“双碳”目标下我国草碳汇交易的可行性及途径

开展草碳汇交易可以充分发挥生态系统碳汇功能,是从碳吸收的角度助力实现我国“双碳”目标的现实需要,但目前还没有相关研究从碳汇交易开展必备条件的角度去论证中国开展草碳汇交易的可行性这一根本问题。从碳汇交易开展的基本条件和环节入手论证中国已具备开展草碳汇交易的条件,并通过分析美国草碳汇交易的开展得到启示,提出中国实现草碳汇交易的途径,即制定和完善草碳汇交易相关政策法规,建设草碳汇交易的支撑体系,并以碳排放权交易推进草碳汇交易。

加快探索建立草碳汇交易市场

草原保护关乎我国生态安全,关乎农牧业发展,关乎民族团结和边疆稳定。我国草地面积广阔,草碳汇潜力巨大。在碳交易市场中开辟碳汇板块,探索建立草碳汇交易市场,对加快草原生态建设、缓解减排压力、统筹山水林田湖草系统治理、实现生态产品价值、优化资源配置等具有重要意义。探索建立草碳汇交易市场,应尽快将草碳汇交易作为环境治理和生态保护市场体系的重要组成部分纳入国家生态文明制度建设规划中,加快研究制定草碳汇交易相关的法律法规标准体系,选取草原大省开展草碳汇交易市场建设试点,利用碳排放权交易市场推进草碳汇交易市场建设,加快建立健全草碳汇统计、报告、监测、核查、评价、考核、监督等支撑体系。

大棚栽培蘑菇草碳覆土技术

覆土是蘑菇栽培中最重要的一项技术过程,草碳覆土技术是利用东北泥碳作覆土材料,通过防控虫害技术处理后,直接覆盖的培养料表面,能提高蘑菇产量20%以上。

光合细菌挂膜碳纤维生态草净化微污染缓流河水

在模拟河道反应池中装填光合细菌挂膜碳纤维生态草,对微污染缓流河水进行净化处理,研究了挂膜碳纤维生态草装填密度、水力停留时间、溶解氧和光照对污染物去除效果的影响,并与河水中土著微生物挂膜碳纤维生态草进行了对比实验。结果表明,提高光合细菌挂膜碳纤维生态草装填密度会改善污染物的去除效率,增加水力停留时间会降低水流速度和剪切速率,使生物膜的生长更加稳定,溶解氧浓度和光照条件的变化对河水中污染物的去除效果影响较小。挂膜碳纤维生态草装填密度为180 g/m~3,水力停留时间为24 h,无曝气和外加光照,通过光合细菌挂膜碳纤维生态草的作用,能明显改善对河水中污染物的去除效果,出水COD_(Mn)、NH_(4)^(+)-N、TN、TP分别低于4.52、0.68、1.00、0.17 mg/L,达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)的Ⅲ类水标准。反应系统抗冲击负荷能力强,适应贫营养环境,能有效净化微污染缓流河水。

碳纤维生态草技术协同曝气对黑臭水体的修复

为解决强化混凝法原位修复黑臭水体中易形成的二次污染和底泥负荷问题,通过模拟试验研究了新型碳素纤维(carbon fiber,CF)生态草填料协同曝气技术对强化混凝处理后的黑臭水体的净化效果。试验原水采自某流动性差的小型封闭黑臭水体,经高锰酸钾强化聚合氯化铝混凝沉淀处理后的出水作为试验用水,分别研究了空白处理、单独曝气处理、单独CF生态草修复和CF生态草协同曝气处理后水体中的浊度、氨氮、COD (chemical oxygen demand)和UV254(ultraviolet absorption)的净化效果。结果表明:CF生态草具有良好的亲水性、吸附性和生物亲和性,10 d后即可形成成熟较厚的活性生物膜。CF生态草协同曝气技术修复黑臭水体的效果显著高于其他三种处理方式,水体中的浊度、氨氮、COD和UV254的最高去除率分别达到95. 37%、80. 78%、77. 27%和77. 50%。可见CF生态草与强化混凝技术联用修复黑臭水体,可解决混凝沉淀技术易产生的二次污染和底泥负荷问题;强化混凝、曝气和CF草生态修复三种技术相组合的新型黑臭水体修复工艺,在黑臭水体的整治和修复中具有良好的发展前景。

碳汇草及其碳汇机制

《京都议定书》框架下的碳减排机制,主要有太阳能、风能、水能及地热能等的利用,碳捕获与碳封存技术(CCS),工业减排和碳汇林的种植等。事实证明,上述机制没有改变也不能遏制大气中CO2急剧上升的态势。为此,笔者首次提出碳汇草的碳汇机制和界定方法。碳汇草通过多次刈割封存,可实现生物质的飞跃大增产。经中国质量认证中心核算,碳汇草每年的净碳汇量为210 t/hm2,碳汇量巨大。目前,全球森林面积在不断减少,碳储总量不断下降,开发新的碳汇机制迫在眉睫。由于森林不能刈割封存,碳汇草50年的"碳汇增量",是相同面积森林"碳汇增量"的约650倍,可实现大气CO2负增长。据测算,大气中CO2总量约3.11万亿t,封存6 661亿t植物碳产品可捕碳9 725亿t,CO2浓度即可从当前的0.04%降低到工业革命前的0.027 5%;仅需边际性土地、污染需治理土地、湿地与水面等约1亿hm2种植面积。项目的实施,可降低和提前CO2峰值,调节温室效应,消除雾霾,减缓全球气候变暖,创造巨大的生态效益、社会效益和经济效益,实现经济社会发展、环境保护与应对气候变化的共赢。

速生碳汇草纤维形态与化学成分分析

速生碳汇草是通过某些禾本科植物杂交培育的新品种,生长周期短,产量高。对5种速生碳汇草进行了纤维形态和化学成分分析,探讨速生碳汇草用于制浆造纸的可行性并确定最佳制浆原料。速生碳汇草纤维采用硝酸和氯酸钾混合法分离并用生物显微镜测定纤维长宽度、壁厚以及胞腔直径;按照相关国家标准测定速生碳汇草的化学成分。结果表明,5种速生碳汇草均适用于制浆造纸原料,其中5号速生碳汇草具有最好的制浆造纸价值;其纤维平均长度为1.74 mm,壁腔比为2.64,长宽比为123,柔性系数为28.51%,灰分含量为2.92%,苯醇抽出物含量为1.51%,木素含量为18.90%,聚戊糖含量为21.11%,纤维素含量为43.82%。

苏达盐土建植草坪改土施肥技术研究

增施草碳和盐碱地草坪专用肥能降低苏达盐土的pH值及含盐量,从而提高草坪草的出苗率和存活率,使高盐强碱的不毛之地种草成坪。秋季施肥不仅可增加草坪密度提高草坪质量,而且还能延长其绿色期20d以上。

草炭在抗旱播种中的应用

草炭在抗旱播种中的应用高连国，崔恩友（黑龙江省绥化地区气象局）（黑龙江省绥化工农教育办公室）胡景林，鄢景超（黑龙江省绥化市农业开发办公室）（黑龙江省绥化地区烟草公司）草炭是我省丰富的自然资源，广泛分布在江河、沼泽地带，作为肥料在农业生产中早有利用。我...

大气圈碳热氧平衡系统工程技术研究

工业化以来,人类大量地开采使用化石燃料,向大气中排放了海量的CO2及CO2当量物质,释放了大量的热量,消耗了大量的O2,打破了大气圈碳热氧的平衡状态,使温室效应显著增强,导致全球气候变暖、臭氧穿洞、冰川融化、海面上升、海啸增多、风暴升级、陆地缩小、沙漠扩张、土地干旱、粮食减产、森林火灾、灰霾肆虐、物种消失和生态失衡等一系列因环境遭受破坏而造成的极端气候灾难。目前,国内外广泛推行低碳经济和节能减排(主要是减少CO2的排放),忽视了化石能源燃烧释热耗氧的问题。本文对“碳汇草技术”与“减排减碳方法”进行了系统的科学研究,证实了“碳汇草技术”对大气圈碳热氧的平衡作用比林业碳汇、CCS、生物质能发电、风能发电、水能发电、太阳能发电、海洋能发电、地热能发电、天然气发电、核能发电、SAM和TPX等方法更生态、更环保、更经济、更安全、更合理、更优良。

Soil Carbon Balance in a Native Temperate Grassland in the Xilin River Basin of Inner Mongolia

Based on historical data and field investigation, some major fluxes and reserves of carbon were estimated, and a tentative analysis of the soil carbon balance was made in a native grassland community in the Xilin River basin of Inner Mongolia. Major results were reported as follows: 1) Annual average carbon input from above-ground biomass production was 79.8 g C(.)m(-2.)a(-1), and from root biomass to 30 cm. depth averaged 311.9 g C(.)m(-2.)a(-1). The summed mean annual carbon input of shoot and root materials in the study site was approximately 391.7 g C(.)m(-2.)a(-1). 2) The annual amount of above-ground biomass consumed by insects averaged 14.7 g C(.)m(-2.)a(-1), and the carbon output by leaching or light-chemical oxidation was 3.2 g C(.)m(-2.)a(-1) The annual evolution rate of CO2 from net soil respiration averaged 346.9 g C(.)m(-2.)a(-1), and the summed mean annual output was approximately 364.8 g C(.)m(-2.)a(-1). 3) A mature, steady-state system could be assumed for the community for which growth and decay were approximately in balance, with a net carbon accumulation of about 26.9 g C(.)m(-2.)a(-1). Based on the soil organic carbon density of the field, the turnover Irate of soil carbon in 0 - 30 cm depth was calculated to be 6.2%, with a turnover time of 16 years.

Effect of Different Fertilization Patterns on Carbon and Nitrogen Components of Tobacco Topsoil

In order to explore the fertilizing ways and dynamic changes of soil carbon and nitrogen in the main producing areas of tobacco in Guizhou,research was conducted to study the variations of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen,total organic carbon and nitrogen and their ratio of tobacco-topsoil in organic fertilization pattern and conventional cultivation pattern （No fertilizer as control） by pot experiment.The results were as follows：（1） The effects of different fertilization patterns on soil dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen and total organic carbon and nitrogen were significantly different.The content of DOC,DON,TOC and TON in tobaccotopsoil was decreased with the advancing of growth period in conventional fertilization pattern.In the conventional fertilization pattern,the accumulation of DOC and TOC was increased first and then decreased,and the accumulation of DON and TON was decreased first and then increased.（2） The TOC content at the different growing stage and DOC content at the middle and later stage of tobacco were significantly improved in organic fertilization patterns.The accumulation of DON and TON in the conventional fertilization pattern was significantly higher than those in the organic fertilizer pattern and control at the rosette stage and vigorous stage.In the harvest period,the content of DOC,DON,TOC and TON of tobacco-topsoil in the conventional fertilization and organic fertilization pattern was significantly higher than those in the control.（3）The DOC/DON ratio and the TOC/TiON ratio was increased gradually with the advancing of growth period in conventional fertilization pattern,but they were increased first and then decreased in the organic fertilization pattern and CK.The DOC/DON and TOC/TON ratio of tobacco-topsoil in different fertilization patterns was showed as Y J＞ CK＞ CG at the different growing stage.The experiment results revealed that：The organic fertilization pattern may improve significantly the accumulation of DOC,DON,TOC and TON of tobacco-topsoil at the middle and later stage and the DOC/DON and TOC/TON ratio at the different growth stage.It contributed to the continuous and balanced supply of nutrients at the middle and later stage of tobacco and the soil fertility.

Changes of Organic Carbon in Soil under Different Land Use Patterns in Alpine Agricultural Region of Qinghai

Using organic carbon density grouping method,the change trends of soil total organic carbon(SOC),light fraction content and light fraction organic carbon under 4 land use patterns of returning cultivated land to forest(cropland,artificial forest,inter-cropping of forest and grassland and original sample plot)in alpine agricultural region of Qinghai were studied.The content of SOC was in order:intercropping of forest and grassland > original sample plot > artificial forest > cropland.There was signi...

Soil Carbon Pool Management Index under Different Straw Retention Regimes

[Objective] To clarify the effects of different straw retention regimes on soil fertility in double cropping paddy field. [Method] The effects of different straw reten- tion regimes on total organic carbon （CToc）, active carbon （CA） and mineralized carbon （CM） were analyzed, and carbon pool active （A）, carbon pool active index （A/）, carbon pool index （CPI） and carbon pool management index （CPMi） for each treat- ment were calculated. [Result] Compared with the unfertilized treatment （CK）, CToc, CA, CM and the available ratio of soil carbon were increased in the treatment of re- turning early season and late season rice straws to field. With the same nutrient application, CToc, CA and the available ratio of soil carbon in the field with straw re- turned to field were higher than that of straw incineration and no straw returning, and the change in soil CA content was more significant. The difference in CPMI be- tween different treatments reached significant or very significant level, and the value was in the order of straw directly returned to field 〉 straw returned to field after in- cineration 〉 no straw returned to field. [Conclusion] This study provided theoretical bases for the increase of soil CA content and soil fertility in double rice fields.

Genetic Relationships Among Soluble Carbohydrates, Anthocyanins and Growth Characteristics in Leymus (Gramineae) Detected with Molecular Markers

Low-temperature soluble carbohydrate accumulations are commonly associated with anthocyanin coloration, attenuated growth and cold adaptation of cool-season grasses. The vrn-1 gene has potent effects on vernalization requirement, growth, and soluble carbohydrate accumulations of the winter-annual Triticeae species. Two hundred and four unmapped AFLP markers and genome-specific DNA markers genetically linked to the vrn-1 gene were used to detect QTL controlling soluble carbohydrate accumulations, anthocyanin coloration and growth characteristics in a segregating population derived from open pollinated Leymus cinereus x L. triticoides hybrids. These perennial Triticeae grasses are distinguished by adaptation and growth habit. As expected, positive trait correlations and pleiotropic gene effects were detected for soluble carbohydrate accumulations and anthocyanin coloration. Likewise, positive trait correlations and pleiotropic gene effects were detected for tillering, leaf development, leaf growth, regrowth and rhizome spread. However, soluble carbohydrate accumulations were not associated with attenuated growth. In fact, several DNA marker alleles, including one near vrn-Ns1, had positive effects on soluble leaf carbohydrate concentrations and low temperature growth. The corresponding DNA marker near vrn-Ns1 had more specific effects on tillering. We speculate that vrn-1 exerts quantitative effects on low-temperature soluble leaf carbohydrate accumulations and growth habit of the perennial Leymus. However, a number of other DNA markers displayed highly significant effects on soluble carbohydrate accumulations and various growth characteristics. Findings indicate that anthocyanin coloration may be a useful phenotypic marker for soluble carbohydrate accumulation. Although variation for soluble carbohydrates was not associated with attenuated growth in this population, this trait was under genetic control.

Effects of Soil Texture and CaCO_3 on Turnover of Organic Material in Chao Soils

Decomposition experiments of 14C-labelled sickle alfalfa in chao soils of different texture and these soils after removal of CaCO3 were carried out under field and laboratory conditions respectively. The amount of residual 14C in, or 14CO2 evolved from, the soils at intervals after the beginning of decomposition were measured and the distribution of native and labelled C between particle size fractions isolated from these soils was edtermined. Results showed that contents of both labelled (14C) and non-labelled (12C) carbon decreased with increasing particle size. The enrichment factor for 14C was higher than that for 12C in the clay fraction, the reverse being true for the silt enrichment factors. The effect of soil texture on the decomposition of plant material could not be observed in chao soils when the clay content was lower than 270g kg-1, while it became obvious once CaCO3 was removed from these soils. The decomposition rate of plant material in the soil from which the native CaCO3 was removed was correlated significantly to both the clay content of the soil and the application rate of CaCO3. A preliminary correction equation describing the effect of clay and CaCO3 on the decomposition of organic material in chao soil was derived from the results obtained.

Effects of Grazing Exclusion on Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Storage in Semi-arid Grassland in Inner Mongolia, China

The semi-arid grasslands in Inner Mongolia, China have been degraded by long-term grazing. A series of ecological restoration strategies have been implemented to improve grassland service. However, little is known about the effect of these ecological restoration practices on soil carbon and nitrogen storage. In this study, characteristics of vegetation and soil properties under continued grazing and exclusion of livestock for six years due to a nationwide conservation program—′Returning Grazing Lands to Grasslands(RGLG)′ were examined in semi-arid Hulun Buir grassland in Inner Mongolia, China. The results show that removal of grazing for six years resulted in a significant recovery in vegetation with higher above and below-ground biomass, but a lower soil bulk density and pH value. After six years of grazing exclusion, soil organic C and total N storage increased by 13.9% and 17.1%, respectively, which could be partly explained by decreased loss and increased input of C and N to soil. The effects of grazing exclusion on soil C and N concentration and storage primarily occurred in the upper soil depths. The results indicate that removal of grazing pressure within the RGLG program was an effective restoration approach to control grassland degradation in this region. However, more comprehensive studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of the RGLG program and to improve the management strategies for grassland restoration in this area.

Response of Artificial Grassland Carbon Stock to Management in Mountain Region of Southern Ningxia, China

Grassland is a major carbon sink in the terrestrial ecosystem. The dynamics of grassland carbon stock profoundly influence the global carbon cycle. In the published literatures so far, however, there are limited studies on the long-term dynamics and influential factors of grassland carbon stock, including soil organic carbon. In this study, spatial-temporal substitution method was applied to explore the characteristics of Medicago sativa L. （alfalfa） grassland biomass carbon and soil organic carbon density （SOCD） in a loess hilly region with different growing years and management patterns. The results demonstrated that alfalfa was the mono-dominant community during the cutting period （viz. 0-10 year）. Community succession began after the abandonment of alfalfa grassland and then the important value of alfalfa in the community declined. The artificial alfalfa community abandoned for 30 years was replaced by the S. bungeana community. Accordingly, the biomass carbon density of the clipped alfalfa showed a significant increase over the time during 0-10 year. During 0-30 year, the SOCD from 0-100 cm of the soil layer of all 5 management patterns increased over time with a range between 5.300 ± 0.981 kg/m2 and 12.578 ± 0.863 kg/m2. The sloping croplands had the lowest SOCD at 5.300 ± 0.981 kg/m2 which was quite different from the abandoned grasslands growing for 30 years which exhibited the highest SOCD with 12.578 ± 0.863 kg/m2. The ecosystem carbon density of the grassland clipped for 2 years increased 0.1 kg/m2 compared with the sloping cropland, while that of the grassland clipped for 10 years substantially increased to 10.30 ± 1.26 kg/m2. Moreover, the ecosystem carbon density for abandoned grassland became 12.62± 0.50 kg/m2 at 30 years. The carbon density of the grassland undisturbed for l0 years was similar to that of the sloping cropland and the grassland clipped for 2 years. Different management patterns imposed great different effects on the accumulation of biomass carbon on artificial grasslands, whereas the ecosystem carbon density of the grassland showed a slight increase from the clipping to abandonment of grassland in general.

Age-related Changes of Carbon Accumulation and Allocation in Plants and Soil of Black Locust Forest on Loess Plateau in Ansai County, Shaanxi Province of China

The effects of reforestation on carbon （C） sequestration in China＇s Loess Plateau ecosystem have attracted much research attention in recent years. Black locust trees （Robinia pseudoacacia L.） are valued for their important use in reforestation and water and soil conservation efforts. This forest type is widespread across the Loess Plateau, and must he an essential component of any planning for C sequestration efforts in this fragile ecological region. The long-term effects of stand age on C accumulation and allocation after reforestation remains uncertain. We examined an age-sequence of black locust forest （5, 9, 20, 30, 38, and 56 yr since planting） on the Loess Plateau to evaluate C accumulation and allocation in plants （trees, shrubs, herbages, and leaf litter） and soil （0-100 cm）. Allometric equations were developed for estimating the biomass of tree components （leaf, branch, stem without bark, bark and root） with a de- structive sampling method. Our results demonstrated that black locust forest ecosystem accumulated C constantly, from 31.42 Mg C/ha （1 Mg = 106 g） at 5 yr to 79.44 Mg C/haat 38 yr. At the ＇old forest＇ stage （38 to 56 yr）, the amount of C in plant biomass significantly decreased （from 45.32 to 34.52 Mg C/ha） due to the high mortality of trees. However, old forest was able to accumulate C continuously in soil （from 33.66 to 41.00 Mg C/ha）. The C in shrub biomass increased with stand age, while the C stock in the herbage layer and leaf litter was age-independent. Reforestation resulted in C re-allocation in the forest soil. The topsoil （0-20 cm） C stock increased constantly with stand age. However, C storage in sub-top soil, in the 20-30, 30-50, 50-100, and 20-100 cm layers, was age-independent. These results suggest that succession, as a temporal factor, plays a key role in C accumulation and re-allocation in black locust forests and also in regional C dynamics in vegetation.