逐渐由茶资改称票价,这一转变过程体现了市场在演剧活动中逐渐占据主导作用。戏园中的京剧演出获得了独立的经济地位,园主和戏班为了获得最大的经济效益,开始千方百计增加上座率。名伶成为上座率的重要保障,但名伶的等级不同在市场上的号召力便有差异,市场给名伶开出了不同价码。票价的设定突出反映了名伶在市场上的叫座能力,同时成为戏园和班社盈利的主要来源。

这一期 茶资本

普洱茶经过短短三年的市场培育时间,已经进入到了高速发展的阶段。价格飞涨,茶事不断,大资本持续进入,营销手段层出不穷,这一期,我们关注"普洱茶经济学"。

Establishment and Share of Tea Germplasm Database of Yunnan Province

[Objective] The paper was to establish tea germplasm database of Yunnan Province,and promote sharing of the tea germplasm resources.[Method] Eight hundred and thirty copies of tea germplasm resources of Yunnan Province were first systematically documented by using Access database software,the generic description of 631 tea resources and characteristic description of 300 tea resources were submitted for e-platform,then linked with the national e-platform for natural scientific and technological resources,and the tea germplasm database of Yunnan Province was established.[Result] Based on the conservation and utilization status of tea germplam resources,the sharing and utilization framework of tea germplam resources was presented.Many problems and suggestion about tea germplasm resources in the process of conservation,documentation concordance and sharing were pointed out.For example,conservation areas were separated and system was not completed;the main traits assessment and identification researching work had not completely accomplished and sharing was inefficient.[Conclusion] The paper laid foundation for standardized,digitized and information-based management of tea germplasm resources.

Fruit Anatomy of sect. Paracamellia with Reference to Their Significance of Germplasm Resources Exploitation

[Objective] To utilize the germplasm resources,new systematic evidence for the classification of sect.Paracamellia,genus Camellia is found in this article.[Method] Fruit anatomy of 10 species representing sect.Paracamellia was investigated.And the main component of sect.Paracamellia in the genus Camellia was studied by MVSP software.[Result] The exocarp was thin;mesocarp was broad,having a large number of stone cells;endocarp was lignified,and separated easily from seed.The principle components analysis suggested that the distance between species was far,showing far relation;the current study did not support the formation of Camellia grijsii（C.grijsii）and Camellia yuhsienensis（C.yuhsienensis）,Camellia shensiensis（C.shensiensis）should not be recognized as a variety of C.yuhsienensis.In addition,it also proved Ming＇s combining of Camellia confusa（C.confusa）and Camellia kissi（C.kissi）was unnatural.[Conclusion] The study provided theoretical basis for the development and application of sect.Paracamellia in the genus Camellia.

茶联赏趣

对联以其短小、通俗而被人们广泛地使用,就连人们休息饮茶的茶亭也有许多佳联。空袭无常,贵客茶资先付;官方有令,国防秘密休谈。这是抗战期间重庆某茶馆的一副对联。上联点出时事。

老北京的茶馆

老北京的茶馆历史悠久,大致可分为清茶馆、书茶馆和棋茶馆三种。清茶馆店内方桌木凳,壶盏洁净,水沸茶舒,清香四溢,门前高悬招牌,茶客多是闲散老人或浪荡子弟,他们一般都有早起"遛弯儿"、"遛鸟"的习惯,回来就此到茶馆喝茶休息。

Screening Germplasm Resources of Tea Plant with Less Bitterness and Astringency Index

The aim of this study was to identify tea varieties with less bitterness and astringency index that could be used as important sources for breeding and in the production of high quality tea. We studied 36 cultivars or lines which had been preserved in Tea Germplasm Garden of Fujian. The contents of catechins in spring tea shoots, summer tea shoots and autumn tea shoots in 36 varieties and lines were analyzed by HPLC. Analysis of these tea varieties and lines revealed that the catechins contained in the tea shoots in different seasons are highly variable. The content of ester-catechins in spring and summer tea shoots was higher than that of autumn, while non-ester-catechins did not showed the same characteristic. The content of EGCG showed an extremely significant positive correlation with T1 （T1 = EGC ＋ EGCG ＋ GCG ＋ EGC）, an extremely significant negative correlation with DL-C, the content of EGC showed the same characteristic. Among them, 10 cultivars with less bitterness and astringency index （the annual average bitterness and astringency index 〈 8.0） were considered good candidates as important breeding materials tbr tea infusion quality improvement.

A Review on the Identification Indicators of Tea Germplasm

Tea plant is cross pollinated plant, it forms a variety of the tea Germplasm constantly in the long-term breeding process. Tea Germplasm resources are the material foundation for improving varieties and also the basic research which is good for developing and expanding tea well-bred varieties in tea field, especially in quality selection and biotechnology research. Furthermore, excellent tea germplasm is primary condition for tea breeding and quality. Therefore, identification and screening excellent tea germplasm become particularly important. We need accelerate develop high-quality tea varieties, and it need to base on exploring and studying tea germplasm. This paper reviews the research progress of tea germplasm on identification from morphological characteristic, biological characteristic, quality characteristic, resistance and heredity. However, there are still some problems on identification and screening of tea germplasm, no effective methods have been found so far which apply on early identification and genetic engineering, so we should make intensive and long lasting study tea germplasm and analyze systematically various identification, which are benefit for breeding high-quality seeds, shortening the breeding period and summing the new way of breeding. We expect them to play the key roles and provide the theory basis for genetic improvement, classification and breeding in tea plant.

Genetic diversity of oil-tea camellia germplasms revealed by ISSR analysis

Genetic diversity of 51 oil-tea camellia germplasms was analyzed using the optimized inter-simple sequence repeat （ISSR）-PCR reaction system with 22 primers screened from a set of 100 ISSR primers. The results showed that 493 discernible loci with distinct elec- trophoretic bands were obtained, of which, 478 loci （96.78%） were polymorphic. This indicated that oil-tea germplasms possess abundant genetic diversities. By clustering analysis performed using softwares of NTSYS 2.10 and Winboot, 51 oil-tea germplasms were divided into two groups： Group I had 48 lines of Camellia oleifera Abel, while Group II had three C. oleifera Abel related species and their similarity coefficient was 0.62. Group I was further divided into Group I-1 and Group I-2, and their similarity coefficient （Gs） was 0.634. All members of Group I-1 originated from Hunan Province, while Group I-2 included the rest of Hunan lines and those originated from other regions of China. Analyzed by software POPGENE 1.32, the Shannon＇s information index （I＊） of genetic polymorphism was 0.3852, the genetic diversity among different region popula- tions （Ht） was 0.2537, the genetic diversity within populations （Hs） was 0.15545, the dif- ferentiation coefficient of genetic diversity among populations （Gst） was 0.3967, and the gene flow among populations （Nm＊） was 0.8262. The Nei＇s genetic distances between the Hunan population and the populations originated from other regions of China implied that geographic isolation strongly influenced genetic differentiation among populations. Meanwhile, seedling rootstock grafting and high grafting for tree crown produced genetic variations among clonal offsprings.