浅谈19世纪下半叶～20世纪初国外对新建筑的探求——以美国的芝加哥学派和赖特的草原式住宅为例

介绍了19世纪下半叶~20世纪初美国建筑探新的社会基础,并对两种派别—芝加哥学派和赖特的草原式住宅进行解析,分析他们的特点和意义,指出对我国建筑行业的借鉴意义。

北京四合院与草原式住宅之对比分析

随着人类社会的发展进步,住宅的形式与内涵日益丰富,而且逐渐成为文化的载体。北京四合院作为中国民居的典型代表,蕴含着丰富的文化内涵。而美国建筑师弗兰克·劳埃德·赖特设计的草原式住宅也是植根于美国本土文化的。北京四合院与草原式住宅在选址、布局、造型和色彩装饰等方面都有着巨大的差异,它们鲜明地反映了各自的社会文化与自然地理特征。通过将两者进行对比发现东西方建筑的特征与差异,并由表及里,进而分析东西方文化的差异,以此来探讨文化差异对于建筑的影响。

日本建筑对现代建筑设计的影响——以草原式住宅为例

本文以日本建筑因素影响下的草原式住宅为研究对象,分析日本建筑要素在现代建筑中的体现与缘由,探讨日本建筑风格所产生的建筑特征以及传达的时代精神。

草原式住宅与景观规划设计

本文通过对草原式住宅外型,材料,怎样和周围景观相结合等形式来学习探讨,来阐述我们景观规划设计创作过程中所学习和借鉴到的东西。

芝加哥橡树园赖特工作室——“草原式住宅”的滥觞

芝加哥橡树园赖特之家与工作室是赖特对于集生活与办公为一体的住宅形式的全新探索,反映出赖特一贯秉持的建筑既是一个生活工作空间,还是一种生活方式的设计理念,其工作室的设计更为"草原式住宅"的滥觞创造了良好的先决条件。

美式风格之赖特草原风格分析

美国的世界著名建筑大师弗兰克·劳埃德·赖特是一位建筑界杰出的艺术大师,他崇尚自然、本色的建筑设计理念。正是这种风格铸就他对现代建筑的深远影响。其主张的建筑设计风格最大特点便是"亲近自然",而此特点的风格体现就是草原式建筑。

长春伪满洲国“新京”建筑样式

对20世纪30年代近代长春市即当时的伪满洲国首都"新京"时期的建筑风格样式进行了分析,主要有官衙建筑中采用的"满洲式",住宅和官邸建筑中采用的草原式,以及现代式和传统式等。

赖特的建筑思想研究

赖特建筑思想的核心就是有机建筑。一般来说,有机建筑不仅是草原式住宅的合乎情理的逻辑发展,同时还吸收了"形式服从功能"的合理内核。有机建筑从理论层面上来讲,是处于建筑理论边缘的民间智慧,因此在赖特身后都没有上升或吸纳到主流思想之中。如果以建筑师的影响力作为评判他历史地位的主要指标的话,赖特所获的声誉就与他的贡献不相称。密斯和柯布西耶有适应工业社会而发展出来的建筑思想,而赖特有回避工业革命而退回归农业传统倾向,都削弱了赖特建筑思想的影响力。

Seasonal Dynamics of Biomass under Different Land Use Patterns

[Objective] The aim was to study seasonal dynamics of biomass under different land use patterns. [Methed] Aboveground biomass and underground biomass of plants under 3 different surface cover conditions of Stipa krylovii, Leymus chinensis and farmland were determined in growing season （ from May to October） of 2008. [ Result ] The aboveground biomass of Stipa krylovii, Leymus chinensis and farmland in August all reached the highest value, which of Stipa krylovii, Leymus chinensis and farmland was 287.91,117.05 and 193.59 g/m2, respectively. The total biomass of plant roots of the 3 plots in July all reached the highest value, which of Stipa krylovii, Leymus chinensis and farmland was 1 683.9, 1 601.9 and 513.9 g/m2, respectively. Leymus chinensis had the biggest biomass ratio of upper plant roots （0 - 15 cm） to lower plant roots （15 -30 cm）, Stipa krylovii took second place, and farmland had the smallest one. ~ Conclusion The research provides theoretical basis for the ecological environment protection of ecological fragile area.

Flow Cytometric Evidence for Hydroxyl Radical-induced Apoptosis in Tobacco Protoplasts

Protoplasts prepared from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L., cultivar BY-2) suspension cells have similar morphological characteristics to those in animal cells. The hallmarks of apoptosis such as condensation and peripheral distribution of nuclei, TUNEL positive reaction, and DNA ladders were observed when tobacco protoplasts were treated with the hydroxyl radical generating system (1.0 mmol/L FeSO4/0.5 mmol/L H2O2). In animals, the loss of transmembrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)) and the exposure of phospholipid phosphatidylserine (PS) are believed to be the main apoptosis events. To test whether these significant processes take place in plants, flow cytometry was used to detect annexin V binding and changes in DeltaPsi(m). Results showed that the PS turned out from inner membrane and DeltaPsi(m) gradually decreased during the apoptosis. All these apoptotic characteristics proved that hydroxyl radicals can cause typical programmed cell death (PCD) in tobacco protoplasts and this design can be served as an effective experiment system to explore the mechanism of plant apoptosis.

Influences of Family Ranches Management Mode on Plant Community Characteristic in Hulunber Meadow Steppe

[Objective] The aim was to explore the management mode on optimal re-sources al ocation of family ranch in meadow steppe. [Method] Three double repre-sentative family ranches were selected in meadow steppe of Hulunber Old Barag Banner, and the study was carried out with the baseline survey. Three family ranches were selected as the demonstrative households for the corporation study, while other three family ranches with the similar conditions were looked as the non-demonstrative households for the comparison. Demonstrative households of the fami-ly ranches reduced the stocking rate, optimized the flock structure and took a winter feeding and other means to explore the different management models on plant com-munity characteristic of family ranch. [Result] The seasonal dynamic of community characteristic in family ranches showed the single-peaks curves. The seasonal dy-namics of community coverage, height and biomass in the demonstrative households showed higher compared with the non-demonstrative households, and community density in the experiment households was lower than that of the control experiment households. Community coverage, height and biomass of degraded grassland in family ranch have a great improve after optimization of management. Community coverage, height , density and biomass were increasing in fencing plot, but decreas-ing in free grazing area. Enclosure improved grassland coverage, vegetation height, density and forage yield. Leymus chinensis played an important role in plant com-munity. The important values of Leymus chinensis, Stipa baicalensis, Cleistogenes squarrosa, and Carex duriuscula were high. Leymus chinensis important value in the demonstrative households of optimal management was higher than that in the non-demonstrative households, and Carex duriuscula important value of the non-demon-strative households was significantly higher than that of the demonstrative house-holds. The indexes of Margalef richnes,Shannon-Wiener diversity, Simpson diversity and Pielou uniformity showed that the demonstrative households were higher than the non-demonstrative households. [Conclusion] The research provides theoretical ref-erences for sustainable development of pastures dominated by family ranch.

浅谈通过赖特建筑中的流动空间研究其对现代建筑设计的影响

赖特是美国著名的建筑设计大师, 他主张回归自然、本色的建筑设计理念。被称为现代主义建筑的奠基人,他的设计作品对后人具有借鉴作用与现实意义,他提出的设计思路:把建筑看成一个个美好的事物,建筑所呈现的不仅仅是其本身的形态和内部空间的形式,在壮阔的世界里,想象无限伸延的水平线就是人们生活的地平线,它体现着人们生活的无拘无束、很好地传达了他毕生对流动空间的追求与探索。文章通过分析赖特经典建筑作品中流动空间的形成,去理解他源于自然的建筑思想对现代建筑的影响。

Vegetation Traits and Soil Properties in Response to Utilization Patterns of Grassland in Hulun Buir City, Inner Mongolia, China

Numerous studies have focused on vegetation traits and soil properties in grassland, few of which concerned about effects of human utilization patterns on grassland yet. Thus, this study hypothesized that human disturbance(e.g., grazing, mowing and fencing) triggered significant variation of biomass partitioning and carbon reallocation. Besides, there existed some differences of species diversity and soil fertility. To address these hypotheses of grassland with diverse utilization patterns in Hulun Buir City, Inner Mongolia, China, we sampled in situ about aboveground biomass(AGB) and belowground biomass(BGB) to evaluate their biomass allocation. Species diversity and soil properties were also investigated. Subsequently, we discussed the relationship of species diversity with environmental conditions, using data collected from 23 sites during the ecological project period of Returning Grazing Lands to Grasslands(RGLG) program. The results were as follows: 1) both AGB and BGB were lower on grazing regime than those on fencing and mowing, but the ratio of root-to-shoot(R/S) was higher on grazing regime than the other two utilization patterns; 2) neither of evenness and Simpson Index was different significantly among all grassland utilization patterns in desert, typical, and meadow grassland at 0.05. In meadow grassland, species richness of fencing pattern was significantly higher than that of grazing pattern(p < 0.05); 3) both of soil organic carbon content and soil available phosphorous content were increased significantly on fencing pattern than grazing pattern(p < 0.05) in desert grassland, and mowing patterns increased the soil nutrients(soil organic carbon, soil total phosphorous, soil available phosphorous, and soil total nitrogen) significantly compared with grazing patterns(p < 0.05) in typical grassland. However, there were no significant differences among utilization patterns in meadow grassland. In conclusion, both of AGB and BGB were increased significantly by fencing. Moreover, species diversity and soil nutrients can be promoted via mowing and fencing. This study suggested that implementation of Ecological Project played a positive role in sustainable grassland utilization of Hulun Buir City and a strong positive influence on the entire temperate grassland.

Causes and Restoration of Degraded Alpine Grassland in Northern Tibet

Grassland in northern Tibet plays an important role in the eco-security of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the restoration of deserte@and degraded grassland is now a focus for governments. We used remote sensing, simulations and field surveys to analyze the current status, trends and causes of grassland degradation across northern Tibet. We develop several recovery models for degraded grassland based on field experiments in the region. We found that slightly degraded grassland covers 62% and that moderate to severely degraded grassland occupied 15.1% in the Chang Tang Plateau. The amount of degraded alpine steppe increased from 1991, and the amount of area classified as severely degraded increased sharply from 2000. The cause of degraded steppe in northwestern Tibet may be the result of warming and an arid climate; the cause of severe degradation in mid and eastern regions was mainly from overgrazing. Three restoration models are proposed for different levels of degradation： ＂enclosures＂ for slightly degraded areas, ＂enclosures with fertilization＂ for moderately degraded areas, and ＂enclosure with oversowing and fertilization＂ for severely degraded areas.