畜群规模的结构决策研究

结构和规模是影响草地放牧生态系统功能实现的重要因素。本文通过建立和分析畜群种群动态模型， 揭示了母畜结构参数是影响畜群规模唯一因素的一般规律：（１） 当１２ ∑ｒｉ＝ １ｂｉ ∏ｉｊ＝ １ ｑｉ，ｊ－ １ｐｉ，ｊ－ １ （１ － ｓｉ，ｊ－ １）（１ － （１ － ｑｉ，ｊ－ １） ｐｉ，ｊ－ １ （１ － ｓｉ，ｊ－ １）） ＝ １ 时， 畜群规模稳定， 基本保持不变；（２） 当１２ ∑ｒｉ＝ １ｂｉ ∏ｉｊ＝ １ ｑｉ，ｊ－ １ｐｉ，ｊ－ １ （１ － ｓｉ，ｊ－ １）（１ － （１ － ｑｉ，ｊ－ １） ｐｉ，ｊ － １ （１ － ｓｉ，ｊ－ １）） ＜ １ 时， 畜群规模呈下降趋势，最终趋近于零；（３） 当１２ ∑ｒｉ＝１ｂｉ ∏ｉｊ＝ １ ｑｉ，ｊ－ １ｐｉ，ｊ－ １ （１ － ｓｉ，ｊ－ １）（１ － （１ － ｑｉ ，ｊ－ １） ｐｉ，ｊ－ １ （１ － ｓｉ，ｊ－ １）） ＞ １ 时， 畜群规模随年度不断膨胀， 并最终突破系统的承载能力。

Forest encroachment in Eastern European forest-steppes at a decadal time scale

In the Eurasian forest-steppe,with increasing aridity,the balance between naturally co-existing forest and grassland patches is expected to shift towards grassland dominance in the long run,although feedback mechanisms and changes in land-use may alter this process.In this study,we compared old and recent aerial photographs of Hungarian forest-steppes to find out whether and how the forest proportion and the number of forest patches change at the decadal time scale.The percentage area covered by forest significantly increased in all study sites.The observed forest encroachment may be a legacy from earlier land-use:due to ceased or reduced grazing pressure,forests are invading grasslands until the potential forest cover allowed by climate and soil is reached.The number of forest patches significantly increased at one site(Fülöpháza),while it decreased at two sites(Bugac and Orgovány)and showed no significant change at the fourth site(Tázlár).This indicates that forest encroachment can happen at least in two different ways:through the emergence of new forest patches in the grassland,and through the extension and coalescence of already existing forest patches.Though the present work revealed increasing tree cover at a decadal time scale,the dynamic process should be monitored in the future to see how the vegetation reacts to further aridification.This could help devise a conservation strategy,as the woody/non-woody balance has a profound influence on basic ecosystem properties.

Grazing effects on the relationship between plant functional diversity and soil carbon sequestration regulated by livestock species

Grazing exerts a profound influence on both the plant diversity and productivity of grasslands,while simultaneously exerting a significant impact on regulating grassland soil carbon sequestration.Moreover,besides altering the taxonomic diversity of plant communities,grazing can also affect their diversity of functional traits.However,we still poorly understand how grazing modifies the relationship between plant functional diversity(FD)and soil carbon sequestration in grassland ecosystems.Here,we conducted a grazing manipulation experiment to investigate the effects of different grazing regimes(no grazing,sheep grazing(SG)and cattle grazing(CG))on the relationships between plant FD and soil carbon sequestration in meadow and desert steppe.Our findings showed that different livestock species changed the relationships between plant FD and soil organic carbon(SOC)in the meadow steppe.SG decoupled the originally positive relationship between FD and SOC,whereas CG changed the relationship from positive to negative.In the desert steppe,both SG and CG strengthened the positive relationship between FD and SOC.Our study illuminates the considerable impact of livestock species on the intricate mechanisms of soil carbon sequestration,primarily mediated through the modulation of various measures of functional trait diversity.In ungrazed meadows and grazed deserts,maintaining high plant FD is conducive to soil carbon sequestration,whereas in grazed meadows and ungrazed deserts,this relationship may disappear or even reverse.By measuring the traits and controlling the grazing activities,we can accurately predict the carbon sequestration potential in grassland ecosystems.